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THE NEW WORLD PORTUGAL • Portugal was the 1st European country to venture on the Atlantic in search of spices, gold, and eventually slaves. PORTUGAL • Portugal’s main interests lay in Africa and Asia • Portugal’s goal was to trade rather than colonize. PORTUGAL • They established a series of trading posts along the Atlantic coast of Africa for slaves/gold. PORTUGAL • Cabral of Portugal defeated _Muslim_/Arab merchants to established a Portuguese monopoly over trade in the Indian Ocean. PORTUGAL • Prince Henry “The Navigator” was the Prince of Portugal/ • This early pioneer of exploration was famous for his ventures in the early 15th century (not a sailor). PORTUGAL • Bartholomew __Dias_: 1488 – found the southern tip of Africa, later named the _Cape of Good Hope (Storms)_ • This proved ships could reach East Asia by sailing around Africa. PORTUGAL • _Vasco da Gama_: 1497 – Took 4 ships from Portugal to India. PORTUGAL • Portugal colonized present-day __Brazil_ (speak Portuguese and are generally _Catholic_). SPAIN • King _Ferdinand_ and Queen _Isabella_ united Spain by defeating the Muslim military force. • Later, they sponsored _Christopher Columbus_ on his trip to the Americas. SPAIN • 1492 – sailed for Spain with 3 ships • first European to set foot in the Bahamas • spent 3 months exploring Hispaniola and Cuba in search of gold. SPAIN • The long-term significance of the travels of Columbus was that his voyages started a vast cultural exchange between hemispheres. • Later, the name America began to appear on maps in honor of the Italian _Amerigo Vespucci_. SPAIN • The _Columbian Exchange_: A global transfer of goods, plants, animals, disease, food and technology between Eastern and Western hemispheres during the colonization of the Americas. Pre-Columbian Distribution of Organisms with Close Ties to Humans Type of organism Domesticated animals Old World list (what they had) New World list (what they had) • • • • • • • • • camel cattle donkey fowl (several species including chickens) goat horse pig rabbit sheep • • • • • • alpaca fowl (a few species) guinea pig racoon llama turkey • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • bananas barley beans black pepper cabbage coffee cotton (short staple "Egyptian" variety) citrus garlic hemp lettuce oats onion peach pear rice rye sugarcane turnip wheat • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • amaranth avocado beans cashew chia chicle (chewing gum base) chili pepper (includes the bell pepper) cocoa cotton (long staple variety, 90% of modern cultivation) maize (corn) manioc (cassava) papaya peanut pecan pineapple potato quinoa rubber squash (incl. pumpkin) sunflower strawberry (American species used in modern hybrids) sweet potato tobacco tomato vanilla • • • • • • • • • • • bubonic plague cholera influenza malaria measles scarlet fever sleeping sickness smallpox tuberculosis typhoid yellow fever • • • • Chagas' disease syphilis (possibly. See the syphilis article for details) yaws yellow fever (American strains) Domesticated plants Infectious diseases [citation needed] SPAIN • European lifestyles changed significantly with the introduction of corn, tobacco, and potatoes from the Western Hemisphere • diseases (like smallpox) were brought to the Western Hemisphere.