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The Path of Empire
Some Ideas
• What factors encouraged the United States
to become a world power?
• Why was Expansionism such a powerful
force from 1890-1900 in America?
• Were the same principles of American
diplomacy applied to both the Caribbean
and Asia?
• What were the main points of the debate
over Imperialism?
Imperialist Stirrings
• As America bustled with a new sense of power generated by the
strong growth in population, wealth, and productive capacity, labor
violence and agrarian unrest increased. It was felt that overseas
markets might provide a safety valve to relieve these pressures.
• Reverend Josiah Strong's Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its
Present Crisis inspired missionaries to travel to foreign nations.
• Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan's book of 1890, The Influence of Sea
Power upon History, 1660-1783, argued that control of the sea was
the key to world dominance; it stimulated the naval race among the
great powers.
• James G. Blaine published his "Big Sister" policy which aimed to
rally the Latin American nations behind America's leadership and to
open Latin American markets to American traders.
• The willingness of America to risk war over such distance and minor
disputes with Italy, Chile, and Canada demonstrated the aggressive
new national mood.
Monroe’s Doctrine &the
Venezuelan Squall
• The area between British Guiana and Venezuela
had been in dispute for over 50 years. When gold
was discovered in the contested area, the prospect
of a peaceful resolution faded.
• Secretary of State to President Cleveland, Richard
Olney, claimed that if Britain attempted to
dominate Venezuela in the quarrel and gain
more territory, then it would be violating the
Monroe Doctrine. When Britain flatly rejected
the relevance of the Monroe doctrine, President
Cleveland stated that the United States would fight
for it.
Monroe’s Doctrine & the
Venezuelan Squall
• Although somewhat annoyed by the weaker United
States, Britain chose to not to fight a war. Britain's
rich merchant marine was vulnerable to American
commerce raiders, Russia and France were
unfriendly, and Germany was about to challenge
the British naval supremacy.
• With their eyes open to the European peril, Britain
was determined to cultivate an American
friendship. The Great Rapprochement, or
reconciliation, between the United States and
Britain became a cornerstone of both nations'
foreign policies.
Spurning the Hawaiian Pear
• The first New England
missionaries reached
Hawaii in 1820.
• Beginning in the 1840s,
the State Department
began to warn other
nations to keep their
hands off Hawaii. In
1887, a treaty with the
native government
guaranteed navalbase rights at Pearl
Harbor.
Spurning the Hawaiian Pear
• The profits of sugar cultivation in Hawaii
became less profitable with the McKinley Tariff
of 1890. American planters decided that the best
way to overcome the tariff would be to annex
Hawaii. Queen Liliuokalani insisted that native
Hawaiian should control the islands.
• A desperate minority of whites organized a
successful revolt in 1893. The Queen was
overthrown and white revolutionists gained
control of Hawaii. When a treaty to annex Hawaii
was presented to the Senate, President Grover
Cleveland promptly withdrew it.
Cubans Rise in Revolt
• Sugar production of Cuba became less profitable when the
America passed the tariff of 1894.
• Cubans began to revolt against their Spanish captors in 1895
after the Spanish began to place Cubans in reconcentration
camps and treat them very poorly. Cuban revolutionaries
began to reason that if they destroyed enough of Cuba and did
enough damage, then Spain might abandon Cuba or the
United States might move in and help the Cubans with their
independence.
• America had a large investment as well as annual trade stake
in Cuba.
• Congress passed a resolution in 1896 that recognized the
belligerence of the revolted Cubans. President Cleveland
refused to budge and fight for Cuba's independence.
The Mystery of the Maine
• William R. Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer made the fabricated
atrocities of Cuba a part of the new "yellow
journalism." The two men caused the American people to
believe that conditions in Cuba were worse then they actually
were.
• Hearst's Journal published a private letter written by the
Spanish minister in Washington, Dupuy de Lome in
1898. The letter, which degraded President McKinley, forced
Dupuy de Lome to resign.
• On February 15, 1898, the American ship, Maine blew up
in the Havana port. The Spanish investigators deduced that it
was an accident (spontaneous combustion in one of the coal
bunkers) while the American investigators claimed that Spain
had sunk it. The American people were convinced by the
American investigators and war with Spain became imminent.
Remember the Maine
McKinley unleashes the Dogs of
War
• American diplomats had already gained Madrid's
agreement to Washington's 2 basic demands: an end
to the reconstruction camps and an armistice with
Cuban rebels.
• Although President McKinley did not want a war with
Spain, the American people did. He felt that the
people should rule so he sent his war message to
Congress on April 11, 1898. Congress declared war
and adopted the Teller Amendment. It proclaimed
to the world that when the United States had
overthrown the Spanish misrule, it would give the
Cubans their freedom.
•
Dewey at Manila Bay
•
•
•
•
The American people plunged into the
war with jubilation, which seemed
premature to Europeans. The American
army numbered 2,100 officers and
28,000 men compared to the 200,000
Spanish troops in Cuba.
The readiness of the navy (ranked 5th
world-wide) owed much to the navy
secretary John D. Long and his assistant
secretary Theodore Roosevelt.
Roosevelt called upon Commodore
George Dewey's 6-ship fleet to descend
upon Spain's Philippines in the event of
war. On May 1, 1898, Dewey slipped by
detection at night and attacked and
destroyed the 10-ship Spanish fleet at
Manila.
Unexpected Plums of Victory
• Foreign ships began to gather in the Manila
harbor, protecting their nationals. After several
incidents, the potential for battles with other
nations blew over.
• On August 13, 1898, American troops captured
Manila.
• The victory in the Philippines prompted the idea
that Hawaii was needed as a supply base for
Dewey in the Philippines. Therefore, Congress
passed a joint resolution of Congress to annex
Hawaii on July 7, 1898.
The Confused Invasion of Cuba
• Shortly after the outbreak of the war, the Spanish government
sent a fleet of warships to Cuba, led by Admiral Cervera. He
was blockaded in the Santiago harbor in Cuba by American
ships.
• Leading the invasion force from the rear to drive out Cervera
was General William R. Shafter.
• The "Rough Riders," apart of the invading army, was a
regiment of volunteers consisting of cowboys and exathletes. Commanded by Colonel Leonard Wood, the group
was organized principally by Theodore Roosevelt.
• William Shafter's landing near Santiago, Cuba was made
without serious opposition.
• On July 1st, fighting broke out at El Caney and San Juan Hill,
up which Colonel Roosevelt and his Rough Riders charged.
Curtains for Spain in the New
World
• Admiral Cervera's fleet was entirely destroyed
on July 3, 1898 and shortly thereafter
Santiago surrendered. General Nelson A.
Miles met little resistance when he took over
Puerto Rico.
• On August 12, 1898, Spain signed an
armistice.
• Before the war's end, much of the American
army was stricken with malaria, typhoid, and
yellow fever.
McKinley Heeds Destiny and Dollars
• In late 1898, Spanish and American negotiators met in Paris
to begin peace discussions. The Americans secured Guam
and Puerto Rico, but the Philippines presented President
McKinley with a problem: he didn't feel he could give the
island back to Spanish misrule, and America would be turning
its back upon responsibilities if it simply left the Philippines.
• McKinley finally decided to Christianize and to civilize all of
the Filipinos. Disputes broke out with the Spanish negotiators
over control of the Philippines because Manila had been
captured the day after the war, and the island could not be
listed among the spoils of the war. America therefore agreed
to pay Spain $20 million for the Philippines.
Americans Course (Curse) of
Empire
•
•
The Anti-Imperialistic League
sprang up and fought the
McKinley administration's
expansionist moves.
In the Senate, the Spanish treaty
ran into such opposition that is
seemed doomed to
defeat. Democratic presidential
candidate for the election of 1900,
William J. Bryan used his
influence on Democratic senators
to get the treaty approved on
February 6, 1899. Bryan
argued that the sooner the treaty
was passed, the sooner the
Filipinos could gain their
independence.
Perplexities in Puerto Rico and
Cuba
• By the Foraker Act of 1900, Congress gave the Puerto
Ricans a limited degree of popular government and, in 1917,
granted them U.S. citizenship. The American regime in
Puerto Rico worked wonders in education, sanitation,
transportation, and other improvements.
• Beginning in 1901 with the Insular Cases, the Supreme
Court declared that the Constitution did not extend to the
Philippines and Puerto Rico.
• The United States, honoring the Teller Amendment of 1898,
withdrew from Cuba in 1902. The U.S. forced the Cubans to
write their own constitution of 1901 (the Platt
Amendment). The constitution decreed that the United
States might intervene with troops in Cuba in order to restore
order and to provide mutual protection. The Cubans also
promised to sell or lease needed coaling or naval stations to
the U.S.
New Horizons in Two Hemispheres
• Although the
Spanish-American
War only lasted 113
days, American
prestige as a world
power increased.
• One of the greatest
results of the war was
the bonding between
the North and the
South.
“Little Brown Brothers” in the
Philippines
• American soldiers as well as Filipino guerillas resorted to
brutal fighting tactics.
• The backbone of the Filipino rebellion was broken in 1901
when American soldiers captured Emilio Aguinaldo.
• President McKinley appointed the Philippine Commission
in 1899 to set up a Filipino government. William H. Taft,
who referred to the Filipinos to "little brown brothers," led the
body in 1900. He genuinely liked the Filipinos while the
American soldiers did not.
• President McKinley's plan of "benevolent assimilation" of
the Filipinos was very slow and involved improving roads,
sanitation, and public health. The plan developed economic
ties and set a school system with English as the 2nd
language. It was ill received by the Filipinos who preferred
liberty over assimilation.
Hinging the Open Door in China
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•
•
Following China's defeat by Japan in 1894-1895, Russia and Germany
moved into China. The American public, fearing that Chinese markets
would be monopolized by Europeans, demanded that the U.S. Government
do something. Secretary of State John Hay dispatched to all the great
powers a communication known as the Open Door note. He urged the
powers to announce that in their leaseholds or spheres of influence they
would respect certain Chinese rights and the ideal of fair competition. The
note asked all those who did not have thieving designs to stand up and be
counted. Italy was the only major power to accept the Open Door
unconditionally and Russia was the only major power not to accept it.
In 1900, a super-patriotic group in China known as the "Boxers" killed
hundreds of foreigners. A multinational rescue force came in and stopped
the rebellion.
After the failed rebellion, Secretary Hay declared in 1900 that the Open
Door would embrace the territorial integrity of China as well as its
commercial integrity.
Imperialism or Bryanism in 1900?
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•
•
•
President McKinley was the Republican presidential nominee for the
election of 1900 because he had led the country through a war, acquired
rich real estate, established the gold standard, and brought prosperity to the
nation. McKinley and the Republican Party supported the gold standard
and imperialism. They proclaimed that "Bryanism" was the paramount
election issue. This meant that Bryan would destroy the nation's prosperity
once he took office with his free-silver policy and other "dangerous" ideas.
Theodore Roosevelt was nominated as the vice president after the political
bosses of New York (where Roosevelt was governor) found it hard to
continue their "businesses" with the headstrong governor. They wanted
Roosevelt elected as vice president so that Roosevelt would no longer pose
an authority problem to the political bosses.
William Jennings Bryan was the Democratic presidential candidate for the
election. Bryan and the Democratic Party supported the silver standard and
anti-imperialism. They proclaimed that the paramount election issue was
Republican overseas imperialism.
McKinley and the Republican Party won the election of 1900.
TR Brandisher of the Big Stick
• In September 1901, a
deranged anarchist murdered
President McKinley, and
Theodore Roosevelt took over
the presidency.
• Roosevelt was a direct actionist
in that he believed that the
president should lead and keep
things moving forward. He
had no real respect for the
checks and balances system
among the 3 branches of
government. He felt that he
may take any action in the
general interest that is not
specifically forbidden by the
laws of the Constitution.
Columbia blocks the Canal
• In order for ships to cross quickly from the Atlantic Ocean to the
Pacific Ocean, a canal had to be built across the Central American
isthmus. There were initial legal issues blocking the construction of
this canal. By the terms of the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, made
with Britain in 1850, the U.S. could not gain exclusive control over a
route for the canal. But because of friendly relations with Britain,
Britain signed the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty in 1901, which gave
the U.S. a helping hand to build the canal and rights to fortify it.
• Many Americans favored the Nicaraguan route for the canal, but
Congress decided on the Panama route for the canal in June 1902
after the New Panama Canal Company dropped the price of its
holdings significantly.
• Colombia stood in the way of the construction of the canal. After a
treaty to buy land for the canal had been rejected by the Colombian
senate, President Roosevelt, who was eager to win the upcoming
election, demanded that the canal be built without Colombia's
consent.
Uncle Sam Creates Puppet Panama
• On November 3, 1903, Panamanians, who
feared the United States would choose the
Nicaraguan route for the canal, made a
successful revolution led by Phillippe BunauVarilla. Bunau-Varilla, a French citizen,
became the Panamanian minister to the
United States and signed the Hay-BunauVarilla Treaty in Washington. The treaty
gave the U.S. control of a 10-mile zone
around the proposed Panama Canal.
Completing the Canal and
Appeasing Columbia
• On November 3, 1903, Panamanians, who
feared the United States would choose the
Nicaraguan route for the canal, made a
successful revolution led by BunauVarilla. Bunau-Varilla became the
Panamanian minister to the United States
and signed the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty
in Washington. The treaty gave the U.S.
control of a 10-mile zone around the
proposed Panama Canal.
Panama Canal
TR’s Perversion of the Monroe
Doctrine
• The so-called rape of Panama marked a
downward lurch in U.S relations with Latin
America.
• President Roosevelt defended himself against
all charges of doing anything wrong. He
claimed that Colombia had wronged the
United States by not permitting itself to be
benefited by the construction of the canal.
• In 1904 the construction of the Panama
Canal began, and in 1914 it was completed
at a cost of $400 million.
TR’s Perversion of the Monroe
Doctrine
• Several nations of Latin America were in debt to European
countries. President Roosevelt feared that if the European
nations (mainly the Germany and Britain) got their feet in the
door of Latin America, then they might remain there, in
violation of the Monroe Doctrine. Roosevelt therefore created
a policy known as "preventive intervention." The
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine declared that
in the event of future monetary problems of Latin American
countries with European countries, the U.S. could pay off the
Latin American counties' debts to keep European nations out
of Latin America.
• Latin American countries began to hate the Monroe Doctrine
for it had become the excuse for numerous U.S. interventions
in Latin America. In actuality, President Roosevelt was the
one to be blamed for the interventions.
Roosevelt on the World Stage
•
•
Japan began war with Russia in
1904 after Russia failed to
withdraw troops from Manchuria
and Korea. Japan was defeating
Russia in the war when Japan's
supply of troops began to run
low. Japan therefore asked
President Roosevelt to step in and
sponsor peace
negotiations. Roosevelt agreed
and in 1905 forced through an
agreement in which the Japanese
received no compensation for the
losses and only the southern half
of Sakhalin.
Because of the treaty, friendship
with Russia faded away and Japan
became a rival with America in
Asia.
Japanese Laborers in California
• When the Japanese government lifted its ban on its citizens
emigrating in 1884, thousands of Japanese were recruited to work in
California. Japanese immigrants were confronted with racist
hostility by whites.
• In 1906, San Francisco's school board segregated the Chinese,
Japanese, and Korean students to make room for white
students. The Japanese saw this action as an insult and threatened
with war.
• President Roosevelt invited the entire San Francisco Board of
Education to the White House to settle the dispute. TR broke the
deadlock and the Californians were persuaded to repeal the
segregation and to accept what came to be known as the
"Gentlemen's Agreement." The Japanese agreed to stop the flow
of immigrants to the United States.
• In 1908, the Root-Takahira agreement was reached with
Japan. The U.S. and Japan pledged themselves to respect each
other's territorial possessions.
Big Ideas
• Why was Expansionism such a powerful
force in America from 1890-1900? In
answering this question consider:
• What role did the Turner Thesis and the
Census of 1890 play in this thinking?
• The type of production economy America had
developed?
• The aquisitional behavior of European
nations regarding colonial expansion
• Technological gulf between developed and
undeveloped nations.
Happy Friday- Hay!!!