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Wind Power Facility Guide to the Technical Requirements Revision 0 November 30, 2004 November 30, 2004 Page 1 of 20 Technical Guide to the Wind Power Facility Technical Requirements Preface This document (“Guide”) is intended to provide wind power facility developers with assistance in the application of the Alberta Electric System Operator’s Wind Power Facility Technical Requirements (”WPFTR”) to their specific project applications. The WPFTR can be found on the AESO website (www.aeso.ca). In the event of any inconsistency between the Guide and the Technical Requirements the latter prevails. ______________________________________________________________________________ November 30, 2004 Page 2 of 20 Technical Guide to the Wind Power Facility Technical Requirements Change History Date Version Detail Changed by ______________________________________________________________________________ November 30, 2004 Page 3 of 20 Technical Guide to the Wind Power Facility Technical Requirements TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE.................................................................................................................................2 CHANGE HISTORY...............................................................................................................3 TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................4 LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................5 1.0 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................6 2.0 OBJECTIVE ..........................................................................................................6 3.0 SCOPE ....................................................................................................................6 4.0 WIND POWER FACILITY DESCRIPTION AND DEFINITIONS................6 5.0 TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR WIND POWER FACILITIES .........6 5.1 Wind Power Facility Aggregated MW Capacity ......................................................................7 5.2 Voltage Ride Through Requirements ........................................................................................7 5.3 Voltage Regulation/Reactive Power Requirements ..................................................................9 5.4 Stability Control Requirements ...............................................................................................17 5.5 Operating Voltage Requirements.............................................................................................17 5.6 Off Nominal Frequency Requirements....................................................................................18 5.7 Supplemental Over Frequency Control Requirements..........................................................18 5.8 Wind Power Facility Disconnection .........................................................................................18 5.9 WPF Connection Requirements During Constrained Operating Conditions......................18 5.10 Protection Requirements ..........................................................................................................18 5.11 Power Quality ............................................................................................................................18 5.12 Grounding ..................................................................................................................................18 5.13 Lightning (Surge) Protection....................................................................................................19 5.14 Clearances and Access ..............................................................................................................19 ______________________________________________________________________________ November 30, 2004 Page 4 of 20 Technical Guide to the Wind Power Facility Technical Requirements 5.15 Interrupting and Isolation Devices ..........................................................................................19 5.16 Special Interconnection Protections.........................................................................................19 5.17 Revenue Metering......................................................................................................................19 5.18 Supervisory, Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)...........................................................19 6.0 MONITORING REQUIREMENTS ..................................................................19 7.0 MODELLING AND VALIDATION..................................................................19 8.0 TESTING..............................................................................................................20 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 5.1 - VRT Requirements for Low Voltage Conditions .................................................................................9 Figure 5.2 – Example Reactive Power Ramp with WTG’s ....................................................................................10 Figure 5.3 – Example Reactive Power Ramp with fixed and variable reactive power devices...........................11 Figure 5.4 – Example where reactive current compensation would be required.................................................13 Figure 5.5 –Example of a VRS response to a system voltage step .........................................................................14 Figure 5.6 - Voltage regulation provided at the WTGs ..........................................................................................14 Figure 5.7 - Voltage regulation on a single collector bus........................................................................................15 Figure 5.8 - Voltage regulation on a multiple collector bus injection at collector bus.........................................15 Figure 5.9 - Voltage regulation on a multiple collector bus injection at the transmission system bus ...............16 Figure 5.10 - Shared voltage regulation for multiple WPFs at the same transmission system bus ....................17 ______________________________________________________________________________ November 30, 2004 Page 5 of 20 Technical Guide to the Wind Power Facility Technical Requirements 1.0 INTRODUCTION Guidance Note on Refurbishment or Replacement: There are some industry practices on bringing facilities up to compliance with current standards. For example, WECC has policy affecting excitation systems at existing synchronous generating facilities.1 Key equipment at a WPF would include replacement of generators, converters, reactive power devices, and voltage regulation systems to name a few. It is also important to acknowledge that a WPF has many turbines, and it may take several years to replace or refurbish an entire WPF. A WPF could transition over time to fully comply with the WPFTR. Guidance Note of TFO Requirements: The WPFTR is one of many requirements that effect WPF owners. Transmission Facility Owners (TFOs) will also have technical requirements such as protection coordination, equipment protection and SCADA2 that would be applicable to WPFs. 2.0 OBJECTIVE No guidance notes at this time. 3.0 SCOPE No guidance notes at this time. 4.0 WIND POWER FACILITY DESCRIPTION AND DEFINITIONS No guidance notes at this time. 5.0 TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR WIND POWER FACILITIES The overall principle of the WPFTRs is to ensure that WPFs contribute to system reliability. The NERC/WECC planning standards have an introductory section on Generator Controls requirements. The AESO, in the development of the WPFTR, used the NERC/WECC requirements, concepts and principles. Below is an excerpt from the NERC/WECC planning standard for reader reference. 1 2 www.wecc.biz Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) ______________________________________________________________________________ November 30, 2004 Page 6 of 20 Technical Guide to the Wind Power Facility Technical Requirements 5.1 Wind Power Facility Aggregated MW Capacity Guidance Note on WPF Aggregated MW Capacity: The WPF Aggregated MW Capacity is determined at the Collector Bus(es). The MW capability including real-power losses to the Collector Bus(es) should be considered in the determination of WPF Aggregated MW Capacity . The WPF Aggregated MW Capacity would also be based on the rated voltage of the Collector Bus(es). 5.2 Voltage Ride Through Requirements Guidance Note on VRT: WPF owners will be required to provide the AESO with the over voltage tripping characteristics for each type of WTG used at the WPF. Guidance Note on Marginal Compliance for VRT: The AESO has implemented VRT requirements to mitigate tripping of multiple WPFs as identified in the ABB study.3 VRT is specified at the rated voltage for 3 Wind Power Study - Full Report found on the AESO website www.aeso.ca ______________________________________________________________________________ November 30, 2004 Page 7 of 20 Technical Guide to the Wind Power Facility Technical Requirements the Point of Connection. The AESO will provide the rated voltage of the Point of Connection to the WPF owner. Until January 1, 2006, a WPF with marginal VRT specifications that does not meet the AESO VRT requirements are subject to review and approval by the AESO before an application for connection can be submitted to the Alberta Energy Utilities Board (AEUB). The AESO would consider the following for example: • A WPF must have VRT down to 15% of the rated voltage at the Point of Connection. • A WPF must have continuous operation at 90% of the rated voltage at the Point of Connection. • A WPF may have marginal compliance to a variance in the 0.625 seconds requirement at 15% Point of Connection voltage. • A WPF may have marginal compliance to a variance along the curve between 0.625 seconds and 3 seconds of the AESO VRT requirements. Figure 5.1 below shows the AESO proposed VRT curve in a first draft of the WPFTR and the AESO final VRT curve in the WPFTR. The figure shows an area where marginal VRT would be considered acceptable by the AESO. Also, a marginally compliant WPF may consider the use of dynamic reactive power control on the collector system or WTGs to improve VRT capability. A WPF that is not compliant to the AESO VRT requirements will be required to conduct technical studies demonstrating the length of time a WPF can ride through voltage at the Point of Connection for the following voltage levels: • Time (seconds) that the WPF can ride through at 15% Point of Connection voltage. • Time (seconds) that the WPF can ride through at 50% Point of Connection voltage. • Time (seconds) that the WPF can ride through at 75% Point of Connection voltage. Any WPF that is approved by the AESO with marginal VRT would not be subject to retroactive compliance, but would be subject to conform to compliance based on replacement or refurbishment requirements that would impact all WPFs. ______________________________________________________________________________ November 30, 2004 Page 8 of 20 Technical Guide to the Wind Power Facility Technical Requirements Low Voltage Ride Through Requirements Per Unit Voltage at Point of Connection 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 The AESO would give consideration for a WPF that falls short of the WPFTR but would have met the AESO proposed VRT in draft 1 of the WPF standard process. 0.4 0.2 0 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Time (Seconds) WPFTR AESO Proposal (Draft 1) Figure 5.1 - VRT Requirements for Low Voltage Conditions 5.3 Voltage Regulation/Reactive Power Requirements The AESO standard has been developed to satisfy voltage regulation and reactive power requirements while considering the unique characteristics of WPFs. Below is an excerpt from the NERC/WECC Planning Standards for reader reference. Guidance Note on the Requirements of the WPF Operator: Section 5.3 and section 5.9 of the WPFTR state a requirement for a WPF Operator. The AESO System Controller will require names and contact ______________________________________________________________________________ November 30, 2004 Page 9 of 20 Technical Guide to the Wind Power Facility Technical Requirements information for the WPF Operator. The WPF Operator will also be expected to comply with requirements specified in the AESO Operating Policies and Procedures. Guidance Note on Reactive Power Requirements: The reactive power requirements in the WPFTR provide flexibility for many types of technologies at a WPF. The intent is that a WPF can ramp the reactive power from -0.95 PF (power factor) to +0.90 PF at the Collector Bus(es) in a smooth continuous fashion. Figure 5.2 below shows an example of a reactive power ramp from a 60 MW WPF using WTGs to ramp throughout the reactive power range. Example Reactive Power at the Collector Bus for a 60 MW WPF ramped from -0.95 PF to +0.90 over time Reactive Power (+ is Out) 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 Time --> Reactive Power Generated from WTGs Figure 5.2 – Example Reactive Power Ramp with WTG’s Figure 5.3 shows an example of a more complicated WPF that absorbs reactive power with the WTGs, and has a -8 to +8 MVAr static var device in combination with three 13 MVAr capacitor banks switched as required. The combination of reactive power produces a net WPF reactive power that continuously ramps from -0.95 PF to 0.90 PF. ______________________________________________________________________________ November 30, 2004 Page 10 of 20 Technical Guide to the Wind Power Facility Technical Requirements Reactive POwer (+ is Out) Example Reactive Power at the Collector Bus for a 60 MW WPF ramped from -0.95 PF to +0.90 over time 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 MVArs absorbed by the WTGs MVAr (producing and absorbing) from a Static Var Device 3 - 13 MVAr capacitor banks switched by the VRS Net Reactive Power from all Devices Time --> Fixed Static Reactive Power (WTG Offset) Dynamic Vars (Continuous Capability Only) Switched Shunt Reactive Power Figure 5.3 – Example Reactive Power Ramp with fixed and variable reactive power devices The WPFTR specifies reactive power at the Maximum Aggregate MW Output of the WPF. The intent of the reactive power requirement is such that the WPF will provide the maximum amount of reactive power available when required to maintain voltage regardless of MW conditions. The standard recognizes that reactive power capability of WPFs may decrease at low MW output, however the WPF must make available all reactive power capability. There cannot be controls withholding reactive capability. For example, if the MW output of the WPF were to drop due a small change in wind, the expectation would be that this does not equate to an automatic drop in reactive power. The following are two examples for reactive power requirements. Example 1: A 60 MW WPF uses WTGs with +.9 to -.9 PF turbines where all reactive power is continuous and dynamically responding. The turbine step up transformers and collector network absorb 5 MVArs. The turbine capability at the Collector Bus would be +24 MVArs (+29-5) to -34 MVArs (-29-5). The WPF would add a 5 MVAr capacitor bank to the collector system that would change the reactive power at the collector bus to +29 MVArs (+24 +5) and -30 MVars (-35+5). The WPF would provide +0.9 PF to -0.95 PF at the Collector Bus as required in the WPFTR. ______________________________________________________________________________ November 30, 2004 Page 11 of 20 Technical Guide to the Wind Power Facility Technical Requirements Example 2: A 60 MW WPF requires a capability of producing +29 MVArs to reach +0.9 PF and a capability of absorbing -20 MVArs to achieve –0.95 PF. The WPF alone draws a fixed 12 MVArs to operate due to transformers, lines and the WTGs. In order to meet the dynamic reactive power capability, the WPF needs to be able to produce +20 MVArs and absorb -10.5 MVArs of short term reactive power. To reach these short term amounts of +20 and –10.5 MVArs, a WPF may use a dynamic VAr element that comes with ± 8 MVArs of continuous reactive power. It is this ±8 MVArs that can be used to reach the capability of +0.9 PF and –0.95 PF. The addition of the –12 MVAr fixed draw from the WPF with the –8 MVArs of continuous reactive power results in the necessary -20 MVArs to reach -0.95 PF. Conversely, the addition of the –12 MVAr fixed draw from the WPF with the +8 MVArs of continuous reactive power results in a need of only 33 MVArs of additional capability to reach +0.9 PF. Guidance Note on the Voltage Regulation System (VRS): Voltage regulation at a WPF results when the WPF voltage control system: • measures the appropriate voltage at either the Collector Bus or Point of Connection, • compares the voltage to a voltage set-point, • processes the error signal via control parameters such as proportional, derivative and integral terms and changes the reactive power of the WPF to correct the voltage. A Typical industry standard, and one that the AESO uses, is where voltage is regulated within +/- 0.5% of the voltage set point. Most conventional generator voltage regulators can achieve +/- 0.5% through a combination of steady-state Droop, gains and reactive current compensation. Typical voltage regulation gains are between 100 to 200 p.u. Some newer voltage regulation controls may use integrating type control parameters which would be interpreted as a 0% Droop behavior. The intent of WPF voltage regulation is to be reasonably comparable to synchronous generators to ensure coordinated control behavior between all types of generating facilities. Guidance Note on Reactive Current Compensation 5.3.4.(g): The AESO has also indicated that reactive current compensation may be required in the VRS. Reactive Current Compensation (RCC) is a control system method to ______________________________________________________________________________ November 30, 2004 Page 12 of 20 Technical Guide to the Wind Power Facility Technical Requirements measure reactive current and modify the measured voltage signal. Many synchronous generators may use RCC to make the virtual control point appear to be in the middle of the transmission system step-up transformer. An example of RCC requirements is shown in figure 5.4 where two WPFs are configured such that the measured voltage by the Voltage Regulation Systems is at the same transmission system point. In this example RCC will be required at both WPFs. WTGs WTGs 138kV WTGs WTGs WTGs WTGs WTGs WTGs Reactive Power Injection External Voltage Regulation / Reactive Power System Reactive Power Injection RCC Voltage Sensing Voltage Sensing WIND POWER FACILITY 1 RCC External Voltage Regulation / Reactive Power System WIND POWER FACILITY 2 AIES Figure 5.4 – Example where reactive current compensation would be required Guidance Note on Response time 5.3.4 (i): The intent of the ‘no later than 1.0 second’ is to ensure reasonable response time to co-ordinate voltage regulation with other generation facilities. The intent of the ‘no sooner than 0.1 second’ is to prevent possible system instability that can result under weak system conditions that can occur with transmission line outages. ______________________________________________________________________________ November 30, 2004 Page 13 of 20 Technical Guide to the Wind Power Facility Technical Requirements Figure 5.5 –Example of a VRS response to a system voltage step Examples of Voltage Regulation Placement: The following figures are simple examples to illustrate some of the many options a WPF has for voltage regulation and reactive power. WTGs < 690v 25 - 35 kV 69 - 240kV WTGs Voltage Regulation System WIND POWER FACILITY Figure 5.6 - Voltage regulation provided at the WTGs ______________________________________________________________________________ November 30, 2004 Page 14 of 20 Technical Guide to the Wind Power Facility Technical Requirements < 690v WTGs 25 - 35 kV 69 - 240kV WTGs External Voltage Regulation / Reactive Power System WIND POWER FACILITY Figure 5.7 - Voltage regulation on a single collector bus WTGs < 690v 25 - 35 kV 69 - 240kV WTGs Collector Bus WTGs WTGs Reactive Power Injection External Voltage Regulation / Reactive Power System Voltage Sensing WIND POWER FACILITY Figure 5.8 - Voltage regulation on a multiple collector bus injection at collector bus ______________________________________________________________________________ November 30, 2004 Page 15 of 20 Technical Guide to the Wind Power Facility Technical Requirements WTGs < 690v 25 - 35 kV 69 - 240kV WTGs WTGs WTGs External Voltage Regulation / Reactive Power System WIND POWER FACILITY Figure 5.9 - Voltage regulation on a multiple collector bus injection at the transmission system bus ______________________________________________________________________________ November 30, 2004 Page 16 of 20 Technical Guide to the Wind Power Facility Technical Requirements WTGs < 690v 25 - 35 kV 69 - 240kV WTGs WIND POWER FACILITY 1 WTGs WTGs WIND POWER FACILITY 2 External Voltage Regulation / Reactive Power System EXTERNAL VOLTAGE REGULATION / REACTIVE POWER Figure 5.10 - Shared voltage regulation for multiple WPFs at the same transmission system bus If the WPF owners are different in Figure 5.10 it would be assumed that all arrangements are sorted out between the owners prior to seeking review and approval by the AESO. The reactive power capability of the External Voltage Regulation / Reactive Power will need to satisfy both WPFs in this example as determined at the Collector Buses. 5.4 Stability Control Requirements No guidance notes at this time. 5.5 Operating Voltage Requirements Guidance Note of Operating Voltage Range: The AESO will provide the developer with the voltage levels the WPF is expected to operate to, which is different than Section 5.2 which describes the voltage range that the WPF must be able to withstand. ______________________________________________________________________________ November 30, 2004 Page 17 of 20 Technical Guide to the Wind Power Facility Technical Requirements 5.6 Off Nominal Frequency Requirements The off-nominal frequency requirements are established by WECC. The AESO requires compliance to these WECC requirements. Guidance Note of Off Nominal Frequency Requirements: A WPF that uses computer or Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) systems for frequency relays are considered equivalent to microprocessor relays in the standard. 5.7 Supplemental Over Frequency Control Requirements No guidance notes at this time. 5.8 Wind Power Facility Disconnection A WPF may be required by the AESO System Controller to electrically disconnect from the ATS for reasons of reliability or safety. Examples include and are not limited to: 1) During system restoration (blackout), 2) Following an event resulting in severe imbalance of supply and demand within the AIES, 3) Following events resulting in transmission system voltages outside of acceptable limits, and 4) An overload condition on transmission facilities. 5.9 WPF Connection Requirements During Constrained Operating Conditions Most of the time the AIES operates normally and with no constraints on WPFs. On occasions, transmission outage(s) or abnormal operating conditions can occur that will require electric disconnection or partial curtailment of a WPF. A WPF that cannot be partially curtailed during times of constrained conditions will remain electrically disconnected from the ATS until the constraining issue has been resolved. 5.10 Protection Requirements No guidance notes at this time. 5.11 Power Quality No guidance notes at this time. 5.12 Grounding No guidance notes at this time. ______________________________________________________________________________ November 30, 2004 Page 18 of 20 Technical Guide to the Wind Power Facility Technical Requirements 5.13 Lightning (Surge) Protection No guidance notes at this time. 5.14 Clearances and Access No guidance notes at this time. 5.15 Interrupting and Isolation Devices No guidance notes at this time. 5.16 Special Interconnection Protections No guidance notes at this time. 5.17 Revenue Metering No guidance notes at this time. 5.18 Supervisory, Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) The AESO requires SCADA of WPFs and the basic requirements are identified in AESO Operating Policy and Procedure (OPP) 003.1. Additional requirements for Wind Speed and Wind Direction are required from a WPF. Wind speed and wind direction should be taken at a point that reasonably represents what the turbines are exposed to such as at the hub height on a WTG or a meteorological station at the WPF. The wind speed and wind direction need to be 1-minute averaged data or faster. 6.0 MONITORING REQUIREMENTS No guidance notes at this time. 7.0 MODELLING AND VALIDATION Guidance Note on Provision of Modeling Information: The AESO requires models and model data for studies used by the PSS/E4 program. It is preferred that the models are standard models provided with PSS/E, however the AESO recognizes that WPF technology will change and in order to facilitate new technology, user written models may be required. WPF owners that provide user written models will be required to keep these models current with future versions of the PSS/E program until such time that PSS/E has implemented a standard model. 4 Shaw PTI ______________________________________________________________________________ November 30, 2004 Page 19 of 20 Technical Guide to the Wind Power Facility Technical Requirements Guidance Note on Provision of Validated Models: The AESO will be using WTG and VRS models for studies therefore it is important that the models are accurate and validated. The AESO requires a report from the WPF owner that indicates the WTG and/or VRS models are validated. These reports may often come from manufacturers, but in some cases the testing and validation of the WTG and/or VRS model may be the responsibility of the WPF owner. These models will be required by the AESO to conduct studies prior to applying to the AEUB for approval to connect the WPF. 8.0 TESTING Guidance Note on Testing: During the application process to interconnect, the models and model data are determined prior to the WPF being commissioned. Simple tests can be conducted that demonstrate through validation that the WPF models used in studies reasonably represent the measured behavior of the WPF. The AESO will require WPFs to conduct field tests to demonstrate the performance and capability of the WPF to the WPFTR. ______________________________________________________________________________ November 30, 2004 Page 20 of 20