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Advances in Environmental Biology, 5(5): 872-879, 2011
ISSN 1995-0756
This is a refereed journal and all articles are professionally screened and reviewed
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Caper (Capparis spp.) İmportance and Medicinal Usage
Mohammad sharrif moghaddasi,
İslamic Azad university/saveh branch İran,
Mohammad sharrif moghaddasi: Caper (Capparis spp.) İmportance and Medicinal Usage
ABSTRACT
The genus of Capparis (Capparaceae), self-grown in tropical and subtropical natural in all the word. The
flower buds, the fruits and occasionally the shoots of Capparis spinosa L. C. sicula Veill., C. Orientalis Veill.,
and C. aegyptia Lam., have been used as a condiment in the Mediterranean region (countries surrounding the
Mediterranean Sea) and neighboring countries since ancient times; those products have been greatly appreciated
for their pungent and bitter flavor. Generally the pickled flower buds are the most appreciated product; those
buds, when still tightly closed are harvested and then brined and packed in vinegar (capers). These budsare
selected by size, the smaller ones being the most greatly appreciated on the market. Capers are usually
commercialized in several Mediterranean countries, the most important being Turkey, Greece, Italy, France,
Spain, and Morocco, and they are exported mainly to central European countries, the USA, and the UK as a
delicatessen productThe plant fruits, flowers, buds, fruit and shoot tips used in nutrition. In addition, the plant
is also used in drug industries.There are about 250 species of this genus were reported (Akgül, 1996,
Anonymous 1997, Anonymous 2000).
Key words: Capparis, Caper, Capparaceae, Capparis spinosa, midicinal use, flavonoids
Introduction
The caper was used in ancient Greece as a
carminative. It is represented in archaeological levels
in the form of carbonised seeds and rarely as flower
buds and fruits from archaic and Classical antiquity
contexts. Athenaeus in Deipnosophistae pays a lot of
attention to the caper, as do Pliny (NH XIX,
XLVIII.163) and Theophrastus [63]. Etymologically,
the caper and its relatives in several European
tongues can be traced back to Classical Latin
capparis, “caper”, in turn borrowed from the Greek
κάππαρις, kápparis, whose origin (as that of the
plant) is unknown but is probably Asian. Another
theory links kápparis to the name of the island of
Cyprus (Κύπρος, Kýpros), where capers grow
abundantly [64].
In Biblical times, the caper berry was apparently
supposed to have aphrodisiac properties; [65] the
Hebrew word abiyyonah for caper berry is closely
linked to the Hebrew root, meaning "desire" [66].
The word occurs once in the Bible, in the book of
Ecclesiastes, at verse 12:5. The berries (abiyyonot)
were eaten, as appears from their liability to tithes
and to the restrictions of the 'Orlah. They are
carefully distinguished in the Mishnah and the
Talmud from the shoots, temarot, and the floral
envelopes, apperisin; and declared to be the fruit of
the alef or caper plant. But the caper of present-day
commerce, the flower bud, which is now eaten
pickled, is not mentioned in the Talmud at all.
A ripe caper fruit ("caper berry")
Corresponding Author
Mohammad sharrif moghaddasi, İslamic Azad university/saveh branch İran,
E-mail: [email protected]
Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(5): 872-879, 2011
Owing to ever growing population of the world,
every day, a lot of people die from poverty and
malnourishment. Under these conditions,
approximately 800 million people face problems of
poverty, hunger and malnutrition [21] malnutrition in
developing countries. Due to this reason, every year
more than 12 million children under five years of
age die.
Major causes of unproductiveness include
climatic change, erosion, desertification, urbanization,
industrialization, resulting in the loss of soil and
increase unproductiveness from fields.
Given all these factors, the production pattern
will change in future on regional and local basis and
would result in diversity in crop production
There will be multi purpose benifits from the
natural flora or threatend plant species. One of these
plants is ‘ Caparis’that is known by different names
in various regions of our country, and often grows in
hot and arid climates.(capparis spp.) [16,23] A
balanced diet is of major importance. It is very rich
in terms of minerals and vitamins. (%24) and
contains high
high percentage of protein
comparable with meat. It also exhibits antioxidant
properties, entering the body to prevent harmful
effects of carcinogenic substances and also contain
cancer precursor cells. It has demonstrated a high
adaptability to unfavorable ecological conditions, as
a multi-faceted evaluation of products because of the
potential of this plant appears to be promising.
This paper describes systematic, morphology,
uses, the economic importance of farming and related
issues.
Capparis spinosa, the caper bush, is a perennial
winter-deciduous species that bears rounded fleshy
leaves and big white to pinkish-white flowers. A
caper is also the pickled bud of this plant. Caper
bush is present in almost all the circumMediterranean countries and is included in the
floristic composition of most of them but whether it
is indigenous to this region is uncertain. Although
the flora of the Mediterranean region has
considerable endemism, the caper bush could have
originated in the tropics, and later been naturalized to
th Mediterranean basin. The plant is best known for
the edible bud and fruit (caper berry) which are
usually consumed pickled. Other species of Capparis
are also picked along with C. spinosa for their buds
or fruits. Caper plant
belong to the family
capparidaceae and is known since 7800 years. Capers
is known in Turkey since ancient times, and its
importance is increasing in recent years. It has
center of origin near the eastern Mediterranean and
contain six species namely C.spinosa L., C. Ovata
Desf, C. Leucophylla DC., C. Mucronifolia boiss., C.
Cartillagince Decne and C. Decidua (Forks) Edgew.
[43].
Two species are found in Turkey namely (C.
873
Spinossa and C. Ovata). There are three varieties of
of each species. These are; C: spinosa var. Spinosa,
C. Spinosa var. İnermis tura., C. Spinosa var.
Aegyptia(lam) boi, and ; C.ovata var. Palaestina Zoh.,
C ovata var. Herbacea (wild) zoh. ,C. Ovata var.
Canescens. [43]. Usually C. batu varieties are found
in southern coastal regions and C. spinosa, in the
east and south-eastern Anatolia regions; whereas
varieties C. ovata show natural distribution. [37].
Plant and Morphology:
The caper bush (Capparis spinosa L.,
Capparidaceae) has been introduced as a specialized
culture in some European countries during the last
four decades. The economic importance of caper
plant (young flower buds, known as capers, are
greatly favored for seasoning and different parts of
the plant are used in the manufacture of medicines
and cosmetics) led to a significant increase in both
the area under cultivation and production levels
during the late 1980s. The main production areas are
in harsh environments found in Morocco, the
southeastern Iberian Peninsula, Turkey, and the
Italian islands of Pantelleria and Salina. This species
has developed special mechanisms in order to survive
in the Mediterranean conditions, and introduction in
semiarid lands may help to prevent the disruption of
the equilibrium of those fragile ecosystems [48].
Capparis spinosa is highly variable in nature in
its native habitats and is found growing near the
closely related species C. sicula, C. orientalis, and C.
aegyptia. Scientists can use the known distributions
of each species to identify the origin of commercially
prepared capers [49,50].
The shrubby plant is many-branched, with
alternate leaves, thick and shiny, round to ovate in
shape. The flowers are complete, sweetly fragrant,
showy, with four sepals, and four white to pinkishwhite petals, many long violet-colored stamens, and
a single stigma usually rising well above the stamens
(Watson and Dallwitz 1992).
The plant grows in form of perenniel shrubs
growing to half meters with large number of
branched semi-woody structures. For example, C.
Spinosa var. İnermis and C. Spinosa var has not got
stipüller thorn on the rupestris. [8]. It has on average
20 meters deep roots [1]. It is C3 photosynthesis
system with leaves, round or oval shaped leaves with
dark green colors, dark, straight edges and surface
may be hairy [1,16]. plant shrubs in the form of
multi-year and a half meters, reaching from one to a
plant. The body is a large number of branched semiwoody, thorn spitüller has taken the form of some
species [8]. For example, C. Spinosa var. İnermis
and C. Spinosa var has not got stipüller thorn on the
rupestris. [10]. It has on average 20 meters deep root
pile. [1] c3 photosynthesis system of the plant with
Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(5): 872-879, 2011
leaves, round or oval shapes, colors, dark, straight
edges and surface may be hairy. [1,16] annual shoots
in a large, showy, white or pink flowers, four leaf
dish, four sheets to the crown of a large number of
male and one female organs are organs. white male
body at the bottom thereof, the right-to-end color is
light pink or dark viola. upper-stage ovarian and
single eyes. Seeds are Brown. thousand seed weight
is 6 grams fat composition is 30%. [32.1].
Food:
Mostly used part of the plant is flower bud but
fruits, flowers, buds, fruit and shoot tips are also
used in the diet but the. flower bud on an
international scale is a product that has commercial
value. 100 g dry matter contain 67 mg calcium, 65
mg potassium, 9 mg of iron and 1.24 g of protein.
[2,5] On the other hand the different organs of the
plant contain alkaloids, volatile oils, flavonoids,
trpene glicosides, organic acid, glikozinolat, minerals
and vitamins. Flavonoids and effects of which are
the primary components of medicinal and aromatic
glikozinolat. burning as a result of enzymatic
hydrolysis of aromatic sulfur compounds feature
stems from the generally glikozinotların. The most
important feature of the product processed flavor
buds is aroma. Aroma burner feature is usually
caused by sulfur compounds is due to enzymatic
hydrolysis glikozinolatların [1].
874
a dark olive green and about the size of a fresh
kernel of corn. They are picked, then pickled in salt,
or a salt and vinegar solution, or drained. Intense
flavor is developed, as mustard oil (glucocapparin) is
released from each caper bud. This enzymatic
reaction also leads to the formation of rutin often
seen as crystallized white spots on the surfaces of
individual caper buds. Capers are a distinctive
ingredient in Italian cuisine, especially in Sicilian and
southern Italian cooking. They are commonly used in
salads, pasta salads, pizzas, meat dishes and pasta
sauces. Examples of uses in Italian cuisine are
chicken piccata and salsa puttanesca. Capers are also
known for being one of the ingredients of tartar
sauce. They are also often served with cold smoked
salmon or cured salmon dishes (especially lox and
cream cheese). Capers are categorized and sold by
their size, defined as follows, with the smallest sizes
being the most desirable: Non-pareil (up to 7 mm),
surfines (7–8 mm), capucines (8–9 mm), capotes
(9–11 mm), fines (11–13 mm), and grusas (14+ mm).
Unripe nasturtium seeds can be substituted for
capers; they have a very similar texture and flavor
when pickled. Pickled caper berries are also very
popular as a snack in Menorca. If the caper bud is
not picked, it flowers and produces a fruit called a
caper berry. The fruit can be pickled and then served
as a Greek mezzo or garnish. In addition, the Greeks
make good use of the caper's leaves, which are
especially desirable and hard to find outside of
Greece. They are pickled or boiled and preserved in
jars with brine like caper buds. Caper leaves are
excellent in salads and in fish dishes. Dried caper
leaves are also used as a substitute for rennet in the
manufacturing of high quality cheese [60].
Nutrition information:
Its exports abroad is usually in the form of
brined cans, pickled salads, appetizers, pizza, on top,
and is used in the preparation of vegetarian foods,
and is eaten as a side dish alongside meat. [1,16].
Buds are usually smaller than 10 mm are used to
prepare garnish, sauce and paste and large ones and
semi-mature fruits and young leaves of young shoots
can also be kept in salamura to make pickles and is
an important source of income in animal husbandry
as well. [30,42].
The salted and pickled caper bud (also called
caper and gabbar for Turkish Cypriots) is often used
as a seasoning or garnish. Capers are a common
ingredient in Mediterranean cuisine, especially
Cypriot, Italian and Maltese. The mature fruit of the
caper shrub are also prepared similarly, and marketed
as caper berries. The buds, when ready to pick, are
Capers, prepared Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy
96 kJ (23 kcal)
Carbohydrates
5g
Sugars
0.4 g
Dietary fibre
3g
Fat
0.9 g
Protein
2g
Vitamin C
4 mg (7%)
Iron
1.7 mg (14%)
Sodium
2960 mg (129%)
Medicinal usages:
In Greek popular medicine, a herbal tea made of
caper root and young shoots is considered to be
beneficial against rheumatism. Dioscoride (MM
2.204t) also provides instructions on the use of
sprouts, roots, leaves and seeds in the treatment of
strangury and inflammation. Different flavonoids
were identified in caper bush and capers: rutin
(quercetin 3-rutinoside), quercetin 7-rutinoside,
quercetin 3-glucoside-7-rhamnoside, kaempferol-3-
Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(5): 872-879, 2011
rutinoside, kaempferol-3-glucoside, and kaempferol-3rhamnorutinoside. Rutin is a powerful antioxidant
bioflavonoid in the body, and is used as a dietary
supplement for capillary fragility. Rutin has no
known toxicity (Ruth1978). Capers contain more
quercetin per weight than any other plant [62].
Caper root bark and leaves may have some
anticarcinogenic activity. In fact, the hydrolysis
products of indol-3-ylmethyl glucosinolates have
anticarcinogenic effects [62]. Although the
consumption of capers is low in comparison with the
intake of other major dietary sources of
glucosinolates (white cabbage, broccoli and
cauliflower) it may contribute to the daily dose of
natural anticarcinogens that reduces cancer risk.
Glucosinolates are also known to possess goitrogenic
(anti-thyroid) activity. Also, rutin and quercetin may
contribute to cancer prevention [17] Selenium, present
in capers at high concentrations in comparison with
other vegetable products, has also been associated
with the prevention of some forms of cancer [63].
Flower buds of the plant contain antioxidants
taht inhibit with cancer cells in the body and
prevents the damaging effects of carcinogenic
substances in the body at the same time. It exhibits
antitumor activity in cancer research institute of
international studies [3]. The plant extracts from
plants are used in the preparation used for lowering
blood pressure and has diuretic charachteristics. Its
seeds have active ingredients that are used to treat
liver, spleen and kidney functions, regulating the
treatment of asthma and the discomfort of
hemorrhoids and also has aphrodisiac properties.
Although the fruit has aphrodisiac properties, it is
used in pain relief, and its shells contain various
substances to treat the inflammation. [40].
The plant leaves, branches and roots from the
hardened extracts are used in cosmetics industry and
is considered mush [6,39]. C. flexuosa blume type ex
hasssk Venezuela and c. spinosa l. the type of
cosmetic products in India from the Mediterranean
countries and are used to treat hair diseases,
especially in older cells. It is also used in plant
perfumes to obtain the desired odor.
Economical importance:
It is an important cultural plant in Italy and
Spain [1]. The caper sauce is exported to the world
from these countries, Morocco and Turkey. [5] Its
flower buds have a high nutritional value as
discovered during recent years. It has an essential
nutrition products used in Europe and America and
has become an important source of income. In
Turkey, it is used both as food and sometimes for
the treatment of various diseasesIt has. economic
importance, but since 1990, it is being exported on
a regular basis and has good statistical records. Its
875
export varies according to years in 1990 to the
present day from 2-8 thousand tons / year and are
exported to the varying amounts of caper buds and
8-14 million dollars / year revenue is obtained. The
very small amounts of domestic consumption.
economy, which is the subject caper brine with salt,
usually 10-20% of the natural flora. [19]. It is
usually exported from Izmir, Mersin and Istanbul
centers of GBIin form of caper buds both fresh
chilled, frozen, acid-free, acid-free temporary canned
and frozen products.
According to IGEME of Turkey between the
years 1996 -2004, the caper bud exports amounted to
47,703 tons intotal of nine years, with total quantity
of 5300 tons. Total during the period in question
comes from the eilen. 93.8 million U.S. dollars, the
average value was U.S. $ 10.4 million, was sold for
U.S. $ 1.96 a kg caper. export and export patterns in
different ways than the years of the caper buds are
different. And the natural flora is found but can not
get enough money or no cultivation of plant species
brought up.
İnefficient due to the high adaptation capability
of this caper plants, for example, be produced
without the need for arid and arid areas is an
important aspect, featuring high nutrition flower buds,
fruits and human nutrition and the treatment of
young buds, roots used in medicine, is also a very
kind of erosion control, land scaping, production and
use of cosmetic products in areas such as animal
feed in recent years for reasons such as the
international market has become important. [23].
The caper bush requires a semiarid climate.
Mean annual temperatures in areas under cultivation
are over 14°C and rainfall varies from 200 mm/year
in Spain to 460 in Pantelleria and 680 in Salina. In
Pantelleria, it rains only 35 mm from May through
August, and 84 mm in Salina. A rainy spring and a
hot dry summer are considered advantageous [11].
This drought-tolerant perennial plant has favorable
influence on the environment and it is utilized for
landscaping and reducing erosion along highways,
steep rocky slopes, sand dunes or fragile semiarid
ecosystems.Harvest duration of at least 3 months is
necessary for profitability. Intense daylight and a
long growing period are necessary to secure high
yields. The caper bush can withstand temperatures
over 40°C in summer but it is sensitive to frost
during its vegetative period. The potential exposure
of caper hydraulic architecture to cavitations has
recently been proposed as an explanation for its
susceptibility to freezing conditions. On the other
side, caper bush seems to be able to survive low
temperatures in the form of stump, as it happens in
the foothills of the Alps. Caper plants have been
found even 1,000 m above sea-level though they are
usually grown at lower altitudes. Some Italian and
Argentine plantings can withstand strong winds
Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(5): 872-879, 2011
without problems, due to caper bush decumbent
architecture and the coriaceous consistency of the
leaves in some populations.
The caper bush is a rupiculous species [53]. It is
widespread on rocky areas and is grown on different
soil associations, including alfisols, regosols and
lithosols. In different Himalayan locations, C. spinosa
tolerates both silty clay and sandy, rocky or gravelly
surface soils, with less than 1% organic matter. It
grows on bare rocks, crevices, cracks and sand dunes
in Pakistan, in dry calcareous escarpments of the
Adriatic region, in dry coastal ecosystems of Egypt,
Libya and Tunisia, in transitional zones between the
littoral salt marsh and the coastal deserts of the
Asian Red Sea coast, in the rocky arid bottoms of
the Jordan valley, in calcareous sandstone cliffs at
Ramat Aviv, Israel, and in central west and
northwest coastal dunes of Australia. It grows
spontaneously in wall joints of antique Roman
fortresses, on the Wailing Wall, and on the ramparts
of the castle of Santa Bárbara (Alicante, Spain).
Moreover, this bush happens to grow in the foothills
of the Southern Alps (Verona, Italy) and is a
common species on city walls in Tuscany (Italy) and
on bastions of Mdina and Valletta (Malta).Clinging
caper plants are dominant on the medieval limestonemade ramparts of Alcudia and the bastions of Palma
(Majorca, Spain). This aggressive pioneering has
brought about serious problems for the protection of
monuments.
The caper bush has developed a series of
mechanisms that reduce the impact of high radiation
levels, high daily temperature and insufficient soil
water during its growing period [54,55]. Caper bush
has a curious reaction to sudden increases in
humidity - it forms wart-like pock marks across the
leaf surface. This appears to be harmless, as the
plant quickly adjusts to the new conditions and
produces unaffected leaves. It also shows
characteristics of a plant adapted to poor soils [56].
This shrub has a high root/shoot ratio and the
presence of mycorrhizae serves to maximize the
uptake of minerals in poor soils. Different nitrogenfixing bacterial strains have been isolated from the
caper bush rhizosphere playing a role in maintaining
high reserves of that growth-limiting element [57].
Propagation:
Capers can be grown easily from fresh seeds
gathered from ripe fruit and planted into well drained
seed-raising mix. Seedlings will appear in 2–4 weeks.
Old, stored seeds enter a state of dormancy and
require cold stratification to germinate. The seed of
the genus Capparis is bitegmic. The testa is
0.2–0.3 mm thick, with all its cell walls somewhat
lignified, some of them with distinct thickening; its
tegmen consists of an outer fibrous, lignified layer
876
four to ten-cell thick, with a lignified endotegmen
composed of contiguous cuboid cells, with strongly
thickened radial walls. Only the mesophyll between
exo- and endotegmen is unlignified. Caper seed
germination shows a dependence on the integrity of
the covering structures. The viable embryos
germinate within 3 to 4 days after partial removal of
the lignified seed coats [58]. The seed coats and the
mucilage surrounding the seeds may be ecological
adaptations to avoid water loss and conserve seed
viability during the dry season.
Use of stem cuttings avoids high variability in
terms of production and quality. Nevertheless, plants
grown from cuttings are more susceptible to drought
during the first years after planting. Caper bush is a
difficult-to-root woody species and successful
propagation requires careful consideration of biotypes
and seasonal and environmental parameters. Rooting
percentages up to 55 are possible when using oneyear-old wood, depending on cutting harvest time
and substrate utilized. Propagation from stem cuttings
is the standard method for growing ‘Mallorquina’ and
‘Italiana’ in Spain, and ‘Nocella’ in Salina.
Hardwood cuttings vary in length from 15 to 50 cm
and diameter of the cuttings may range from 1 to
2.5 cm. Another possibility is to collect stems during
February through the beginning of March, treat them
with captan or captafol and stratify them outdoors or
in a chamber at 3–4 °C, covered with sand or
plastic. Moisture content and drainage should be
carefully monitored and maintained until planting.
Using semi-hardwood cuttings, collected and planted
during August and September, low survival rates
(under 30%) have been achieved. Softwood cuttings
are prepared in April from 25- to 30-day shoots.
Each cutting should contain at least two nodes and
be six to ten centimeter long. Basal or sub terminal
cuttings are more successful than terminal ones.
Then, cuttings are planted in a greenhouse under a
mist system with bottom heat; 150 to 200
cuttings/m2 may be planted.
Result and conclusion:
Today, to increase the diversity of plant
production increased efforts, but never enough to
take advantage of the natural flora, or plant types of
farming brought
For example, the caper plant, the high adaptation
inefficient due to property, arid and arid areas
maintenance-free agriculture is an important feature
of high nutritional flower buds, fruits and young
shoots human nutrition and the treatment of the
roots, used in medicine, as well as many types of
erosion control, landscaping, cosmetics and animal
production benefit in such areas as nutrition, such as
importance in recent years due to the international
market gained. At the same time, such as tissue
Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(5): 872-879, 2011
877
culture, new studies are ongoing
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