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EASTERN ACADEMIC FORUM Research on Promoting Regional Talent Advantage Into Regional Economic Advantage—A Case Study of Nanjing CHEN Shuangshuang 1, ZHAO Yongle 2 1, 2. School of Business, Hohai University, P.R.China, 211100 1. Hohai University Wentian College, P.R.China, 243031 [email protected] Abstract: Talent and economic are two bidirectional influencing social variables, having a direct relation of mutual promotion. Nevertheless, an unbalanced development phenomenon about talent and economic has appeared in many regions in China. How to change this phenomenon and to promote talent advantage into economic advantage has become the research topic of this paper. This paper selects Nanjing which is a typical city representative of the coordinated development of regional talent and regional economy as an empirical research object. By using Delphi method and questionnaire survey, through three rounds of investigation, we find out important influence factors of talent advantage transforming into economic advantage. We calculate and analyze importance degree, satisfaction degree and bottleneck degree of these factors. Then, we conclude the factors promoting Nanjing’s talent advantage into economic advantage and the factors hindering Nanjing’s talent advantage into economic advantage. Research found that there are 10 promoting factors and 10 obstructive factors. On this basis, we propose some specific countermeasures to promote concrete countermeasures of promoting Nanjing’s talent advantage into economic advantage from the government level, innovation and entrepreneurship level, enterprise level, talent system and mechanism level. The research results not only provide the reference for economic coordinated development of Nanjing and other cities, but also enrich and deepen regional talent and regional economic coordinated development in theory and practice. Keywords: Talent advantage, Economic advantage, Bottleneck degree, Delphi method 1 Introduction Talents and economy are two interdependent systems, greatly interrelated to each other. The coordinated development between them will complement each other and promote each other, but in reality, talent and economic development are often uncoordinated. This phenomenon is basically divided into two categories. The most common one is lack of talents, which leads to economic backwardness. However, there is also another relatively uncommon phenomenon, in which abundant talents cannot effectively drive the economy. That means talent advantages cannot be transformed into economic advantages and efficiently promote economic development. This issue has come to appear in many regions: the regional talent level is not form a positive correlation with economic development level, the matching between them appears bottleneck. Xian and Nanjing are outstanding cases of this. How to promote regional talent advantage into economic advantage, find out its promoting factor, put forward countermeasures to promote regional talent advantage into economic advantage, become the main research topic of this paper. The paper selects Nanjing as the empirical research. Because Nanjing’s technology, education, talents have ranked in the top three in China, but its economic development only ranks the top three in Jiangsu province. In terms of either total GDP or per capita GDP, Nanjing not only has a big gap with Suzhou and Wuxi, but also it is one of the lowest ranked locations among these 15 sub-provincial cities. So Nanjing belongs to typical example of regional talent advantage not transforming into regional economic advantage. Therefore, this paper chooses Nanjing as empirical research object, and purpose is to find out factors promoting talent advantage into economic advantage in Nanjing. This study will also provide the ideas and methods to solve the problem of talent and economic mismatching phenomenon in other regions; also further enrich talent and economic 697 EASTERN ACADEMIC FORUM development research. 2 Nanjing’s Current Situation and Problems of Talent and Economic Development According to the data of The Statistical Bulletin of Human Resource and Social Security Development in Nanjing in 2011, the total amount of talent resources in Nanjing had increased to 1,838,800 people (including 118,800 provincial people at work in Nanjing), an increase of 218,800 people over 2010. Among them, the amount of professional and technical personnel totaled 1,044,000 people; new highly-skilled talents were 18,900 and the highly-skilled personnel up to 169,900 people; among the professional and technical personnel, the ration of the primary, middle and high skill level was 6: 3: 1. There were 79 academicians in Nanjing, only second to Beijing and Shanghai, accounting for 85 percent of Jiangsu province; there were 116 distinguished experts of the national “Thousand Talents Plan”, only second to Beijing and Shanghai, being the third among these big and medium cities nationwide; Nanjing had introduced almost 986 leading career-creating talents in science and technology; and there were also 87 distinguished visiting professors and chair professors of “Cheung Kong Scholars Program”. Therefore, the human talents in Nanjing are rich. At the end of “Eleventh Five-Year”, the proportion of fiscal revenue in GDP in Nanjing was the sixth in the 15 sub-provincial cities in China, and the output effect of fixed assets was ninth. In terms of per capita GDP, the per capita GDP of Nanjing was seventh, the growth rate ranking tenth. Generally speaking, the benefit of economic growth in Nanjing was on the lower level among these sub-provincial cities. In the comparison of Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, Suzhou, Wuxi, Guangzhou and Hangzhou, the economic aggregate and per capita quantity of Nanjing was the last, which indicated that the economic development of Nanjing not only lagged behind other cities of others provinces, such as Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Hangzhou, but also lagged behind the cites within Jiangsu, such as Suzhou and Wuxi. Taking the gap between Nanjing and Wuxi as an example, in 2010 the total GDP in Nanjing was lower than that of Wuxi, less than 78,066 million Yuan; when it came to per capita GDP index, the gap between Nanjing and Wuxi was even far wider, with a difference of 27,138 Yuan. We summarize the above phenomenon in Nanjing as “talents are abundant, the economy lags behind”. Why is there such a phenomenon of the economic development being unmatched with talent amount? How should this incongruous relationship be broken through, to transform the talent advantages of Nanjing into economic advantage in order to realize the coordinated development of talent and economy? This has become an urgent issue. 3 Identify the Factors for the Formation of “Talents Are Abundant, the Economy Lags Behind” To dig in the cause of the phenomenon of “talents are abundant, the economy lags behind”, we find out the factors promoting Nanjing’s talent advantage into economic advantage based on Delphi method and questionnaire survey. This process is divided into two stages, specific as follows. 3.1 Select influence factors promoting Nanjing’s talent advantage into economic advantage This section adopted Delphi method, and we searched through various academic channels, and then internal experts proposed 51 factors from six aspects to make a questionnaire, inviting 15 experts to carry out three rounds of selection. These 15 experts are consisted by three levels: five government officials, 4 high-tech talents, and 5 experts engaged. The questionnaire adopted Likert scale. In the first round, there were 51 factors which could promote the talent advantage of Nanjing into economic advantage listed on the questionnaire, and these factors came from six aspects, such as talent policy, talent institutional mechanisms, talent development environment, 698 EASTERN ACADEMIC FORUM talent team, talents themselves, talent work, etc. These experts were invited to score on the importance degree of these factors. During the first round of scoring, these experts proposed another 22 factors, and then the final 73 factors formed the second round of questionnaire. After the second round of questionnaire, by ranking, the first 40 factors were selected to constitute the third round of questionnaire. Based on expert scoring results of various factors, we select factors according to the evaluation factors of the average and expert opinion coordination coefficient. The calculation of average sees formula (3.1.1). E X represents the average score, X i represents a single factor score, and n on behalf of factor number. The expert opinion coordination degree is represented by the coefficient of variation of standard. It shows that the volatility evaluation degree of index importance by experts. Volatility of the smaller means change cognition factors of experts are more consistent. The variation coefficient calculations see formula (3.1.2), V X On behalf of the value of variation coefficient. At last, according to the scores of the third round of questionnaire, the first 30 factors were selected to compose the final questionnaire as the factor promoting the talent advantage of Nanjing into economic advantage. These 30 factors are shown in as “the subject content” in Table1. 1 n EX = ∑ X i n i =1 (3.1.1) VX = 1 n ∑ ( X i − EX )2 n i =1 EX (3.1.2) 3.2 Evaluate the importance degree and satisfaction degree of influence factors In order to fully grasp the factors that promoting Nanjing’s talent advantage into economic advantage, we choose Nanjing talents to evaluate this 30 factors’ importance degree and satisfaction degree. The importance degree expresses talent's evaluation for the importance of various factors. It is represented by” not clear, not important, general important, more important, very important”. The satisfaction degree expresses talent’s evaluation for the satisfaction of various factors’ executive condition. It is represented by” not clear, not satisfied, general satisfied, more satisfied, very satisfied”. The research object are four types of talent: firstly, principals in municipal committee, as well as each bureau, committee and department in the municipal government (about 20 people); secondly, representative principals in universities, financial institutions, enterprises, the human resources (department) of research institutes (20 people); thirdly, representative principals in each bureau, committee and department in districts and counties (20 people in each district); fourthly, representative high-level talents in each district (20 people in each district). 640 questionnaires were distributed and all were taken back, with 639 valid questionnaires, so the effective rate was 99.84 percent. We calculate satisfaction and importance degree by sectional type centesimal system and the calculation method is the same, see formula (3.2.1). S symbols satisfaction degree, I symbols importance degree. The inconsistency between the satisfaction and importance degree, we call it as the bottleneck. Bottleneck calculation method is taking important degrees as weight and calculates not satisfaction score of each factor. Bottleneck degree score is higher express the degree of the bottleneck factors are greater, and it means we should pay more attention on these factors. Bottleneck degree calculation formula sees formula (3.2.2). 15 Expert’s importance degree evaluation results rank of 30 factors are different from 13 counties talent’s evaluation results rank. We believe that the experts on this subject are the important role of choice influence factors of Nanjing’s talent and economic development. Talent in Nanjing’s 13 counties, through their actual work, evaluate these factors, thus form the final appraisal questionnaire in 30 factors sorting and satisfaction to the importance of the sorting result. Therefore, the evaluation of the importance degree of factors, satisfaction degree and the bottleneck degree of talent in 13 counties in Nanjing are considered as ultimate factor evaluation results as shown in Table 1. 699 EASTERN ACADEMIC FORUM S= X1 × 20 + 5 ∑X i =1 i X2 × 40 + 5 ∑X i =1 i X3 × 60 + 5 ∑X i =1 i X4 × 80 + 5 ∑X i =1 i X5 × 100 5 ∑X (3.2.1) i i =1 B = (100 − S ) × I 100 (3.2.2) 3.3 An analysis of results of influence factors For visual display, the degree of importance score, degree of satisfaction scores and bottleneck points are displayed in Figure 1. According to survey data as shown in Table 1 and Figure 1, the scores of importance degree of influence factors are all more than 80 points, while the scores of satisfaction degree are not very satisfactory, and its integral level is just so-so, with each score less than 80 points, the highest score only 79.167 points, the lowest score 68.809 points. It suggests that talents are not satisfied with 30 factors’ implementation. All 30 factors’ bottleneck degree scores are around 20 points, the distribution also presents imbalance state. From these data, we explore factors that promoting and hindering Nanjing’s talent advantage into economic advantage. 3.3.1 The analysis of factors promoting talent advantage into economic advantage From Table 1, we find that top ten scores of importance degree of influence factors are all more than 85 points, which means talents all agree that these ten factors play an important role in the process of promoting talent advantage into economic advantage. It means these 10 factors are important factors promoting the talent advantage of Nanjing into economic development. According to points shown in Table 1, the importance degree of high and low ranking, these 10 factors respectively are as follows: implementing scientific talent development strategy; fully stimulating talents’ innovation and entrepreneurship; leadership’s emphasizing talent work in districts and counties; strengthening the work of talent team construction and improving the quality of talent staff; scientifically defining the industrial positioning of different counties (parks), increasing guidance of different development; grass-roots leadership’s emphasizing talent work; highlighting the dominant position of enterprises as innovative entities; implementing intellectual property protection policies; establishing technological innovation system where enterprises as the mainstay, market-oriented, a combination of industry, education and research; establishing an innovative cooperation mechanism between government, universities, research institutes, financial institutions and enterprises. 3.3.2 The analysis of factors hindering talent advantage into economic advantage According to the scores of the bottleneck degree in Table 1, the following 10 factors are big issues in the way of promoting the talent advantages of Nanjing into economic developments. They are the repeat construction of industrial parks and homogeneous competition; the low efficiency in the transformation of new technologies to the market from research institutions; the inadequate dominant position of enterprises as innovative entities; the demand of establishing a scientific evaluation system for talents through scientific classification, to form a targeted management system, policies and solutions; the inadequate atmosphere of respecting innovation and tolerating the failure in innovation; the insufficient financial support for innovation and entrepreneurship; the defective talent resource structure; imperfect innovative research system; the backward legal environment construction conducive to talent development; the infant urban culture (spirit) for encouraging entrepreneurship. These 10 factors become short board of Nanjing’s talent advantage into economic advantage, and hinder the transformation of talent advantage into economic advantage. It can be seen that the impediments transforming Nanjing’s talent advantage into economic advantage include system mechanism factors and policy system factors, as well as public environment factors. These impediments can be summarized as follows: the main management and regulation government exceeding its duties; the absence of innovation and entrepreneurship subjects; the inadequate position of the incubation service subject. All of these lead the transformation channel of talent advantages to a single model and lead talent advantages to low efficiency, limiting the conversion of the talent advantages of Nanjing into economic development, and that is just the reason for the phenomenon of " talents are abundant, the economy lags behind”. 700 EASTERN ACADEMIC FORUM Table 1 Evaluation form of factors transforming talent advantage into economic advantage of Nanjing Serial number 1 Importance Satisfaction degree degree Factors Implementing intellectual property protection policies Bottleneck degree Order Score Order Score Order Score 8 85.25 12 73.47 17 22.61 9 85.21 15 73.04 14 22.97 2 86.26 9 74.09 20 22.34 1 86.29 5 76.02 25 20.69 7 85.31 27 71.39 3 24.41 10 85.09 16 72.77 11 23.17 27 82.25 17 72.69 18 22.46 28 82.05 20 72.26 15 22.76 16 84.56 6 75.82 26 20.44 15 84.58 21 72.22 8 23.50 12 84.81 8 74.53 23 21.60 17 84.48 29 69.90 2 25.43 21 83.54 19 72.36 13 23.09 11 85.01 14 73.24 16 22.75 5 85.58 30 68.81 1 26.69 25 83.19 26 71.43 6 23.77 14 84.61 2 77.43 29 19.09 26 82.69 7 74.69 24 20.93 Establishing technological innovation system where 2 enterprises as the mainstay, market-oriented, a combination of industry, education and research 3 4 5 Fully stimulating talents’ innovation and entrepreneurship Implementing scientific talent development strategy Highlighting the dominant position of enterprises as innovative entities Establishing an innovative cooperation mechanism 6 between government, universities, research institutes, financial institutions and enterprises 7 8 Implementing financial and tax policies to give priority to the talent development Guiding talents to set up the value pursuit of initiative innovation and entrepreneurship Establishing an incentive mechanism for independent 9 innovation, implementing incentive policies for talents’ innovation and entrepreneurship 10 Establishing a research system to encourage innovation Establishing mechanisms for talent introduction and 11 development, selection evaluation, dynamic configuration and incentives etc. to promote the talent development 12 13 Promoting the efficiency in the transformation of new technologies to the market from research institutions Strengthening the protection of talents’ rights Forming a good atmosphere and mechanisms to 14 introduce and keep the leading and career-creating talents Scientifically defining the industrial positioning of different counties (parks), increasing the guidance for different development, practically avoiding repeat 15 construction, homogeneous competition and cutthroat competition of talent introduction, to form an orderly industrial structure, competition model of assessment and an reasonable talent flow 16 17 Providing sufficient financial support for innovation and entrepreneurship Implementing policies for supporting talents’ entrepreneurship Creating an innovation and entrepreneurship mode of 18 “innovation in universities, entrepreneurship in parks” 701 EASTERN ACADEMIC FORUM 19 20 21 Implementing policies for the internationalization of talents Implementing talent training policies under the cooperation of industry, education and research Encouraging urban culture (spirit) for encouraging entrepreneurship 30 81.74 24 71.66 12 23.16 20 83.89 13 73.39 21 22.33 18 84.33 18 72.52 10 23.18 19 84.25 25 71.63 4 23.90 29 81.97 28 70.92 5 23.84 23 83.42 22 71.98 9 23.38 22 83.49 10 73.70 22 21.95 3 86.08 1 79.17 30 17.93 6 85.46 3 77.04 28 19.62 13 84.76 11 73.51 19 22.45 24 83.27 23 71.67 7 23.59 4 85.85 4 76.53 27 20.15 Establishing a scientific evaluation system for talents 22 through scientific classification, to form a targeted management system, policies and solutions 23 Creating the atmosphere of respecting innovation and tolerating the failure in innovation Creating a legal environment conducive to talent 24 development, establishing and improving the laws and regulations for talents 25 26 27 Allowing those people who highly respect talents to manage talents Leadership’s emphasizing talent work in districts and counties Grass-roots leadership’s emphasizing talent work Improving the talent management system of government’s macro-management, effective market 28 allocation, the independent employment of the employers and the independent option of the employees 29 30 Optimizing the talent resource structure Strengthening the work of talent team construction and improving the quality of talent staff Figure 1 Evaluation of factors transforming talent advantage into economic advantage of Nanjing 4 Countermeasures to Promote Talent Advantage into Economic Advantage According to promoting factors and hindering factors of Nanjing talent advantage into economic advantage, to change the phenomenon of “talents are abundant, the economy lags behind” in Nanjing, must improve work from industry, innovation, talent etc. Based on this, we put forward concrete 702 EASTERN ACADEMIC FORUM countermeasures and Suggestions. 4.1 Scientifically planning and reasonably guiding: accurately grasping the work positioning of government As the main body to lead the objectives of economic development, on the one hand, the government needs to handle the relation with the market, on the other hand, it also needs to combine the industrial base and technological resource base in Nanjing, guide various types of capital and the input of innovation factors, and effectively prevent repeated construction, homogeneous competition and the cutthroat competition of talent introduction. On this basis, the government can work out the development programs of relevant industrial talents, draft, revise and implement support policies for technological innovation and the development of high-end talents, to accelerate the transformation of talent advantage. The government should take an active role of promotion in the process of building a platform for the cooperation of and industry, university and research, and it needs to encourage the talents of each university and research institute to do pioneering work, to directly transform technological achievements into practical productive forces. In the form of “government set up the stage, universities and enterprises build together”, the high-tech industries should be developed on the basis of the frontier subjects in universities and institutes, in order to promote “the integration of four aspects”, which includes parks, campuses, communities, and scenic areas, and to vigorously promote the research cooperation through project operations. The government should give full play to the role of public services, to build a public service platform for markets to foster innovation and entrepreneurship of talents, technology development, human resource development, risk investment financing, intangible capital training, experiment innovation, public technical services, technological achievements exhibition, and technological property transactions, to create a legal environment for the scientific development and the full right protection of talents. Another countermeasure is to nurture talent service industry and create a market environment where the talent market fully develops, to improve the matching efficiency of talents and resources. A multi-channel mechanism should be established for the transformation of market-oriented technological achievements, to accelerate the transformation and matching of incubation parks for the innovation and entrepreneurship of universities, to provide effective services for these talents who possess scientific achievements but unable to take on an enterprise. 4.2 Developing innovations and taking practice as foundation: bringing the dominant role of economy into full play Enterprises and institutions are the places where talents gather and the innovations are developed, and the key to the transformation of talent advantage is the appropriateness and flexibility in use of talents. Enterprises should be encouraged to establish R&D centers, strengthen the construction of R&D talents, and accelerate the industrialization of research results. In the process of building a platform for the cooperation of industry, university and research, people should comply with the idea of “innovation in universities, entrepreneurship in the park”, in the project operation way of “the government set up the stage, universities and enterprises building together”, adhering to the enterprises’ dominant role and transforming on the spot. They should encourage enterprises to establish and develop various forms of innovation and strategic alliances, to vigorously promote research and application of basic, industrially common and strategic technology. The role of enterprises and institutions to gather talents and give play to the dominant position of economy should be used to accelerate the transformation of talent advantage of Nanjing into economic advantage, so that enterprises and institutions will eventually become the subjects to transform technological innovation. Besides, the market operation with innovation and entrepreneurship elements should be encouraged and guided, and business incubators should be set up by introducing private capital, in order to fully promote to the establishment of venture investment institutions and the intellectual property market. 703 EASTERN ACADEMIC FORUM 4.3 Market operation and high-end services: forming a multi-pattern of business incubation Nanjing should promote a new model of talent entrepreneurship incubator in a market-oriented way, and encourage various entities to build a diversified and new carrier for talent gathering as well as innovation and entrepreneurship. It also needs to encourage and support universities, research institutes, enterprises, scientists, investment companies, high-end services and other industries to development some research institutes (parks) and so on. The relevant departments should actively dock with social service resources as well as investment and financing institutions, for the purpose of establishment of professional incubation service system. In addition, they should explore and promote the shareholding incubator and market-oriented operation mechanism, to provide a good environment of hardware and software for the talents and team of entrepreneurship. 4.4 Reforming institutions and innovating policies: promoting the rapid transformation of talent advantage The relevant departments should intensify reforms, actively innovate and implement the talent policies, and constantly improve the institutional mechanism innovation by talent policies, striving for greater progress on the construction of talent system. The useful experience at home and abroad should be taken as lessons to develop, implement and continuously deepen the new policy system of innovation and entrepreneurship, to fully promote the gathering of talents and the transformation of talent advantages to practical productive forces. Besides, they should strengthen the talent policy research, policy innovation and breakthroughs, and actively innovate and implement talent policies. More attention should be paid to the construction of experimental zone for talent management and reform as well as a base for the innovation and entrepreneurship of talents, exploring the establishment of vibrant research and entrepreneurship mechanisms. 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