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Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2013 • G. Economy
Among the world’s regions, the Asian
and Pacific region has become a major
tourist destination over recent decades,
and many countries have seen large
increases in tourism arrivals in recent
years.
Although Europe remains the region that receives
the largest number of tourism arrivals, with
44.5 per cent of total tourism arrivals worldwide,
Asia and the Pacific receives the second largest
number of tourism arrivals, with 28.4 per cent
of the world’s total. In 2011, 283.9 million
arrivals were recorded, which is an increase of
21.5 million tourism arrivals from 2010. Between
2005 and 2011 the average annual growth in
tourism arrivals was 6 per cent. Within the region
in 2011, East and North-East Asia had the
highest number of arrivals thanks to China,
followed by South-East Asia.
Several countries reported double-digit figures
in the growth rate of tourism arrivals between
2010 and 2011, including Bhutan (61 per cent),
Sri Lanka (31 per cent), Myanmar (26 per cent)
and Nepal (22 per cent). Both the Republic of
Korea and Hong Kong, China, posted an 11 per
cent increase in arrivals. In absolute terms,
Thailand recorded the largest increase, with over
3 million more tourism arrivals for each year
between 2010 and 2012. The Russian Federation
also saw large increases, with 2.6 million more
tourism arrivals in 2011 than in 2010, and over
3 million more in 2012 than in 2011. Turkey also
had an increase of 2.6 million tourism arrivals
between 2010 and 2011 because the severe
depreciation of the Turkish lira in 2011 made
Turkey more attractive for tourists.
More modest growth was seen in China, with
a 3 per cent increase. The Pacific saw only a slight
increase of 1 per cent between 2010 and 2011,
with Australia, the largest destination, recording
zero growth, and New Zealand a modest 3 per
cent. In 2011, Japan recorded a 28 per cent drop
in tourism arrivals and a decrease of 18 per cent
in inbound tourism expenditure.
Figure G.7-1
Inbound tourism arrivals, world regions,
1995-2011
Asia and the Pacific has the secondhighest inbound tourism expenditure of
any region in the world.
In 2011, Asia and the Pacific earned $362.6
billion in inbound tourism expenditure, which
is $51.8 billion more than in 2010 and equal to
28.9 per cent of the total global inbound
expenditure. Europe remained the region with
the highest inbound expenditure, with 40 per
cent of the world’s total. Between 2010 and
2011, all world regions had positive growth in
their inbound expenditures, with the exception
of Africa, where a reduction of $1.8 billion, or
a 4 per cent decrease, was recorded.
Although Japan and Mongolia faced a decrease
between 2010 and 2011 in their inbound
expenditures, in 2011 East and North-East Asia
was the subregion that generated the highest
inbound expenditure, equal to 43 per cent of the
267
Tourism
Tourism is a very important economic
sector in the Asian and Pacific region as it
generates employment in many related
sectors (from construction to agriculture or
telecommunications) and contributes to the
overall economic growth. In some countries,
the role of tourism in national economy is
vital. Tourism also has impacts on society and
the environment. These dynamics have turned
tourism into a key driver for socioeconomic
progress. Over recent years, the region has
become a major tourist destination. It is
important to develop the tools for managing
tourism properly in order to enhance its
benefits and restrict any negative effects.
Population
Economy
G.7. Tourism
G. Economy • Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2013
Population
region’s total. This subregion is followed by
South-East Asia with 24 per cent, where
Myanmar observed an impressive growth in
inbound expenditure of 222 per cent between
2010 and 2011, while Timor-Leste experienced
a reduction of 19.2 per cent during the same time
period. The most probable reason for the
impressive growth in Myanmar is related to
reform changes occurring in the country.
lira against all major trading currencies but also
compared with the currencies of developing
economies. The persistent flooding during the
2011 monsoon season is the most likely reason
for the drop in outbound tourism from Thailand.
Figure G.7-2
Outbound tourism departures, world regions,
1995-2011
Asia and the Pacific has become an
increasingly important outbound
tourism market.
The Asian and Pacific region is an increasingly
important outbound tourism market. Although
Europe was the largest source of outbound
tourism departures in 2011, with 45.3 per cent
of the world’s total, Asia and the Pacific was
the world’s second largest source region, with
34.3 per cent.
Economy
Tourism
At the subregional level, East and North-East
Asia was the major source of outbound tourism
from the region, partially because of the growing
size of the prospering middle class in China. In
2009, South-East Asia was the second largest
source of outbound tourism from the region. In
Japan, there was little growth in outbound
tourism between 2010 and 2011, mainly due to
the impact of the earthquake and tsunami and
the resulting economic slump.
In 2011, the economies in the region with the
largest number of outbound tourism departures
were Hong Kong, China (84.8 million); China
(70.3 million); Japan (16.9 million); India
(14.0 million) and the Republic of Korea (12.7
million). Economies that registered impressive
growth in their outbound tourism departures
between 2010 and 2011 were Cambodia (41 per
cent), Armenia (27 per cent), China (22 per cent)
and Macao, China (21 per cent), whereas Turkey
(-4 per cent) and Thailand (-1 per cent) observed
a reduction in the same period of time. With
rising levels of disposable income, Cambodia,
Armenia, China and Macao, China, have shown
rapid growth; however, the large majority of
outbound tourism takes place within travellers’
own regions. The drop in outbound tourism
from Turkey is certainly explained to a large
extent by the severe depreciation of the Turkish
268
In 2011, Asia and the Pacific ranked
second in the world in outbound
tourism expenditure, after Europe.
In 2011, the Asian and Pacific region generated
$314.6 billion in outbound tourism expenditure,
which was 28.3 per cent of the global total, and
an increase of $43.9 billion from 2010. After
Europe (41.5 per cent of the global total in
2011), the region ranked second in outbound
tourism expenditure. East and North-East Asia
had 45.4 per cent of outbound expenditure
from the region, followed by South-East Asia
with 16.7 per cent.
China has become a leading country in outbound
expenditure, spending $79 billion in 2011,
an increase of 32 per cent, or an additional
$19 billion, from the previous year and equal
to 1.1 per cent of its GDP. Other countries with
impressive growth rates in their outbound
tourism expenditures between 2010 and 2011 are
Azerbaijan (107.7 per cent), Kyrgyzstan (42.2 per
cent), Pakistan (35.1 per cent), Bhutan (34.9 per
cent), India (30.1 per cent), Mongolia (26.6 per
cent) and Cambodia (24.3 per cent). Tajikistan
(-48.0 per cent), Nepal (-20.5 per cent), Samoa
(-18.3 per cent) and Timor-Leste (-11.8 per cent)
registered decreases in their outbound tourism
expenditures during the same period of time.
Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2013 • G. Economy
Population
Box G.7-1
The role of tourism in development
The Group of 20 recently recognized the role of travel
and tourism as “a vehicle for job creation, economic
growth and development” and made the commitment
to “work towards developing travel facilitation initiatives
in support of job creation, quality work, poverty
reduction and global growth.”a
“The future we want,”b the outcome document of the
2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable
Development (also known as Rio+20), emphasized the
significant contribution that well-designed and wellmanaged tourism can make to advancing the three
dimensions of sustainable development: economic, social
and environmental. The document states that tourism
“has close linkages to other sectors, and can create decent
jobs and generate trade opportunities. We recognize the
need to support sustainable tourism activities and
relevant capacity-building that promote environmental
awareness, conserve and protect the environment, respect
wildlife, flora, biodiversity, ecosystems and cultural
diversity, and improve the welfare and livelihoods of local
communities by supporting their local economies and
the human and natural environment as a whole. We call
for enhanced support for sustainable tourism activities
and relevant capacity-building in developing countries
in order to contribute to the achievement of sustainable
development.”
a See G20 Leaders Declaration of the Los Cabos Summit, Los Cabos, Mexico, 19 June 2012. Available from www.g20.utoronto.ca/2012/20120619-loscabos.html.
b See General Assembly resolution 66/288, annex. paras. 130 -131.
–––––––. “Positioning tourism in economic policy: evidence and some proposals”, paper presented
at the 2nd T.20 Ministers Meeting, Republic of Korea, October 2010. Available from http://
dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/docpdf/t20korea.pdf.
–––––––. Tourism and the Millennium Development Goals. Madrid, 2010. Available from
www.unwto.org/tourism&mdgsezine/.
United Nations World Tourism Organization and Tourism Australia. Key Outbound Tourism Markets
in South-East Asia: Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. Madrid, 2013.
Technical notes
Indicators
country of reference on an inbound tourism trip.
The corresponding expenditure of such a visitor
is identified as inbound tourism expenditure.
Data for inbound tourism of most countries in
Asia and the Pacific relate to arrivals of nonresident tourists at national borders, except for
data for Australia, Georgia, Japan, New Zealand,
the Republic of Korea and Viet Nam, which
relate to arrivals of non-resident visitors at
national borders.
Inbound tourism – arrivals, and outbound
tourism – departures (thousands)
Inbound tourism (arrivals): Comprises the
activities of a non-resident visitor within the
Outbound tourism (departures): Outbound
tourism comprises the activities of a resident
visitor outside the country of reference (either as
part of an outbound tourism trip or as part of
Tourism defined
Tourism refers to the activity of visitors, and
a visitor is classified as a tourist (or overnight
visitor) if his or her trip includes an overnight
stay, or as a same-day visitor (or excursionist)
otherwise.
269
Tourism
United Nations World Tourism Organization. Compendium of Tourism Statistics, Data 2007-2011,
13th Edition. Madrid, 2013.
Economy
Further reading
G. Economy • Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2013
Population
a domestic tourism trip). The corresponding
expenditure of such a visitor is identified as
outbound tourism expenditure. Departures data
measure the flows of resident visitors leaving the
country of reference. Departures are not
necessarily equal to the number of arrivals
reported by international destinations for the
country of reference. Aggregate calculations:
Sum of individual country values. Missing data
are imputed.
Economy
Tourism
Inbound and outbound tourism expenditure
(million United States dollars)
The 2008 International Recommendations for
Tourism Statistics consider that “tourism
industries and products” includes transport of
passengers. Consequently, a better estimate of
tourism-related expenditure by inbound and
outbound visitors in an international scenario
would be, in terms of balance of payments, the
value of the travel item plus that of the passenger
transport item. Nevertheless, users should be
aware that balance of payments estimates include,
in addition to expenditures associated with
visitors, those related to other types of travellers
(these might be substantial in some countries; for
instance, long-term students or patients, or
border and seasonal workers). Inbound
expenditure: Tourism expenditure refers to the
amount paid for the acquisition of consumption
goods and services, as well as valuables, for own
use or to give away, for and during tourism trips.
Inbound tourism expenditure refers to the
tourism expenditure of a non-resident visitor
within the economy of reference. Expenditures
associated with the activities of international
visitors have been traditionally identified with the
travel item of the balance of payments: in the case
of inbound tourism, those expenditures
associated with inbound visitors are registered
as “credits” in the balance of payments and refer
to “travel receipts.” Outbound expenditure:
Tourism expenditure refers to the amount paid
for the acquisition of consumption goods and
services, as well as valuables, for own use or to
give away, for and during tourism trips.
Outbound tourism expenditure refers to the
tourism expenditure of a resident visitor outside
270
the economy of reference. Expenditures
associated with the activities of visitors have been
traditionally identified with the travel item of the
balance of payments: in the case of outbound
tourism, those expenditures associated with
resident visitors are registered as “debits” in the
balance of payments and refer to “travel
expenditure.” As in the case of inbound tourism,
balance of payments data are used. Aggregate
calculations: Sum of individual country values.
Missing data are imputed.
Inbound and outbound tourism expenditure
(percentage of GDP)
Inbound expenditure: The tourism expenditure
of a non-resident visitor within the economy of
reference. Percentage of GDP is based on GDP
in current United States dollars. Reflects the
weight of expenditure by inbound visitors as
a part of the total value of economic activity in
the economy of reference. From the perspective
of international trade, this indicator captures the
economic importance of foreign revenue inflow
associated with expenditures by such visitors.
Outbound expenditure: The tourism expenditure
of a resident visitor outside the economy of
reference. Percentage of GDP is based on GDP
in current United States dollars. Reflects the
importance of the spending abroad by outbound
visitors, expressed in terms of the national
economy. From the perspective of international
trade, this indicator captures the economic
importance of domestic revenue outflow by
means of such visitors. Indicator calculations:
Percentages of GDP is based on million United
States dollar values from the United Nations
World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)
divided by GDP in current United States dollars.
Aggregate calculations: Weighted average using
GDP in current United States dollars as weight.
Missing data are not imputed.
Source
Source of tourism data: UNWTO. Data
published by UNWTO originate from official
sources and correspond to those published by the
International Monetary Fund (and provided by
central banks). Data obtained: 28 May 2013.
Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2013 • G. Economy
G.7.1 International tourism flows
Inbound tourism
(arrivals)
Outbound tourism
(departures)
Thousands
Thousands
Inbound tourism
expenditure
Million US dollars
Outbound tourism
expenditure
% of
GDP
Million US dollars
% of
GDP
1995
2010
2011
1995
2010
2011
2010
2011
2011
2010
2011
2011
East and North-East Asia
China
DPR Korea
Hong Kong, China
Japan
Macao, China
Mongolia
Republic of Korea
38 579
20 034
105 540
55 664
109 296
57 581
88 806
4 520
171 706
57 386
185 662
70 250
135 618
50 154
156 284
53 313
1.1
0.7
121 504
59 840
142 859
79 010
1.0
1.1
3 345
4 202
108
3 753
20 085
8 611
11 926
456
8 798
22 316
6 219
12 925
460
9 795
15 298
84 442
16 637
753
84 816
16 994
908
3 819
12 488
12 694
27 208
15 356
28 214
288
14 398
33 736
12 534
38 976
258
17 467
13.9
0.2
100.0
3.0
1.6
39 306
1 237
319
20 802
39 760
1 476
404
22 209
0.7
4.1
4.7
2.0
South-East Asia
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Timor-Leste
Viet Nam
28 456
77 267
242
2 882
7 650
1 786
24 714
391
3 917
10 390
19 230
51
6 014
72 557
87 328
3.7
48 206
52 658
2.4
1 332
7 618
385
1 790
8 994
413
14.0
1.1
5.0
268
8 432
215
333
9 677
248
2.6
1.1
3.0
1 351
69 990
214
2 508
7 003
1 670
24 577
311
3 520
9 161
15 936
40
5 050
91
3 228
14 133
23 809
26
4 450
293
3 796
17 990
30 926
21
5 620
0.5
1.7
6.9
8.4
0.4
4.5
4 194
18 630
7 151
68
1 470
132
4 402
21 103
7 320
60
1 710
0.2
2.0
8.1
2.0
1.1
1.4
South and South-West Asia
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Iran (Islamic Rep. of)
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
Turkey
11 316
43 410
47 500
53 768
1.6
0.8
303
41
5 776
2 938
792
603
907
654
31 396
66
6 309
3 354
931
736
3 056
1 000
32
100
12 988
13 994
97
76
17 518
0.1
4.4
0.9
819
58
13 722
0.8
3.4
0.7
765
774
856
34 038
504
3 981
1 122
6 557
1 239
6 282
1 868
415
1 123
1 421
28 059
91.1
2.2
0.5
2.4
3.6
35 637
132
835
43
10 549
15 651
252
528
1 370
828
5 449
39 300
156
5
2 124
489
315
363
378
403
7 083
46 191
136
103
64
14 160
3 055
1 713
378
998
1 044
24 540
256
420
1 851
926
5 465
12.5
2.3
0.9
1.6
0.7
North and Central Asia
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Russian Federation
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
12 782
12
38 268
758
1 562
2 822
4 093
3 114
24 932
22 936
36
10 290
31 973
684
1 280
2 032
3 393
1 316
22 281
55 510
563
3 176
2 089
7 412
1 296
39 323
16 995
456
792
737
1 236
336
13 239
32
22 495
485
1 500
1 059
1 524
689
17 031
40
1.0
4.8
2.4
7.4
0.8
11.6
0.9
0.6
33 754
466
856
329
1 489
398
30 064
25
42 172
546
1 778
384
1 851
566
36 907
13
2.0
5.4
2.8
2.7
1.0
9.6
2.0
0.2
218
92
975
8 103
34
3 726
48
318
172
1 362
4
6
11 540
23
5 885
104
632
154
1 196
5
5
39 522
42 768
2.4
31 569
37 663
2.2
31 638
110
713
34 198
2.3
27 533
33 193
2.2
Pacific
American Samoa
Australia
Cook Islands
Fiji
French Polynesia
Guam
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia (F.S.)
Nauru
New Caledonia
New Zealand
Niue
Northern Mariana Islands
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Asia and the Pacific
Developed countries
Developing countries
LLDC
LDC
ASEAN
ECO
SAARC
Central Asia
Pacific island dev. econ.
Low income econ.
Lower middle income econ.
Upper middle income econ.
High income econ.
Africa
Europe
Latin America and Carib.
North America
World
220
4 324
60
7 469
117
1 760
6 070
6 952
85
31
1 615
2 867
1 820
7 342
5 451
7 753
5 397
9 503
26 730
27 587
830
228
42
21 329
715
3 550
2 237
8 020
21
1 610
11 651
22
5 875
113
675
163
1 159
5
5
3 806
40
2 519
6
68
63
9 717
37
7 112
12
128
121
10 470
38
7 795
13
132
3
29
99
2 511
6
375
86
146
122
21
45
2
97
112
2 594
6
336
109
165
121
23
46
1
94
59
920
99 236
8 480
90 756
262 453
17 007
245 446
10 430
5 722
69 950
42 217
9 076
9 692
3 144
5 045
29 907
158 376
69 015
63 911
422 555
74 079
76 125
951 514
283 982
14 688
269 294
2 968
894
11 257
54 985
32 050
24 166
289 140
49 183
60 809
537 459
710
6 750
20 642
86
1 409
2
669
53
42
68
12
29
1
44
1 064
28 442
10 345
3 744
505
6 235
132
2 026
2
124
2 096
51
56
57
11
21
2
22
154 232
18 737
135 495
317 144
25 775
291 369
335 069
26 885
308 184
17 252
16 187
18 384
1 032
77 216
10 108
4 522
3 182
367
33 731
170 575
72 126
58 541
444 756
77 239
78 961
999 285
8 153
54 351
90 714
28 092
153 196
131 020
30 036
166 714
133 268
418 921
45 166
89 143
924 915
427 607
23 289
69 631
582 882
88 839
962 979
102
26
8.2
8
8
2.5
129
4 906
2
153
5 493
1.6
3.4
179
3 038
176
3 459
1.8
2.1
124
3
124
65
159
4
135
87
69.5
0.0
20.2
10.3
138
25
51
21
66
3.1
7.9
242
252
32.4
33
39
5.0
310 883
362 643
51 900
52 225
258 983
310 418
4 270
5 703
2 949
3 717
72 531
87 307
31 292
36 293
18 596
22 654
3 756
5 464
2 978
3 077
2 408
3 460
34 773
42 144
135 939
154 712
137 650
162 215
50 806
49 009
442 566
501 997
62 479
66 411
183 918
206 253
1 113 500 1 251 652
1.5
0.7
1.8
1.7
1.7
3.7
2.6
1.0
1.8
3.2
1.6
1.2
1.3
1.7
2.8
2.6
1.1
1.2
1.7
270 670
314 652
69 877
76 412
200 793
238 240
4 598
6 143
2 314
2 339
48 138
52 598
25 497
27 434
14 537
18 184
3 690
5 265
998
2 291
2 415
28 671
34 392
128 076
155 562
111 632
122 283
33 216
35 300
422 380
461 991
56 112
65 623
146 981
158 733
1 006 873 1 112 513
1.3
1.0
1.4
1.9
1.0
2.4
0.9
0.8
1.8
1.1
1.0
1.3
1.4
2.0
2.4
1.1
0.9
1.6
271