Download Study on Tourism Industry Spatial Agglomeration in Jing-Jin-Ji Metropolitan

EASTERN ACADEMIC FORUM
Study on Tourism Industry Spatial Agglomeration in Jing-Jin-Ji
Metropolitan
CAI Wenjing, ZHANG Jianping
School of Economics and Management, Beijing Jiaotong University, P.R.China, 100044
[email protected]
Abstract: The rapid development of the tourism industry and the trend of industrial agglomeration in
some area has been the phenomenon. Take the Jing-Jin-Ji Metropolitan as an example, the tourism
industry cluster degree was measured by the tourism revenue location quotient index and its correlation
with regional GDP, results showed that: the tourism industry in Jing-Jin-Ji Metropolitan are highly
centralized, but the degree of agglomeration imbalance in regional; tourism income location entropy is
negatively related to GDP. Base on the industrial agglomeration; pose a proposal on the Jing-Jin-Ji
Metropolitan tourism industry development.
Keywords: Tourism industry spatial agglomeration, Revenue location quotient index, Correlation
analysis, Jing-Jin-Ji Metropolitan
1 Introduction
Industrial cluster is often used to describe the spatial distribution of specific forms of industrial
organization, it is an inevitable outcome of regional economic development, is also an important reason
for promoting regional economic development and its related areas are important content in theory of
industrial location and industrial organization.
The existing research shows that tourism concentration level is high in Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin. As
one of the “ economic circles”, Beijig-Tianjin-Hebei is also full of tourism resources, but the exploration
of the region dominated by qualitative research, representative of quantitative research are: Xuemei
Shang studied the tourist flow intensity and spatial structure in Jing-Jin-Ji metropolitan, pointed out that
Beijing is the center of tourist flow in Jing-Jin-Ji, Tianjin and Shijiazhuang are the sub-center, the
cooperation of central cities and other cities of tourism need to be strengthened; Wang Guoqiang
constructed the evaluation model of regional tourism spatial structure and index system based on social
network theory; Zhou Tongqian calculated economic and tourism ties between cities through
gravity-like formula, which reflects economic radiation capacity of central city on the peripheral area,
results are that tourist market structure is not balanced in Jing-Jin-Ji, and economic relations presents
ring structure, tourism integration is promoted by high-speed railway. Currently, there is no study played
to measure the degree of tourism industrial cluster, this paper aims to take advantage of measurement in
quantitative analysis to estimate industry agglomeration level in Jing-Jin-Ji.
2 Research Methods and Data Sources
2.1 Research methods
Tourism industry agglomeration level measurement can be classified to qualitative and quantitative
methods. Qualitative methods analyze the regional concentration on macro-level, quantitative methods
identify whether there is a agglomeration in some regions through data on micro-level, mainly include:
industrial concentration ratio, HHI, spatial Gini coefficient, space aggregation index and location
entropy. The last one is a practical index, figures in the analysis process is intuitive, which is enough to
solve the problem in this study. Location quotient, known as LQ, refers to a given industry’s share in the
whole region. In many studies, that LQ is greater than 1.12 indicates high level of specialization,
particularly when it reaches 20%, which can be considered to be “bright spots”. In addition, I wish to
explore the relation of regional economic growth and location index described in Jing-Jin-Ji, and SPSS
774
EASTERN ACADEMIC FORUM
18.0 is used to understand the correlation.
Formula: LQi=Di/Da
(1)
Di=m/Ai
(2)
Da=M/A
(3)
(1) LQi is tourism income location entropy;
(2) m is tourism income of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, Ai is income of overall industry in Jing-Jin-Ji;
(3) M is national tourism revenue, A is income of national overall industry.
2.2 Data resources
The data comes from China Statistical Yearbook, China Tourism Statistic Annual, Beijing Statistical
Yearbook, Tianjin Statistical Yearbook, Hebei Statistical Yearbook from 2004 to2013.
3 Identification and Analysis of Index
3.1 Identification
In the calculation process of location entropy, tourism enterprise, tourist resources, auxiliary
organization and tourism income can be considered as factors, in this study, tourism income is the vital
element, as shown in Table 1.
Year
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Mean Value
Table 1 LQ of Jing-Jin-Ji from 2004 to 2013
Location Quotient
Beijing
6.17
6.33
6.70
5.95
4.80
5.47
5.52
5.39
5.17
5.41
5.72
Tianjin
4.28
4.08
4.12
4.20
4.56
3.92
3.64
3.59
3.46
3.59
3.99
Hebei
0.93
0.93
0.99
1.00
0.82
0.97
1.01
1.04
1.02
0.93
0.98
Mean Value
3.79
3.78
3.94
3.72
3.39
3.45
3.39
3.34
3.22
3.31
3.53
The LQ of Jing-Jin-Ji is 3.53. According to criterion, LQ>1.12, tourism industry in the region is in a
high level of concentration and has formed a dominant industry; LQ<1.12, counter-productive.
Therefore, we can draw a conclusion that the level of concentration of tourism industry in Jing-Jin-Ji is
high and tourism is a dominant industry.
3.2 Analysis
This article makes correlation and regression analysis on tourism industrial cluster and regional
economic growth (Table 2). The significance level of LQ of tourism income in Jing-Jin-Ji and GDP is
0.002, and correlation coefficient is -0.845, which indicates that they are highly negative correlated, the
lower LQ, the greater regional GDP growth.
In the regression analysis (Figure 1), F=19.909, t=4.462, when significance level is 0.002 between LQ
and GDP, indicating highly significant result. Regression curve of LQ and GDP shows a decreasing
trend, the lower LQ, the more it can promote economic growth.
775
EASTERN ACADEMIC FORUM
Table 2 Correlation analysis
Pearson Index
Significance Level（Two-sided）
LQ
N
Pearson Index
Significance Level（Two-sided）
GDP
N
**. At the .01 significance level.
LQ
1
10
-.845**
.002
10
GDP
-.845**
.002
10
1
10
Figure 1 Regression analysis
4 Interpretations of Results
4.1 Tourism industry in high concentration
According to the above mentioned, LQ of Jing-Jin-Ji is above the national average and tourism is a
dominate industry in the region, which can be explained as below: (1) Traffic Location: Jing-Jin-Ji area
has formed a preliminary traffic network, integration of traffic has a good foundation, 35 expressways
and 280 national road and provincial road linked in this area, forming a three-hours traffic circle
covering the cities of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, more than 900 passenger routes are launched, lines
from Beijing public transport system has been extended to places such as Zhuo Zhou, Lang Fang and
Mikawa. As a transportation hub, Beijing and Tianjin are equally closed with outside cities by aviation
and rail links. (2) Tourist Market: Tourist market in Jing-Jin-Ji area is concentrated in Beijing and
Tianjin. Due to the strong attraction of tourism resources and interconnection of Jing-Jin-Ji in
geographical location, inbound tourism is an important part of tourism demand and that provides a
strong tourist market support to tourism industry cluster. (3) Policy Effect: Jing-Jin-Ji is one of the
earliest regional tourism cooperation areas, government attached greater importance to the construction
of the tourist zone in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, this is a good policy platform for cooperation of
regional tourism development. (4) Industrial Chain: Well-developed service industry in Jing-Jin-Ji
region, such as finance, communications, landscape, customs, public security, health care, insurance,
construction, real estate, media, greening and environmental protection, makes tourism industry plays a
powerful role in the horizontal and vertical in the region.
776
EASTERN ACADEMIC FORUM
4.2 Internal imbalance
Tourism industry in Jing-Jin-Ji gather to develop in high-speed, but it is obvious that tourism LQ is
significant different in the three areas, Beijing and Tianjin is far higher than Hebei, the following
obstacle factors restrict the development of tourism in the region: (1) Economic Strength and City Status:
As the capital of a nation, tourism resources and urban attraction of Beijing outdistance Tianjin and
Hebei, investment and consumption-driven economy makes the discrepancy growing, and which is
important reason of imbalance in agglomeration. (2) Resource Product: In the shadow of Beijing,
abundant tourism resources in Tianjin and Hebei lose competitiveness. Beijing is the most developed
city and its resources is hard to integrated with Hebei and Tianjin, and a regional cohesion is lacking in
tourism. Compared with the urban tourism in Beijing, which is a sightseeing city, Beidaihe Beach is
dominated by holiday-tourist. Tourist market is different in the two areas, and it is difficult to mix into
the same travel product. Based on the unique advantages, Beijing dominates in the regional tourism
development, tourism concentration is much higher than the other two provinces. (3) Coordination
Mechanism: For regional market, Tianjin and Hebei longing for larger share of market in Beijing, but
Beijing has no reliance on the other two, the imbalance makes the beginning of regional tourism
cooperation is in an unequal position, long-term and in-depth development of regional tourism
cooperation is not conductive. At present, tourism industrial cluster has formed in Jing-Jin-Ji, but
nominal joint is more likely, tourist resource and market don’t build up a real sharing mechanism,
coordination is still at the stage of non-institutionalized and lacks the force of law, a lot of limitations
exist.
4.3 Negative correlation of LQ and GDP
Tourism revenues LQ and GDP are highly negative correlated, the lower LQ, the greater regional GDP
growth, which is not reasonable from the theoretical point of view, and I think this can be explained in
three ways:
Firstly, Mean LQ of tourism revenue in Jing-Jin-Ji is generally in decline and that is a reaction to
Beijing’s decreased values, which is generated by the growth in other areas, but the rate of fall is greater
than the rate of growth, overall LQ values has declined while the GDP has been growing in a rigid stage.
Secondly, based on the previous explanatory factor, decreased LQ was caused by the internal balance of
the development trend, although Hebei has been in a vulnerable position, the widening gap between the
three is reducing, they reap greater benefits in tourism industry brought by coordinated balance, thus
contributing to GDP growth.
Lastly, tourism stimulate the development of other industries, so as to promote overall economic growth,
but which results in declining proportion of tourism revenue in whole economy. External extension of
industrial chain could undermine its own cluster effect, therefore, LQ index decreased.
5 Conclusion and Discussion
Tourism spatial concentration of Jing-Jin-Ji from 2004 to 2013 is determined in this article by location
entropy index, and correlation analysis with GDP is also made, results are following: (1) High
concentration of tourism industry is in Jing-Jin-Ji area. (2) Tourism industrial cluster in Jing-Jin-Ji
develops uneven, with high level in Beijing and Tianjin and low in Hebei. (3) LQ in Jing-Jin-Ji area is
negatively correlated with GDP.
On the basis of industrial cluster, tourism in Jing-Jin-Ji is to be promoted from the two aspects:
Firstly, the whole area should take the most advantage of tourism industrial cluster and establish
regional e-commerce platform and Internet marketing system, design development and market share
plans, form the brand of products, expand the overall impact of products in Jing-Jin-Ji, build the
integration of heritage tourism, imperial palace in Beijing, the ancient architectural and landscape
heritage and Western or Eastern Qing Tombs, Chengde mountain resorts, for example. More importantly,
achieve service integration as soon as possible, construct information guide system, realize the goal of
777
EASTERN ACADEMIC FORUM
regional information cooperation.
And, classify the main features and functions of every city on basis of industrial cluster. Beijing could
strengthen the radiation effects of tourism to the surrounding areas, strengthen the construction of
tourism information center function. Tianjin should further perfect construction of tourist ports, play
leading role of regional tourism cooperation actively. Cities in Hebei, such as Shijiazhuang and Baoding,
should take geographical advantage and offer more tourism traffic hotline.
References
[1]. Chen Gang, Liu Dajun, Huang Xiang, Li Dongqin. Spatial Disparity and Evolution of Tourism
Industrial Agglomeration of China. Resource Development and Market. 2012, 28 (10): 945-948 (in
Chinese)
[2]. Shang Xuemei. Study on Tourism Integration of Jing-Jin-Ji Based on Spatial Structure of Tourist
Flow. Region Economic. 2012: 138-139 (in Chinese)
[3]. Shang Xuemei, Wang Guoqiang. Study on Spatial Structure of Regional Tourism Based on Social
Network Theory—a Case Study of Jing-Jin-Ji area. Special Zone Economy. 2010: 66-68 (in
Chinese)
[4]. Zou Tongqian, Zheng Chunhui. A Study on the Degree of Tourism Economic Association Among
the Cities in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region. Journal of Hunan University of Commerce. 2011, 18
(1): 38-41 (in Chinese)
[5]. De Bing, Yu Xi, Wu Bihu. Tourism Industry Cluster and its Influential Factors. Journal of Guilin
Institute of Tourism. 2004, 15 (6): 53-57 (in Chinese)
[6]. Jackson J, Murphy P. Cluster in Regional Tourism: an Australian Case. Annals of Tourism
Research. 2006, 33 (4): 1018-1035
778