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Food to Nutrients Driving Question: How does the body maintain adequate nutrient and energy requirements? The Digestive System • The digestive system consists of an alimentary canal and several accessory organs. The Digestive System • Essential nutrients are absorbed into the body and the unused waste material is excreted out of the body. The Digestive System • The digestive system mechanically and chemically breaks down food. • Mechanical digestion includes chewing and peristalsis. • Chemical digestion includes the use of enzymes. Nutrients and Digestion Digestion = Nutrients = Big Little Food Nutrients carbohydrates sugars fats fatty acids + glycerol proteins amino acids Carbohydrates • Uses in the Body: used primarily to supply energy for cellular processes • Dietary Sources: - starch from grains and vegetables - glycogen from meats - monosaccharides from honey and fruits Carbohydrates Carbohydrate Digestion starch to monosaccharide Pancreas Chemical digestion by pancreatic amylase Mouth Mechanical digestion Chemical digestion by salivary amylase Stomach Small Intestine Mechanical digestion Chemical digestion by sucrase, maltase + lactase Small Intestine Glucose absorbed into blood Lipids • Uses in the Body: -supplies energy for cellular processes and for building cellular structures • Dietary Sources: - saturated fats found in meats, eggs and milk - unsaturated fats found in seeds, nuts and plant oils - monosaturated fats found in olive, peanut and canola oils Lipids The Liver Lipids Lipid Digestion fat to glycerol + fatty acid Pancreas Liver/ Gall Bladder Chemical digestion by Mechanical digestion by bile pancreatic lipase Mouth Stomach Small Intestine Mechanical digestion Mechanical digestion Chemical digestion by intestinal lipase Small Intestine Glycerol and fatty acids absorbed into blood Proteins • Uses in the Body: - enzymes, clotting factors, keratin of skin and hair, collagen of connective tissue, plasma proteins, muscle proteins, hormones and antibodies. • Dietary Sources: - meats, fish, poultry, cheese, eggs and cereals Proteins Proteins Protein Digestion protein to amino acids Pancreas Chemical digestion by trypsin, chymotrypsin + carboxypeptidase Stomach Mouth Mechanical digestion Mechanical digestion Chemical digestion by HCl acid and pepsin Small Intestine Chemical digestion by peptidase Small Intestine Amino acids absorbed Gall Stones Gall Stones Diagram/Flow Chart Salivary Glands Oral Cavity Esophagus Stomach Pancreas Small Intestine Blood Gall Bladder/Liver Large Intestine Rectum Blood Overview Salivary Glands Oral Cavity (amylase) Esophagus Stomach Pancreas (lipase, amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase) Gall Bladder/Liver (HCL and pepsinogen = pepsin) Small Intestine (peptidase, lipase, sucrase, maltase, lactase) Blood (fatty acids, glycerol, amino acids, monosaccharides) (bile) Large Intestine Rectum Blood (water, electrolytes, vitamins)
