Download The United States on the Brink of Change

The United States on the
Brink of Change
1890-1920
Chapters 19/20
Election of 1892
Grover Cleveland
NY
Democrat
5,556,918
46.0%
Benjamin Harrison
IN
Republican
5,176,108
43.0%
James Weaver
IO
Populist
1,041,028
8.5%
Cleveland Inherits a Depression
• 1893 – Overspeculation causes Stock
Market to crash.
• Railroads went bankrupt.
• Farms went into foreclosure
• Unemployment reached 20%
Some was his own doing…
• He put down the Pullman Strike
– Alienated labor
• Supported gold standard
– Alienated farmers
• Supported lower tariff
– Alienated manufactures
Cleveland’s Answer
• Gold standard
– Repealed Sherman Silver Purchase Act of
1890
• Laissez-faire policy
Coxey’s Army
Election of 1896
Puck, June 24, 1896
Judge, July 1896
William McKinley
OH
Republican
7,112,138
51.0%
William Jennings Bryan
NE
Democrat
6,508,172
46.7%
A Turning Point
• Republicans gained legislative seats.
• Populists were also gaining legislative
seats.
• Democratic party was slipping
Divide Democrats
• Gold  Cleveland
– Gold Bugs
– Helped give Republicans an edge.
• Pro-Silver  looking for leader
– After Cross of Gold Speech they found a
leader.
Cross of Gold Speech
McKinley’s Great Luck
• Discovery of gold in Alaska (1897)
– Increased money supply which resulted in increased
inflation (just what the silverites wanted)
– McKinley made gold official money standard (as
promised)
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•
•
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Farm prices rose
Factory production increased
Stock market climbed
McKinley raised tariffs (as promised)
– Dingley Tariff of 1897
1896 was a Significant Election
• Populist demise
– Uniting black, whites and poor was a futile cause,
especially in South.
– Thomas Watson would just not give up until he hit the
“brick wall”
• Urban dominance
– Time of big business, conservative economics and
middle-class values.
• Beginning of Modern Politics
– Time of active presidents.
– U.S. become major political player in foreign affairs.
The Allegory
• Wizard of Oz
– Wicked Witch of the East
• Eastern industrialist and bankers who controlled the people (Munchkins)
– Scarecrow
• Wise but naïve western farmer
– Tin Man
• Stood for the dehumanized industrial worker
– Cowardly Lion
• William Jennings Bryan
– Yellow Brick Road
• The Gold Standard
– Dorothy’s silver slippers
• The Populist’s solution to the nation’s economic woes
– Emerald City
• Washington, D.C.
– The Wizard
• Any of the Gilded Age presidents.
Isolation to Imperialism: The
Foreign Policy Spectrum
A Hypothetical Situation
•
One day at school you notice a huge ring of students jostling and pushing.
As you get closer, you hear some of the students yelling “Fight!” Like the
rest, you want to see what is happening. Finally finding a vantage point,
you see two students threatening one another. One is a good friend; the
other is a former friend and current enemy who owes you money. What will
you do?
•
Choose one of the following responses and write a one-paragraph
explanation.
A. Turn away and leave because the fight does not concern you and getting
involved will only mean trouble.
B. Convince a couple of friends to help you separate the two students before
they hurt each other.
C. Get into the fight on your friend’s side and punch out the former friend who
owes you money since he deserves it.
D. Punch out both students to show the rest of the school who is the toughest
kid on campus.
The Spanish-American War
Latin American Problems
U.S. Interventions:
1. Chile
•
•
2.
1891
$75,000 to families of sailors killed in Valparaíso incident.
Ships to Rio de Janeiro
•
•
3.
Rebellion in Brazil
Cleveland sent in the Navy to protect American shipping.
Great Britain
•
•
Great Britain and Venezuela disputing ownership over land
(Venezuela and British Guiana).
Olney-Pauncefont Treaty
For $20 Million Spain Gave Up…
• Philippines
• Puerto Rico
• Guam
A Conflicting Issue
• How Could the United States become a
colonial power without violating the
nation’s most basic principal – that all
people have the right to liberty?
McKinley’s Justification
• Rebels in the Philippines were on the edge
of war with one another.
• Filipino people were “unfit for selfgovernment.”
• Race against European nations.
• Treaty of Paris
– Signed December 10, 1898
– Ratified by U.S. Congress – February 6, 1899
In what ways was the Spanish-American
War similar to the war between the United
States and Mexico?
• In both wars the United States swiftly
defeated weak and disorganized enemies,
and acquired important new territories
from the defeated nations in the ensuing
peace treaties.
Simultaneous Happenings
• While the Spanish-American War was
taking place the U.S. was involved in:
• Hawaii
• Samoa
• China
Hawaii
•
•
•
•
Important to American business interest.
Queen Liliuokalani removed in 1893.
U.S. Marines and Sanford B. Dole.
1898, U.S. approved annexation.
The U.S. Flag raised at Iolani Palace during annexation ceremonies
Annexing Hawaii
2:07
Samoa
Benefits
• Another stepping stone to trade in Asia.
• 1878 protection treaty for lease on Pago
Pago Harbor.
– Treaty of Friendship
• 1889 – Treaty of Tripartite
– German-UK-U.S. protectorate
China
• Spheres of Influence
– Russia, Germany, Britain, France, and Japan
(and U.S.)
– All wanted economic control.
• Open Door
– John Hay wrote notes to European Powers
– Purpose – U.S. would have equal access to
trade.
China: The Open Door Policy
3:28
Boxer Rebellion
• Resentment by China to foreign invasion.
• Righteous and Harmonious Fists
– I Ho Ch'uan
– Secret Society of Chinese
– 1900 Rebellion against foreigners and
Chinese Christians.
Boxer Rebellion
1:36
Election of 1900
Revisiting Cuba
• 1898 – Teller Amendment
– The U.S. could not annex Cuba but only leave "control of the island to
its people."
– Proposed by Sen. Henry M. Teller (CO)
• The Teller clause stated that the United States "hereby disclaims any
disposition of intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control over
said island except for pacification thereof, and asserts its determination,
when that is accomplished, to leave the government and control of the island
to its people.“
• 1901 – Platt Amendment
– Proposed by Sen. Orville H. Platt (R-CT) to replace Teller Amendment.
– The Amendment ensured U.S. involvement in Cuban affairs, both
foreign and domestic, and gave legal standing to US claims to certain
economic and military territories on the island including Guantanamo
Bay Naval Base.
• September 6, 1901, in Buffalo, New York
at the Pan-American Exposition
Czolgosz shoots President McKinley with a concealed revolver, at PanAmerican Exposition reception, Sept. 6th, 1901.
[Source: American Memory]
Teddy Roosevelt Becomes
President
5:13
The Bully Pulpit
• It gave him a stage to win public support for
change.
• “Speak softly and carry a big stick.”
• Points of his presidency:
– Civil Rights Proponent
• Invited Booker T. Washington to dinner.
– Roosevelt’s Corollary
• Increased scope of Monroe Doctrine
– Panama Canal
– Trust Buster (Progressivism)
– Conservationist
• Increased size of Yellowstone
Panama Canal
Panama Canal
•
•
•
•
•
•
44 miles long.
Began in 1880 under French leadership.
The U.S. wanted to complete, but faced problems.
Colombia controlled the isthmus.
Roosevelt supported a revolt.
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty gave U.S. long-term control
over the canal zone.
• Building – 1904-1914
• 1921 – “guilt” payment of $25 million to Colombia.
• U.S. maintained control until 2000.
The Panama Canal
49:32
The First Ship Through
• SS Ancon
Roosevelt’s Corollary
• Big stick = Navy.
– The Great White Fleet
• U.S. only wanted “to see neighboring
countries stable, orderly, and prosperous.”
• But --- the U.S. would engage in “an
international police power.”
• First test: Bankruptcy in Santo Domingo
(Dominican Republic).
The Great White Fleet
Roosevelt the Peace Maker
• Wanted the Open Door Policy with China.
• For it to work, Russia and Japan had to be kept in check.
• Support Japan in war with Russia, but mediated a peace
agreement in 1905 (Treaty of Portsmouth).
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–
–
–
–
Ensured balance of power.
Japan – small land grants and control over Korea.
Russia was to vacate Manchuria.
U.S. – California had to cease segregated schools (Japanese).
Further supported by the Root-Takahira Agreement (1908).
• Won the Nobel Peace Prize.
Teddy Roosevelt - Remembered Best For
Source: Clifford Berryman
The Man Who Never Wanted to be President
4:49
William Howard Taft
• Roosevelt’s secretary of war.
• Head of the commission that governed the
Philippines.
• Goals:
– Maintain open door in Asia.
– Preserve stability in Latin America.
A Mixed Legacy
• Taft was mildly expansionist.
• Proponent of American investment in
foreign countries.
• “Dollar Diplomacy”
– Used at first in negative connotation, but later
became something positive.
• Programs were not as successful as he
hoped.
Railroad Projects
• China and Manchuria.
• Russia and Japan opposed and worked
together against the U.S.
• Many investments were lost in China in
1911 when the country collapsed in
revolution.
• Administration did not do well due to
growing anti-colonialism abroad and antiimperialism at home.
The People’s Response to Imperialism
• At first, most favored…but
• “the evils of interference in affairs that do
no specifically concern us.”
• After the annexation of the Philippines,
opposition grew.
Jane Addams
Editor Shaw
E.L. Godkin
Josephine
Lowell
Harvard
Former
William
Philosopher
Mark
Senator
Jennings
Twain
Carl
William
Bryan
Schurz
James
You Debate
• Anti-Imperialist stated that imperialism
was:
– Immoral
– Politically incorrect
– A race war
Paradox of Power