Download Study of Coupling Coordinated Development Status between

Study of Coupling Coordinated Development Status between
Urbanization and Economic Society Construction in the Central
Region of China
DING Gang XI Yongqin
School of Public Administration, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou P. R. China, 350002
[email protected]
Abstract This paper focuses on the evaluation of coupling coordinated development status between
urbanization and economic society construction in the central region of China. On the basis of defining
the concept of Coupling Coordinated Development Degree, the authors put forward its calculation
method after reviewing the related previous studies. Moreover, Factor analysis is used in this paper for
getting the assessment of the economic .society construction situation of the central region of China.
The conclusion shows that the coupling coordinated development status between urbanization and
economic society construction in the central region of China is medium in the whole country, and it may
be a realistic choice to take a resource-saving urbanization road.
Key words Coupling coordinated development Urbanization, Economic society, Central region
，
1 Introduction
The report at seventeen congress stressed that, we should vigorously promoted the rise of central
region of china, and suggested that the rise of central region of china, the development of western region
and the overall rejuvenation of northeast of china have the equally important position for the first time,
so the development of central region faces the rare historical opportunity.
It goes without saying that, the urbanization and the construction of economic society are two
parallel themes in the process of implementing the strategy of the rise of central region of china. The
report at seventeen congresses proposed that, enhancing the integrated carrying capacity as the focus,
relying on the mega-cities, formatting the city groups which have major radiation effects, and cultivating
the new economic growth pole. At the same time, the report suggested the new objectives and
requirements for the future of urbanization in china: following the way of urbanization with Chinese
characteristics, in accordance with the principles what are coordinating urban and rural, rational layout,
land conservation, perfected functions, small to big hand, promoting the coordinated development
among the cities and towns. The report also stressed the importance of constructing the economic
society, and we should put constructing the society with economic and environment-friendly in the
prominent position in the development strategy of industrialization and modernization, and
implementing on each unit, each family.
As the core content and one of important symbol of modernization, the urbanization has the
extremely closely contact with the construction of economic society. On the one hand, the construction
of economic society puts forward the new requirements for the construction of urbanization. On the
other hand, the construction of urbanization would restrict undoubtedly the effectiveness of construction
of economic society, both of them take mutual influence and interaction each other. Moreover, the
degree of coupling coordinated development of the interaction effects is bound to influence the
achievement of the strategic goal raising the central china. For example, Wang GuangTao, the Minister
of Construction Sector, proposed that we should deal well with the relationship between the
urbanization and resource-saving and environment-friendly society, taking efforts to promote the
urbanization of integrated environment[1].
In this paper, the authors propose to establish a evaluation index system, attempts to analyze and
discuss the degree of coupling coordinated development between the urbanization and construction of
economic society on the basis of the evaluation to the construction of economic society of central region
of china.
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2 The definition of the coupling coordinated development degree and its
calculation method
The so-called coupling is the phenomenon that two or more systems or the forms of movements
influence each other mutually through various interactions[2]. There have some studies on the degree of
coupling problem so far. For example, Liu Yao-Bin put forward the coupling model which was used to
measure the coupling strength of two systems[3] . Moreover, Jin-Chuan Huang etc. ever made a research
on the coupling mechanisms and regularity of the problem between the urbanization and the ecological
environment[4].However, the coupling index doesn’t include obviously the information of the
development level. In this paper, the coupling coordinated development degree is a comprehensive
index which is used to reflect the coordinated status of two or more systems and movement forms. It is
calculated by the following formula which is based on the coordinated development degree model
proposed by Liao Zhong-Bing[5]:
k




 f ( x) • f ( y) 
• [αf ( x) + β f ( y )]
D= 
2
  f ( x) + f ( y )  
 
 
2
 
（2.1）
、
In this formula, D represents the degree of coupling coordinated development, f (x )
f ( y)
represent respectively the indexes which are used to reflect the level of construction of urbanization and
status construction of economic society, k (≥ 2) represents the adjustment factor, the paper chooses
the factor for two,
α 、β
are the right number to be determined, in this paper, the construction of
、β
urbanization and the construction of economic society is seemed equally, so we assign α
Then, we can classify D into 7 types according to the range of its value as shown in table 1.
for 0.5.
Table 1 The Coordination Classification of D
Coordination
grade
Serious
imbalance-e
type I
Moderate
disorders
type II
Mild
disorders
type
III
Barely
coordinati
on
type
IV
Medium
coordinati
on
type
V
Well-coor
dinated
type
VI
Quality
Coordinati
on type
VII
The value of D
0≤D≤0.3
0.3<D≤0.4
0.4<D≤0.5
0.5<D≤0.6
0.6<D≤0.7
0.7<D≤0.8
0.8<D≤1
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3 The evaluation of provincial economic society construction status in china
To understand the situation of the coupling coordinated development between the construction of
urbanization and the construction of economic society in china’s provinces (cities) level, we should
know the construction status of economic society. The problem of evaluating the regional economic
society construction refers many aspects, it is a very complicated systematic project, and we must
establish the index system for reflecting comprehensively its connotation to analyze and evaluate it.
3.1 The design principles for comprehensive evaluation index system of economic society
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Designing a scientific and rational evaluation index system is the fundamental guarantee for the
success of evaluation. Therefore, we should adhere to certain principles when establishing the indexes
system, according to the objectives and requirements of establishing the economic society, basing on the
diversity and complexity of saving-resource society, combining the general principles of constructing
the index system. These principles are given as follow:
3.1.1 The overall scientific principles
The evaluation index system must be able to reflect all the aspects of regional economic society
comprehensively. Moreover, it can reflect the connotation of economic society scientifically and
rationally.
3.1.2 Concise workable principles
Evaluation index system should be designed to clear and simple, should select the indexes which
have all-embracing strong, represented by the large amount of information, the desirability of more
information, access to information on the feasibility of a higher target.
3.1.3 Dynamic and comparable principle
Evaluation index system should be designed for reflecting the dynamic develop situation of the
economic society construction, and the design should consider the comparability as well as facility.
3.2 The basic framework of evaluation index system of economic society
While on the basis of fully understanding the connotation and the basic characteristics of the
economic society, in the terms of designing principles of evaluation index system of economic society,
especially considering the available and authority of data (all the numerical indicators can be adopted by
countries Census and Statistics Department released the data or calculated), referencing some existing
research results on economic society index systems, we achieve the evaluation of index system from
four highly operative level which are composed of energy-saving, water saving, saving land resource
and comprehensive utilization of resources. The index system covers these four dimensions. For the
level of saving energy, we select three representative indicators: energy consumption for per-unit GDP ,
electric power consumption for per-unit GDP , energy consumption for per-unit industrial added value.
For the level of saving water, we select two representative indicators: per capita water consumption ,
water consumption for per ten thousand GDP . For the level of saving land, we select one representative
indicator owing to the difficulty of data acquirement: construction land area for per ten thousand GDP.
For the level of comprehensive utilization of resources , we select the indicators from the angles of solid
waste, waste water, emissions and waste disposal, which are composed of comprehensive utilization of
industrial solid waste, Rate of living garbage harmless disposal, discharge standard-meeting rate of
industrial wastewaters, discharge standard-meeting rate of industrial SO2 .
3.2 Introduction on the process of evaluation
3.2.1 Introduction on the evaluation method and data resources
In this paper, Factor analysis is used to fulfill the purpose of evaluation. As we know, Factor
analysis is often used in data reduction to identify a small number of factors that explain most of the
variance observed in a much larger number of manifest variables. This method attempts to identify
underlying variables or factors that explain the pattern of correlations within a set of observed variables.
The data used in practical evaluation are all drawn from the China Statistical Yearbook 2006 and
Environmental Statistical Data issued by National Bureau of Statistics of China. Owing to the absence
of data, the sample regions selected for this evaluation are only composed of 30 provinces of China, not
including Xizang etc.
3.2.2 Introduction on the evaluation process
The data are normalized and standardized according to the accustomed procedure of Factor
analysis beforehand, and the SPSS 15.0 is used for the data analysis. The outcome of KMO and
Bartlett's Test as depicted in table 2 shows that the application of Factor analysis is appropriate.
Outcomes of the following analyses as shown in table 3 and 4 show that, the 10 indicators are
divided into five common factors by factor analysis and cumulative variance contribution of the five
factors reaches 93.956%. The indicators of energy-saving which are composed of energy consumption
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for per-unit GDP, electric power consumption for per-unit GDP and energy consumption for per-unit
industrial added value, play important roles in the first factor. The indicators of saving water which are
composed of per capita water consumption, water consumption own higher factor loading values in the
second factor. The indicators including construction land area for per ten thousand, discharge
standard-meeting rate of industrial wastewaters and discharge standard-meeting rate of industrial SO2,
play important roles in the third factor. Only the indicator of Rate of living garbage harmless disposal
plays primary roles in the fourth factor. The fifth factor is mainly dominated by the indicator of
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comprehensive utilization of industrial solid waste. Hence, the composite factor Z which can be used
to represent the evaluation outcome is expressed in:
m
Z ' = ∑ (vi / p)Z i = 0.2824Z1 + 0.23464Z 2 + 0.19576Z 3 + 0.11505Z 4 + 0.11071Z 5 (2.2)
'
The scores of five factors and the composite factor Z obtained by practical factor analysis
are shown in table 5.
Table 2 KMO and Bartlett's Test
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling
Adequacy.
.622
Approx. Chi-Square
273.479
df
45
Sig.
.000
Bartlett's Test of
Sphericity
Table 3 Total Variance Explained
Initial Eigenvalues
Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings
Component
Total
% of Variance
Cumulative %
Total
% of Variance
Cumulative %
1
5.016
50.161
50.161
2.834
28.340
28.340
2
1.676
16.758
66.919
2.346
23.464
51.804
3
1.198
11.976
78.895
1.958
19.576
71.381
4
.885
8.849
87.745
1.150
11.505
82.885
5
.621
6.212
93.956
1.107
11.071
93.956
6
.291
2.912
96.868
7
.192
1.921
98.789
8
.056
.565
99.354
9
.042
.423
99.777
10
.022
.223
100.000
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
Table 4 Rotated Component Matrix(a)
Component
energy consumption for
per-unit GDP
electric power onsumption for
per-unit GDP
1
2
3
4
5
.870
.200
.296
.112
.257
.914
.158
.261
-.161
-.010
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energy consumption for
per-unit industrial added
value
.864
.099
.153
.328
.174
per capita water consumption
.053
.986
-.015
.040
.011
.245
.914
.211
.093
.001
.369
.453
.683
.129
.047
.200
.014
.238
-.086
.943
.096
.087
.075
.972
-.081
.446
.496
.643
-.130
.251
.214
-.068
.889
.092
.224
water consumption for per ten
thousand GDP
construction land area for per
ten thousand GDP
comprehensive utilization of
industrial solid waste
Rate of living garbage
harmless disposal
discharge standard-meeting
rate of industrial waste waters
discharge standard-meeting
rate of industrial SO2
Table 5 The factor Scores of Regions in China
Factor scores
Regions
Z1
Z2
Z3
Z4
Z5
Z'
Beijing
0.627
0.484
1.260
1.553
-0.922
0.614
Tianjin
0.284
0.539
0.875
1.095
0.786
0.591
Zhejiang
0.397
0.222
0.830
1.238
0.576
0.533
Fujian
0.445
-0.037
0.925
1.334
0.490
0.506
Jiangsu
0.451
-0.272
1.074
1.188
0.215
0.434
Shandong
0.248
0.552
0.647
0.113
0.586
0.404
Shanghai
0.729
-0.048
1.149
-0.577
0.414
0.399
Guangdong
0.949
0.168
-0.239
0.163
0.465
0.331
Hainan
0.360
-0.257
0.065
0.302
0.793
0.177
Hebei
-0.685
0.582
0.812
-0.552
0.454
0.089
Liaoning
-0.196
0.418
1.001
-0.281
-0.739
0.124
Jilin
0.435
0.461
-1.425
-0.637
1.065
-0.003
Heilongjiang
0.667
-0.442
0.303
-0.982
-0.440
-0.018
Jiangxi
0.568
-0.110
-0.070
-0.407
0.347
0.113
Hubei
-0.029
-0.010
0.420
0.167
0.165
0.109
Henan
0.031
0.646
0.168
-0.131
-0.684
0.102
Anhui
0.334
0.150
0.076
-1.609
0.978
0.068
Hunan
0.450
-0.134
0.030
-0.681
0.278
0.054
Eastern region
Northeastern
region
Central region
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Western region
Shanxi
-1.509
1.063
0.852
-1.973
-1.945
-0.452
Chongqing
0.328
0.471
0.247
-0.129
-0.504
0.181
Shaanxi
0.506
0.900
-1.279
-0.641
0.617
0.098
Sichuan
0.263
0.763
-1.202
-0.273
0.866
0.082
Guangxi
0.510
-0.591
-0.340
0.207
0.036
-0.033
Yunnan
0.393
0.524
-1.224
0.914
-1.884
-0.109
Gansu
0.393
0.524
-1.224
0.914
-1.884
-0.109
Guizhou
-1.072
0.625
-1.217
0.124
-1.576
-0.555
Inner Mongolia
-0.515
-0.408
-0.069
-0.648
-2.311
-0.585
Qinghai
-1.229
-0.320
-2.517
2.707
-0.338
-0.641
Xinjiang
1.094
-4.515
-0.374
-0.628
-0.793
-0.984
Ningxia
-4.098
-1.468
1.090
0.325
1.422
-1.094
'
As shown in Table 5, the scores of the composite factor Z of the six provinces in central region
of China are in the middle level of whole country.
It is worth noting that, in the process of computing the standardized sample data, some negative
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value of Z are occurred. In order to making the value of D to range from 0 to 1, the authors refer to
the literature[6] , using a standardized scoring method of transformation to achieve it, namely: the
standardized value = (raw data –the minimum of the original data) / (the maximum of raw data - the
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minimum of raw data). After that, the standardized value of Z would be in the range from 0 to 1.
4 Results
After getting the evaluation ends, the formula (1) can be used to calculate and measure the degree
of coupling coordinated development in the central regions of China. Generally, the level of
urbanization could be directly reflected by the proportion of urban population. For the sake of simplicity,
the proportion of urban population is used to reflect the level of urbanization construction. The data
used in practical calculation are all drawn from the China Statistical Yearbook 2006. The final
calculation results are shown in Table 6, and in order to facilitate comparative analysis, we use the
Arcview software to expatiate comprehensively and intuitively the results of the various regions of
China, as shown in Figure 1.
Table 6 The Calculation Results of D of Central Region in China
Central region
The value of D
Type
Hubei
0.71
VI
Jiangxi
0.66
V
Hunan
0.66
V
Anhui
0.65
V
Shanxi
0.63
V
Henan
0.60
V
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Figure 1 The Calculation Results of D of Various Regions in China
Note: 0 indicates the region without calculation.
Table 7 Some Descriptive Statistics Results of D of Various Regions in China
Coefficient
of
Region
Mean
Std. deviation
divergence
Eastern
region
Northeastern
region
Central
region
Western
region
0.81
0.10
0.12
0.77
0.02
0.03
0.65
0.04
0.06
0.52
0.21
0.41
The results show that, in the central region of China, with the exception that Hubei province is in a
good level of coordination, the remaining provinces’ coordinated development of the coupling between
the urbanization and building a saving society is in the middle levels of coordination. Table 7 lists some
statistical analysis results of D value in the central region and other regions, from which it is not difficult
to find that, the central region’s inner development gap is smaller than the eastern region and western
region, although it is bigger than the northeastern region. On the average, the D value of the central
region is higher than the western region, but when compared with the Northeast and the eastern regions
there does a large development distance exist.
5 Conclusion
Through the analyses above, it is not difficult to find that, on the nationwide speaking, the coupling
coordinated development status between urbanization and economic society construction in the central
region of China is medium, and there is still a long run to go from the goals of excellence. We can see
that, to the central region, it may be a realistic choice to take a resource-saving urbanization road.
Therefore, more policies or measures and countermeasures are needed to achieve it. Specifically as the
followings:
First of all, we should grasp the concept of scientific development and vigorously promote the
building of the central city groups, form new urban agglomerations in a relatively short time. At the
same time, we should eliminate the low-level blind competition, and enhance the city's overall
competitiveness.
Secondly, in the process of promoting the urbanization, we should further correct the guiding
ideology of the town planning. Moreover, we should enhance the scientific and authority of planning,
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implement the compact principles and strengthen the guidance and control of the urban land, energy,
water use, etc.
Finally, in the process of promoting urbanization, it is better to precede a new type of
industrialization to promote urbanization comprehensively following the principle of the economic cycle.
In order to build an ecological civilization, we should strive to achieve the multiple closed-loop
feedback cycle as the form as "Resources-product-renewable resources", to achieve a reasonable
economical use of resources, and to promote harmony between man and nature.
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