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News, Propaganda, and Ideology: Differing Views 1 Herman and Chomsky's Five Filters 1. Size, ownership, and profit orientation 2.Advertising as "license to do business" 3.Sourcing: Officials and Experts 4.Flak and the Enforcers 5.Anti-communism (anti-terrorism?) 2 Questions about the propaganda model What about times when the media are critical of power? Does Chomsky think ordinary people are too dumb to figure all this out, that they're dupes of the system? Schudson: News is "subtle cultural influence on human affairs, not an overt force controlling society." 3 An alternate theory: Ideology as Cultural Common Sense The problems with the notion of false consciousness epistemological problem: assumes a singular truth, and that most people are dupes ("social dupe theory") political: do you really want to say that everyone who disagrees with you is stupid? 4 Instead: Ideology as a culture's common sense Ideology as maps of meaning that order everyday experience, that create the "taken-for-granted" Neither true nor false, but connected to social relations and power 5 Implications There are no non-ideological understandings, only better or worse ideologies Ideological analysis needs to be directed at oneself as well as others The analysis of ideology is a continuous process of asking questions about the common sense assumptions, of both others and our own everyday thought. 6 How to do Ideological Analysis • Look for patterns that are repeated and meaningful • Figure out the point of view from which those patterns make sense • Look to see if there is a relation between those patterns and social structure and power 7