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Transcript
Chapter 11 The Prokaryotes Archae & Bacteria Classification of Organisms (quick overview of Ch 10) Whittaker’s Five-Kingdom System: (Table 10.2) Procaryotae - (Monera) - procaryotes, unicellular Protista -eukaryotic, generally unicellular (algae, protozoa) Fungi - eukaryotic, generally multicellular, saprophytic, chitin Plantae - eukaryotic, multicellular, photosynthetic Animalia - eukaryotic, multicellular, ingest food Woese’s Three Domains Domain - classification level higher than kingdom Based on comparison of sequences of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Archaea: contains the archeabacteria (prokaryotic) Eubacteria: contains the bacteria (prokaryotic) Eucarya: contains all the eukaryotic kingdoms (eukaryotic) Bacterial Classification Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (divided into four volumes) I. Gram-negative bacteria of medical and industrial importance II. Gram-positive bacteria of medical and industrial importance III. Other Gram-negative bacteria IV. Actinomycetes and other Gram-positive bacteria Division within Bergey’s Manual are based on characteristics such as: Gram reaction, cell shape, cell arrangement, oxygen requirements, motility, metabolic properties Bacterial Groups (on following slides) Be familiar with major groups in Table 11.1 Know major characteristics which set each group apart from others (including habitat and special features) Be able to identify or place important genera within the appropriate group Spirochetes Gram negative cell wall helical morphology (corkscrew shape) Motility by axial filaments similar to flagella, but located inside the periplasmic space habitat: aquatic (animal parasites) Important Spirochetes Treponema pallidum - causative agent of syphilis (STD) Borrelia burgdorferi causative agent of Lyme’s disease (transmitted by deer tick) Aerobic, motile, helical/vibrioid bacteria (Proteobacteria) Gram negative cell wall Morphology helical, vibrioids (comma shape) Some fix nitrogen Habitats: soil and aquatic, human intestinal tract and oral cavity Important Proteobacteria Spirillum - a fresh water organism Azospirillum – nitrogen fixer associated with plant roots Campylobacter – food borne illness Bdellovibrio – predator on other bacteria Gram-negative, aerobic rods and cocci Gram negative cell wall Morphology: rods and cocci Importance: many industrially, medical, and environmentally important bacteria Habitat: soil, water, animal parasites Important GramPseudomonas Bordetella opportunistic infection in burns whooping & kennel coughs Burkholderia Francisella Legionella Rhizobium Legionnaire's disease Neisseria STD Brucella Agrobacterium Facultatively anaerobic, Gramnegative rods Gram negative cell wall Morphology: Rod shaped Group contains many important pathogens Habitats:soil, plants, animal respiratory and intestinal tracts many in this group known also as enterics (found in human intestine) Important Facultatively anaerobic, Gram-negative rods Important genera include: Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, Klebsiella, Yersinia, Vibrio, Enterobacter, Hemophilus, Gardnerella, Pasteurella Anaerobic, Gram-negative rods Gram negative cell wall Morphology: rods Special environmental requirements: obligate anaerobes Habitat: mostly in intestinal tracts, some in mouth and genital tract some of the most common organisms in the intestine Important Anaerobic, Gramnegative rods Bacteriodes Fusobacterium Dissimilatory sulfate-reducing or sulfur reducing bacteria Gram negative cell wall Habitat: found in anaerobic sediments reduce oxidized forms of sulfur to H2S (hydrogen sulfide) Important genus: Desulfovibrio Rickettsias and Chlamydias Gram negative cell wall Habitat: obligate intracellular bacteria many important pathogens (see habitat!) parasites of arthropods and animals Important Rikettsia & Chlamydia Rickettsia Coxiella Ehrlichia Chlamydia (STD) Mycoplasmas no cell wall (Gram negative reaction) pleomorphic (multiple shapes) parasites of animals, plants, insects some pathogens Important genus: Mycoplasma Gram-positive cocci Gram positive cell wall Shape: cocci some important pathogens and industrial organisms Habitat: found in soils; skin and mucous membranes of animals Important genera: Staphylococcus Streptococcus Lactococcus Enterococcus Endospore-forming rods & cocci Gram positive cell wall Importance: some important pathogens and industrial organisms Habitats: found in soils; animal intestinal tract Important organisms: Bacillus - aerobic or facultative anaerobes Clostridium (anaerobic) Regular nonspore-forming Gram-positive rods Gram positive cell wall Shape: rods Importance: some important pathogens and industrial organisms Habitats: found in dairy products; genital and oral cavities; animal feces Important genera Lactobacillus - forms lactic acid from carbohydrates Listeria - animal pathogen Irregular nonspore-forming Gram-positive rods Gram positive cell wall Shape: pleomorphic (variable) Importance: some important pathogens Habitat: found in soil; human pathogens Important genera: Gardnerella, Corynebacterium, Propionibacterium, Actinomyces Mycobacteria Gram positive reaction important pathogens! Structural feature: acid-fast (produce mycolic acids in cell wall) Habitat: found in soil; plants; animals Important genus: Mycobacterium Leprosy Tuberculosis Nocardioforms Gram positive cell wall some pathogens some are acid-fast found in soil and animals form branched filaments, reproduce by fragmentation Important genus: Nocardia Pulmonary infection Mycetoma – a destructive infection of feet/hands Budding or appendaged bacteria Gram negative cell wall contain prosthecae (protrusions such as stalks or buds) mostly aquatic Important genera: Hyphomicrobium, Caulobacter Can grow in low nutrient aquatic environments Sometimes attach to a host and use excretions as nutrients Non-photosynthetic, non-fruiting, gliding bacteria Gram negative cell wall special feature: gliding motility environment: aquatic Important genera: Cytophaga - degrades cellulose (name means ‘plant eater’) Beggiatoa: oxidizes hydrogen sulfide Gliding, fruiting bacteria Gram negative cell wall gliding motility – (leave a slime trail) cells aggregate to form a fruiting body environment: soil, dung Important genera: Myxococcus When you’re out of poop, ya gotta slide! under proper conditions (low nutrient) spores germinate to form new gliding cells which resemble slime molds Aerobic chemoautotrophic bacteria Gram negative cell wall nitrifying and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria agriculturally and environmentally important Environment: soil Important genera: Nitrosomonas Nitrobacter reduce nitrogen compounds to nitrates Thiobacillus reduce sulphur compounds to sulfates Archaea Gram reaction varies not related to bacteria no peptidoglycan in cell wall found in anaerobic sediments; in extreme environments Important genera: Methanobacterium Halobacterium Sulfolobus methane producers useful in sewage treatment Anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria Gram negative cell wall includes green and purple sulfur and nonsulfur bacteria green and purple sulfur bacteria use H2S as an electron donor and release sulfur anaerobic sediments Important genera: Chromatium Rhodospirillum Chlorobium Oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria (cyanobacteria) Gram negative reaction produce oxygen during photosynthesis many species fix nitrogen aquatic Important genera: Chroococcus Anabaena Actinomycetes Gram positive cell wall branching filaments with reproductive conidiospores (see fig 11.23 conidiospore = asexual reproductive spores) many important industrial organisms soil, some aquatic Important genera: Streptomyces - important antibiotic producers also make a gas (geosmin) ‘musty’ odor of soil Frankia - involved in nitrogen fixation with plants Micromonospora – antibiotic producer Fig 11.23 Lets go play in the lab !
