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Maunakea Invasive Species Management Plan
The endemic Hawaiian Wēkiu Bug (Nysius wekiuicola) feeding on an introduced Flesh Fly (Sarcophagid).
Technical Report 191
February 2015
Prepared by: Casper Vanderwoude1, Frederick Klasner2, Jessica Kirkpatrick2, Springer Kaye3
1
Hawai‘i Ant Lab, Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawai’i, 16 E. Lanikaula St. Hilo, HI 96720. Email:
[email protected]
2
Office of Mauna Kea Management 640 N. A‘ohōkū Place. Hilo, HI 96720
3
Big Island Invasive Species Committee 23 E. Kawili St. Hilo, HI 96720
A cooperative effort of:
Office of Maunakea Management
University of Hawai`i at Hilo
-andThe Hawai`i-Pacific Islands Cooperative Ecosystems Studies Unit & Pacific Cooperative
Studies Unit
University of Hawai`i at Mānoa
PCSU is a cooperative program between the University of Hawai`i and U.S. National Park Service,
Cooperative Ecological Studies Unit.
Organization Contact Information:
Casper Vanderwoude, [email protected]
Recommended Citation:
Vanderwoude, C., F. Klasner, J. Kirkpatrick and S. Kaye. 2015. Maunakea Invasive Species Management
Plan. Technical Report No. 191. Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawai‘i, Honolulu,
Hawai‘i. 84 pp.
Key words:
Invasive species, IAS, management plan, weeds, prevention, response, monitoring
Place key words:
Hawaii, Mauna Kea, Maunakea Science Reserve, Halepōhaku, astronomy precinct, Office of Maunakea
Management
Editor: David C. Duffy, PCSU Unit Leader (Email: [email protected])
Series Editor: Clifford W. Morden, PCSU Deputy Director (Email: [email protected])
About this technical report series:
This technical report series began in 1973 with the formation of the Cooperative National Park Resources
Studies Unit at the University of Hawai'i at Mānoa. In 2000, it continued under the Pacific Cooperative
Studies Unit (PCSU).
The Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit at the University of Hawai'i at Mānoa works to protect
cultural and natural biodiversity in the Pacific while encouraging a sustainable economy. PCSU works
cooperatively with private, state and federal land management organizations, allowing them to pool and
coordinate their efforts to address problems across the landscape.
TABLEOFCONTENTS
Section1.IntroductionandBackground.......................................................................................................................4 Foreword.......................................................................................................................................................................................................4 Background...................................................................................................................................................................................................4 Organization.................................................................................................................................................................................................5 GeographyoftheManagementArea.................................................................................................................................................6 Halepōhaku......................................................................................................................................................................8 RoadCorridor..................................................................................................................................................................8 AstronomyPrecinct......................................................................................................................................................8 MaunaKeaScienceReserve......................................................................................................................................8 NaturalAreaReserve(NAR).....................................................................................................................................9 PoliciesforManagementofInvasiveSpeciesonMaunakea.................................................................................................10 Section2.Prevention..........................................................................................................................................................11 PotentialInvasiveSpecies:ThreatsandImpacts......................................................................................................................11 Plants................................................................................................................................................................................11 Vertebrates.....................................................................................................................................................................12 Invertebrates.................................................................................................................................................................14 TraitsofInvasiveAnts...............................................................................................................................................14 PotentialThreatPathways..................................................................................................................................................................18 VehiclesandVessels...................................................................................................................................................19 GoodsandOtherCommodities..............................................................................................................................19 People...............................................................................................................................................................................19 RegulatedPathways...............................................................................................................................................................................19 VehiclesandVessels...................................................................................................................................................20 Commodities..................................................................................................................................................................20 PeopleandPossessions.............................................................................................................................................20 Non‐RegulatedPathways.....................................................................................................................................................................21 VehiclesandVessels...................................................................................................................................................21 Commodities..................................................................................................................................................................21 PeopleandPossessions.............................................................................................................................................21 AnalysisofThreatPathwaysandProposedManagementOptions...................................................................................21 RecommendedPreventionStrategy................................................................................................................................................25 Section3.MonitoringforNewandEstablishedInvasiveSpecies....................................................................29 GeneralPrinciples....................................................................................................................................................................................29 AnalysisofRisk:ManagementZones..............................................................................................................................................29 Halepōhaku....................................................................................................................................................................29 RoadwayCorridor.......................................................................................................................................................30 AstronomyPrecinct....................................................................................................................................................30 MaunaKeaScienceReserve....................................................................................................................................31 AnalysisofRisk:PotentialThreatSpecies....................................................................................................................................33 Plants................................................................................................................................................................................33 Vertebrates.....................................................................................................................................................................39 Arthropods.....................................................................................................................................................................41 Section4.ControlofEstablishedInvasiveSpecies..................................................................................................44 GeneralPrinciples....................................................................................................................................................................................44 LegislationandRegulatoryRequirements...................................................................................................................................45 TheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA).................................................................................................45 Hawai‘iDepartmentofAgriculture......................................................................................................................45 Hawai‘iDepartmentofHealth................................................................................................................................46 Hawai‘iDepartmentofLandandNaturalResources....................................................................................46 OtherConsiderationsforPesticideUseonMaunakea.................................................................................46 P a g e 2 | 84 ControlMethods.......................................................................................................................................................................................46 Plants................................................................................................................................................................................47 Invertebrates.................................................................................................................................................................48 SiteandSpeciesPriorities....................................................................................................................................................................50 InvasiveSpeciesControlPlans...........................................................................................................................................................53 EstablishedPlantSpecies.........................................................................................................................................53 EstablishedArthropods............................................................................................................................................57 High‐PriorityArthropodThreats..........................................................................................................................59 Section5.RapidResponse.................................................................................................................................................62 Background.................................................................................................................................................................................................62 Outline...........................................................................................................................................................................................................62 Pre‐IncursionPlanning.........................................................................................................................................................................63 LegislativePowertoAct...........................................................................................................................................63 RegistrationandPermitstoApplyControlChemicals.................................................................................63 AvailabilityofChemicalsandApplicationEquipment.................................................................................64 AccesstoEmergencyFunds....................................................................................................................................64 InitialDetectionandResponse..........................................................................................................................................................64 TheEmergencyResponseManagementCommittee.....................................................................................64 RolesandResponsibilities.......................................................................................................................................68 DelimitingSurvey....................................................................................................................................................................................71 DraftManagementPlan.........................................................................................................................................................................72 SurveillancePlan..........................................................................................................................................................73 Treatment.......................................................................................................................................................................73 Communications..........................................................................................................................................................74 MovementControls.....................................................................................................................................................74 Budget..............................................................................................................................................................................74 ResearchPriorities......................................................................................................................................................75 OrganizationalStructure......................................................................................................................................................................75 TheNRPManager........................................................................................................................................................76 OperationsManager...................................................................................................................................................76 TheFieldController....................................................................................................................................................77 TheFinanceOfficer.....................................................................................................................................................77 CommunicationOfficer.............................................................................................................................................78 TheTechnicalAdviser:..............................................................................................................................................78 TheSurveillanceandTreatmentTeams:...........................................................................................................78 AreaFreedom/PestFreedom.............................................................................................................................................................78 References................................................................................................................................................................................80 Appendices...............................................................................................................................................................................83 ListofStandardOperatingProcedures..........................................................................................................................................83 P a g e 3 | 84 Section1.IntroductionandBackground
Foreword
The Maunakea Invasive Species Management Plan documents the objectives, policies and
proceduresoftheOfficeofMaunaKeaManagementfortheprevention,detectionandmanagement
ofinvasiveplantandanimalspeciesonlandsmanagedbytheUniversityofHawai‘ionMaunakea.
ThedevelopmentandimplementationofthisplansupportstheOfficeofMaunaKeaManagement
missiontoachieveharmony,balance,andtrustinthesustainablemanagementandstewardshipof
UHmanagedlands(MaunaKeaScienceReserveandHalepōhaku)throughcommunityinvolvement
andprogramsthatprotect,preserve,andenhancethenatural,cultural,andrecreationalresources
of Maunakea while providing a world class center dedicated to education, research and
astronomy(1).
Thisdocumenthasbeendevelopedwiththefollowingguidingprinciples:
1.
The high elevation areas of Maunakea are unique in the world, and the evolutionary
processes,biodiversityandbeautyofthisareashouldbepreservedinperpetuity,
2.
There are no firm boundaries between the natural, cultural, recreational, or scientific
resourcesofMaunakeaandthatallmaybenegativelyimpactedbyinvasivespecies,
3.
Preventionandearlydetectionisthemosteffectivedefenseagainsttheentryandspreadof
invasivespecies,
4.
Planning and implementation of invasive species prevention and control programs are
improved by input from, and participation by, the broader community and should
incorporatetheprinciplesofadaptivemanagement,
5.
Managementactionsshouldbeselectedaftercarefulculturalandscientificconsiderationof
the risks and benefits of those actions against the survival and evolution in perpetuity, of
theuniquegeology,flora,faunaandculturalvaluesofMaunakea,atspecies,ecosystemand
landscapescales,
6.
All organisms are potential invasive species. The emphasis of this plan is on plants,
invertebrates, and small mammals. Management of wildlife, such as game mammals and
birds, are addressed in keeping with State of Hawai‘i Department of Land and Natural
Resources policies for Maunakea. These policies may conflict with those outlined in this
plan.
Background
TheMaunaKeaScienceReserveandHalepōhakuare11,288‐acreand19‐acre(respectively)areas
oflandleasedbytheUniversityofHawai‘ifromtheStateofHawai‘iforuseasascientificcomplex.
Inaddition,theUniversityhasaneasementforaccessbetweenthesetwoareas,referredtoasthe
Summit Access Road Corridor. Management is guided by the 2009 Mauna Kea Comprehensive
P a g e 4 | 84 ManagementPlan(2)whichprovidesthepolicyframeworkfortheresponsiblestewardshipanduse
ofUniversity‐managedlandsonMaunakeathroughto2020.TheComprehensiveManagementPlan
addresses the overall management of cultural, natural, research and recreational values of the
precinct. It recognizes the threat posed by invasive species and mandates the development of an
“invasivespeciespreventionandcontrolprogram”(p7‐15,ManagementActionNR2).
ThemanagementpoliciesforthenaturalvaluesoftheMaunaKeaScienceReserveareoutlinedin
the Mauna Kea Natural Resources Management Plan(3) which forms a sub plan of the
ComprehensiveManagementPlan.Thisplanrecognizesthethreatandpotentialimpactthatnon‐
nativeplants,animalsanddiseasescanhaveontheuniqueanddelicateecosystemsofMaunakea.It
recommends the development of an invasive species management plan as a component of the
“ThreatPreventionandControl”strategy.
The five objectives listed in the Natural Resources Management Plan related to invasive species
managementare:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
PreventtheintroductionofnewinvasivespeciesintotheMaunaKeaScienceReserve,
Developanearlydetectionplanforinvasivespecieswithinthemanagementarea,
Monitorestablishedinvasivespeciespopulationanddistribution,
Developarapidresponseprogramforincipientinvasivespecies,and
Controlestablishedinvasivespeciesinsensitiveareas.
This invasive species management plan also fulfills some of the requirements of the Hawai‘i
AdministrativeRules(HAR)andotherstatuteswhicheitherrequireorencourageconsiderationof
invasivespeciesconcernswithotherprograms:
1. HAR13‐5‐22–IdentifiedLandUsesintheProtectiveSubzone,P‐4RemovalofInvasiveSpecies.
(While the University managed lands on Maunakea are in the resource subzone, all identified
land uses and their associated permit or site plan approval requirements listed for the
protectiveandlimitedsubzonesalsoapplytotheresourcesubzone,unlessotherwisenoted.),
2. StateHistoricPreservation–invasivespeciesmanagementactivitiesaredesignedtominimize
impactstohistoricresources,bothbyinvasivespeciesthemselvesandfromcontrolefforts,and
3. Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) requirements apply to any animal
activities (IACUCs are a self‐regulating entities that, according to U.S. federal law, must be
establishedbyinstitutionsthatuselaboratoryanimalsforresearchorinstructionalpurposesto
overseeandevaluateallaspectsoftheinstitution'sanimalcareanduseprogram.
Organization
ThisplanformsacomponentplanoftheNaturalResourcesManagementPlan(3).Itshouldberead
withinthecontextofthisplan,andtheparentComprehensiveManagementPlan(2).Unlessdeemed
necessary for clarity, information already found within either parent plan shall not be duplicated
here.Thisdocumentispresentedintwomajorparts:
P a g e 5 | 84 1. The invasive species plan, containing the Office of Mauna Kea Management policies and
generalproceduresastheyapplytoinvasivespecies.AslandzonedConservation,Resource
subzone – affecting an area greater than one acre – this portion of the plan requires site
plan approval by the State of Hawai‘i, Department of Land & Natural Resources (Hawai‘i
AdministrativeRules,Chapter13‐5,August2011),and
2. A series of appendices describing specific standards, activities and standard operating
procedures required to fulfill the Office of Mauna Kea Management invasive species plan.
These may alter from time to time as new methodologies are developed through the
adaptivemanagementprocess.TheOfficeofMaunaKeaManagementproposesthatthese
changesbeendorsedbytheMaunaKeaManagementBoardandthensubmittedtotheState
of Hawai‘i, Office of Conservation & Coastal Lands (OCCL) for review and approval before
formaladoption.
Education and outreach, addressing guiding principles such as obtaining input from, and
participation by, the broader community (outside of cultural, recreation, and scientific users of
Maunakea) is not directly addressed here. The Office of Mauna Kea Management anticipates
preparingaprogrammaticdocumentinthefuturewhichwillincludeinvasivespeciesconcernsasa
communitycommunicationconcern.Abroadinvasivespeciesoutreachstrategythatengagesthe
immediatecultural,recreation,andscientificusersofMaunakeaisappended.
Asapolicydocument,itislikelytobereadbypeoplefroma varietyofbackgrounds.Inorderto
improve clarity for all readers, referencing and the use of scientific terms have been kept to a
minimum.
GeographyoftheManagementArea
For the purposes of this plan, the management area will be divided into five management zones,
determinedbythedegreeofriskeachareaposestotheentryofinvasivespeciesandthelevelof
earlydetectionorresponseactivitiesrequired.Thesemanagementzonesare:1)theHalepōhaku
Visitor Information Station, 2) the road corridor to the summit, 3) the Astronomy Precinct, 4)
Science Reserve, and 5) the Mauna Kea Ice Age Natural Area Reserve (NAR, managed by the
DivisionofForestry&Wildlife).TheseareoutlinedintheFiguresbelow.
P a g e 6 | 84 Figure1.1.MapoftheislandofHawai‘ishowinglocationofthe
MaunakeaManagementarea.
Figure 1.2: Aerial view of the Mauna Kea Science Reserve.
P a g e 7 | 84 HALEPŌHAKU Situatedat9,200ft.elevation,themid‐levelfacilitiesatHalepōhaku(TMK(3)4‐4‐15:12)comprise
19.3adjacenttotheSummitAccessRoad.Theentireparcelwillbereferredtoas“Halepōhaku”in
this document. The facilities include dormitories, a commons building, a construction camp,
maintenancefacility,andtheVisitorInformationStation(VIS).BothHalepōhakuandtheVISserve
asareststopforstaffandvisitors,respectively,toacclimatebeforeprogressingtothesummit.The
VISoffersagiftshop,restrooms,andstargazingtoover500visitorsperday,365nightsperyear.
ROAD CORRIDOR TheRoadManagementCorridorasshowninFigure1.2extendsfromthetopoftheHPparceltothe
bottomoftheScienceReserve.WhiletheactualSummitAccessRoadextendsfromthebottomof
theHPparcel8.3milestotheMaunakeaSummit,thelower4.6milesofwhichareunpaved.A400‐
yardwideeasementoneithersideoftheroadisdescribedinthe1995ManagementPlan,excluding
portions inside the NAR. Acreage includes approximately 45‐acres of road bed and 700‐acres of
easement.
ASTRONOMY PRECINCT The525‐acreAstronomyPrecinct,situatedatthesummit,wasdesignatedfortheconsolidationof
astronomy facilities and support infrastructure in the University’s 2000 Master Plan. All but one
existingobservatory(theVLBA)arefoundwithinitsborders,includingthesitesdesignatedforthe
proposed Thirty‐Meter Telescope(4). The area is second only to Halepōhaku in human activity,
whichincludescommercialtours,hiking,sightseeing,culturalexpression,research,andsnowplay.
MAUNA KEA SCIENCE RESERVE ThelargestportionoftheUHManagedLandsistheMaunaKeaScienceReserve(MKSR)(TMK:(3)
4‐4‐15:09).ThelandisleasedfromtheDepartmentofLandandNaturalResource(DLNR)bythe
University of Hawai‘i (UH). In its current form, the MKSR encompasses 11,288‐acre of state land
aboveapproximately11,500ftelevationdesignatedasascientificcomplex.AllMKSRlandsoutside
ofthe525‐acreAstronomyPrecinctaresetasideasaNaturalandCulturalPreservationArea.
TheSummitAccessRoadistheonlymaintainedroadintothearea,sothataccessingmuchofthe
MKSRrequiresanarduoushikeacrossthestonedesert.HikingtimefromtheAstronomyPrecinct
totheouteredgesoftheScienceReserveisapproximatelyfourhours.Twounpavedhuntingroads,
shownasSkylineDriveandMaunakeaHuntersRoad(R‐1)onstatehuntingmapsprovideaccessto
theouterboundaryofmuchoftheMKSR,whichisalsoastatehuntingarea.Traveltimetoremote
areasviafourwheeldrivevehicleisnotmuchimprovedoverhikingfromtheSummit.
Cultural resources in the MKSR include at least 263 historic properties and several pu‘u (cinder
cones)whicharedesignatedTraditionalCulturalProperties,includingKūkahau‘ula,thecindercone
clusterthatcomprisesthesummit(2).
P a g e 8 | 84 NATURAL AREA RESERVE (NAR) The3,894‐acreMaunaKeaIceAgeNaturalAreaReserve(NAR)ismanagedbytheHawai‘iDivision
ofForestry andWildlife,NaturalAreaReserveCommission.TheNARwasestablishedin1981to
protectanexemplaryportionofinvertebrate‐dominatedaeoliandesertandthestate’sonlyalpine
lake,LakeWai‘au.Priortoitsestablishment,theNARhadbeenpartoftheMKSR.Theboundary
follows the west side of the Summit Access Road, creating a large wedge, extending from
approximately10,000ftto13,441ft,justbelowthesummit.Asecond143.5‐acresquareparcelis
separatelylocatedaroundPu‘upōhaku,whichalsoholdsanephemeralwatersource.
The Natural Area Reserves represent the highest level of habitat protection in the state land
managementsystem.HumanactivityintheNARisrestrictedtohikingandobservationofnature,
permitted research, and staff management activities, which include monitoring and ungulate
control. Under a 2008 cooperative agreement between OMKM and the Natural Area Reserves
System(DLNR),OMKMprovidesvisitorassistanceusingOMKMrangers,engagesinjointresearch
andeducationalefforts,andreportsviolationsoccurringintheNAR.
LakeWai‘auanditsaccesstrail(Maunakea‐Humu‘ulaTrail)areofparticularconcernforinvasive
species establishment, due to both high levels of visitation and the constant water source.
Introducedcommondandelion(Taraxicumofficinale)andtwoinvasivecarabidbeetle(Agonumc.f.
muelleriandTrechusobtusus)areestablishednearthelake.ManagementofweedsalongSummit
Access Road requires coordination with the NAR, as OMKM jurisdiction ends at the road edge
adjacenttotheNARandmuchofthepowerlineeasementforMaunakeaextendsthroughtheNAR.
TheactionsspecifiedinthisplanthatoccurintheNAR,requireOMKMtoobtainNARpermitsand
areotherwiseconductedonlywiththeexplicitapprovalofNARmanagement.
P a g e 9 | 84 PoliciesforManagementofInvasiveSpeciesonMaunakea
The areas covered by this management plan include the Mauna Kea Science Reserve,
Halepōhaku,theAstronomyprecinct,theNARandtheSummitAccessRoadCorridorandshall
bereferredtointhisdocumentcollectivelyasthe“ManagementArea”.Managementofinvasive
specieswithinthisarea(whetherestablishedorpotentialthreats),willbeaccomplishedusinga
riskmanagementapproach.Riskmanagementapproachesrecognizethattheprobabilityofan
unwantedeventoccurringisdifficulttoquantifyandrarely possibleto preventabsolutely. A
riskmanagementapproachattemptstobalancetherelativeseverityofaparticularriskwiththe
degree of effort needed to reduce the probability of its occurrence to a desired or
predeterminedlevel.Onepreceptofthisapproachisthatreductionofaparticularrisktozero
is not usually possible or practical. Further, the process should be transparent and inclusive,
based on the best available data, open to change as new information becomes available and
guidedbytheprincipleofcontinuousimprovement.
Therearefivelogicalstepsintheriskmanagementprocess:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Identifypotentialthreats,
Assesstheimpactsofthesethreats,
Determinetherelativeprobabilityofoccurrence,
Identifymanagementoptionsthatreducethesethreats,and
Prioritize management options based on return for effort and predetermined risk thresh‐
holds.
P a g e 10 | 84 Section2.Prevention
The keystone of this invasive species management plan is a strategy that prevents entry of new
invasive species to the Management Area. Investment in prevention activities offers the greatest
returnforeffortandshouldthereforetakeahighpriority.
PotentialInvasiveSpecies:ThreatsandImpacts
PLANTS Plants include grasses, herbs, vines, trees, fungi and legumes. Invasive plants can be spread via
natural dispersal such as seeds caught in ungulate coats, carried on the wind, or through water
erosion.However,theriskofaccidentalintroductionisgreaterwhenvectoredbypeopletraveling
to and from the Management Area on foot or in vehicles, buses, or via earthmoving equipment.
Invasiveplantstendtothriveinnewlocationsduetoalackoftheinsects,diseases,andpredators
thatusuallycontrolthespeciesinitsnativehabitat (5).Withoutthesenaturalinhibitors,theplants
areabletospreadaggressively.Spreadisfacilitatedbyahighrateofseedproduction,rapidgrowth
to maturity, tolerance of different soil types and climate. Invasive plant species can create
environment‐altering impacts such as fire regime shifts, shade manipulation, lowering of the
groundwater table and overcrowding. When invasive species become established, the entire
ecosystemcanpotentiallychangeasnativeplantspeciesdecline.Withoutnativeplantspecies,the
native fauna that rely on these plants for food, shelter and hosts of prey items may be unable to
survive.
Traitsofinvasiveplants
Invasiveplantspeciestendtohavenonaturalenemiesthatregulatethemintheirnewenvironment
when compared with native plant species that are balanced by native viruses, insects, and/or
herbivores.Withoutthesechecksandbalances,invasivespeciesoftenthriveinnewenvironments
tothedetrimentofthenativespeciesalreadypresent(6).
Invasive plants often have short life cycles, which allows them to mature and reproduce more
quickly than their native counterparts. This trait allows them to outnumber native plants in seed
production,thusensuringacompetitiveadvantage.Invasiveplantspeciesalsoproducefoliageand
stay actively growing for longer periods. This allows for higher photosynthetic rates for longer
periodsoftime,which,inturn,contributestoearliermaturityandseedproduction.
Many invasive plant species have a greater production rate of seeds which allows newly invasive
plantstoestablishquicklywithnumerousoffspringdispersedacrosslargeareas.Spreadisaidedby
effective seed dispersal methods. Some species reproduce by vegetative means, and disperse by
underground stems and cuttings that provide more opportunities for the plant to spread and
multiply.Invasivespeciestendtoevadegrazing,oftenduetoalackofpalatabilitytoherbivores,
while native species continue to be consumed yielding more room for the spread of introduced
plants.Someinvasiveplantspeciesareallelopathic,releasingchemicalsintothesoilthatsuppress
growthofotherplants(7).Theycanalsoproducemoreshade thancompetingnativeplants,which
P a g e 11 | 84 allows them to absorb sunlight more efficiently compared with native species in the understory.
Finally,invasiveplantstendtohavelongseeddormancyandstaggeredgerminationthatgivethese
species greater flexibility in germination and seasonality. These traits all contribute to the rapid
spreadofmanyinvasiveplantspecies.
Without a natural checks and balances system for invasive plant species, these plants have more
energytheycanuseforgrowthandreproductionthatwouldhaveotherwisebeenusedtofightoff
diseasesorhealfromherbivores.Therefore,deeprootsystemscanbedevelopedrelativelyrapidly
and early, which allows for a larger amount of water uptake from the soil. Not only does this
provide the plant with more resources for energy production, but it also allows the plant to
outcompeteothernativestryingtosurvive.Theseinvasiveplantsproducedenserootmassesthat
preventothernativerootestablishmentwhileproducingahighcapacityforcarbohydratestorage
intheroots.Thesedenserootmatsmakecontroleffortsdifficultastheirremovalcanbephysically
difficultandleavetheareawithhighlyerodibleloosesoils.
TargetSpecies
Theentryorestablishmentofanynewplantspecieswithinthe ManagementAreaisundesirable.
For prevention purposes, it is often difficult to identify potential propagative material (seeds,
cuttings, seedlings etc.) at points of entry. Therefore, the most effective approach is to apply the
“precautionaryprinciple”totheentryofplantpropagativematerialandassumeallseeds,cuttings,
seedlingetc.aretobeexcludedfromtheManagementArea.
VERTEBRATES SeveralvertebrategroupsarepotentiallyinvasivewithintheMaunakeaManagementArea,andare
describedbelow.
Cats. Aferalcatisadomesticatedcatthathasreturnedtothewild,orthedescendantsofsuchananimal.
Itisdistinguishedfromastraycat,whichisapetcatthathasbeenlostorabandoned,whileferal
catsareborninthewild.Theoffspringofastraycatcanbeconsideredferalifborninthewild.For
thepurposesofthisplan,thereisnodistinctionbetweenferalandstraycatsastheirimpactswill
beidentical.Catsintroducedintoareasinwhichtheyarenotindigenousoftencauseharmtolocal
environmentsbypreyingonlocalspecies.Thisisparticularlytrueonislands,whereferalcatshave
sometimes had a substantial and deleterious effect on the local fauna, especially birds. With the
paucityofgameanimalsandnativebirdswithintheManagementArea,anycatspresentthereare
likely to turn to smaller prey such as invertebrates. Currently, cats are sparse at ~9,200 ft and
above.Theyareoccasionallyobserved,mostcommonlyinlatespringwithgreen‐up.
Mongoose. ThesmallAsianmongoose(Herpestesjavanicus)isaweasel‐likeanimalwithatotalbodylengthof
approximately2feet.ItwasintroducedtoHawai‘iIslandinthelate1800’sbysugarfarmersinan
attempttocontrolrodentsincaneplantations.Sincethattime,they have hasspreadthroughout
P a g e 12 | 84 theisland,becomingapredatorofbirdsanddecimatingnativebirdpopulations (8).Theyarevery
rarelyobservedathighelevationsandvirtuallyabsentabove10,000ft.
Rabbits. The common domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is rarely seen on Hawai‘i Island, although
occasionallyreportedonlandadjacenttotheManagementArea.Whilerabbitscanbeadevastating
pestinsomelocations,theyareunlikelytosurvivewithintheMaunakeaManagementArea.
Mice and Rats. Commensal rodents such as mice and rats are ubiquitous worldwide, often living in association
withhumans.IntheMaunakeaManagementArea,theyaremostcommonlyassociatedwithfood
preparationandhandlingareasatHalepōhakuandtheAstronomyPrecinct.
Dogs. No established groups of wild or feral dogs have been observed in the Management Area.
Occasionallyhuntingdogsbecomeisolatedfromtheirhandlers.Theseareusuallyreturnedtotheir
owners.
Reptiles, frogs and amphibians. Theclimate withinthe Maunakea Management Areaisnotsuitedtothe survivalofthesespecies.
Otherthantheoccasionalcoquifrogsighting(whichrapidlydessicatesanddies),noreportsoftheir
presenceareknown.
Birds. There are several invasive bird species on Hawai‘i Island. The most serious are the Indian or
commonmyna(Acridotherestristis).ThisspecieswasintroducedtoHawai‘iIslandin1875andit
quicklyspreadtooccupymostlow‐elevationhabitats.Indianmynasarenotfoundabove7,500ft
elevationandarethereforeunlikelytoestablishwithintheManagementArea.TheJapanesewhite‐
eye (Zosterops japonicus) is found within the Management Area however, and studies in the
HakalauForestNationalRefuge,haveshownthatthepresenceofthisspeciesinHawaiiansongbird
ecosystemsstuntsthegrowthofnativebirdspecies(9).
Feral Ungulates. Ungulate (hooved) animals include pigs, donkeys, sheep and deer. The association of introduced
feralungulateswiththespreadofinvasivespeciesanddestructionofnativefloraonoceanicislands
iswelldocumentedinHawai‘iandelsewhere.Ungulatesgrazeongrassesandwoodyplants.The
soildisturbancecausedbyhoovesleadstosoilerosionandfacilitatestheestablishmentofinvasive
plants. This management plan does not address management of feral ungulates within the
ManagementAreaasmanagementactivitiesareconductedbyanotheragencyandfirearms,rifles,
bows, and arrows are prohibited in the Halepōhaku area as part of the Conservation District Use
Permit(HA‐1430)forthesite.However,TheOfficeofMaunakeaManagementactivelysupportsthe
DLNRdecisiontocompletetheMaunakeaPalilacriticalhabitatfenceinthenearfuture(2015)and
toremoveallferalungulatesfromthesummitareapromptly.
P a g e 13 | 84 INVERTEBRATES TwoinvertebrategroupsarepotentiallyinvasiveintheMaunakeaManagementArea.Mollusksand
arthropodsaredescribedbelow.
Mollusks Terrestrial mollusks, include land snails and slugs, as there is no surface water on UH Managed
Lands aquatic mollusks are not considered in this plan. Surface waters of Lake Wai‘au and
Pu‘upōhaku are the responsibility of the Mauna Kea Ice Age Natural Area Reserve and any
observations of aquatic mollusks will be reported to the appropriate management agency. There
arenorecordsofnon‐nativesnailsintheManagementArea,althoughnativepartulidandsuccinea
snails are present in the Halepōhaku area. Any observations of terrestrial mollusks such as the
giant African snail (Achatina fulica) shall be reported and responded to in the same manner as
observationsofinvasivearthropods.
Arthropods Arthropodsincludeinsects,spidersandrelatedanimals.Terrestrialarthropodsareusuallysmall
and often cryptic. Many species can easily travel from location to location when associated with
humancommerceandmovement.Althoughanynewarthropodwouldbeanunwelcomeaddition
totheecosystemsinMaunakea,invasiveantsposeoneofthemostseriousrisks.
Mostarthropodsaresolitarycreatures,onlycomingintomeaningfulcontactwitheachotherduring
matingevents.Thereforeinordertoestablishinanewlocation,bothamaleandfemalemustbe
presentandtheymustfindeachotherinordertomate.Ants,however,aresocialinsectshaving
oneormorequeensandmanysterilefemaleworkerspercolony(10).Thequeenusuallyonlymates
onceinherreproductivelife,andfromthattimeonwardshastheabilitytoproducenewoffspring:
workers,newqueensandmales.Therefore,acolonyorevenacolonyfragmentwithasinglequeen,
has everything needed to produce new colonies and maintain the original one if moved to a new
location.
Antstendtobesmall,andantcoloniesareusuallywell‐hidden.Forbiosecuritypurposestheyform
anidealfocusgroupforpreventionstrategies(11).Itishighlylikelythatabiosecurityprogramthat
isabletosuccessfullyexcludeinvasiveantswillalsoexcludemostothercrawlingarthropods.For
this reason, we propose to develop the arthropod component of the Maunakea invasive species
(prevention)programaroundtheexclusionofinvasiveants.
TRAITS OF INVASIVE ANTS Of the 15,000 or so ant species known to science, only a small fraction are invasive (12). These
speciesshareagroupofbehavioraladaptationsthatpre‐disposethemtosuccessfulrelocationand
establishment(13).




Polygeny,
Polydomyandunicoloniality,
Highinter‐specificaggression,
Relocationviahumancommerce,
P a g e 14 | 84  Formationofmutualisticrelationships.
Polygyny Antsaretypicallymonogynous.Amonogynouscolonyconsistsofasinglequeenattendedbymany
worker ants. The queen is the only reproductive ant and the workers are her daughters ‐ sterile
females.Attimesthroughtheyear,newqueensareproducedalongwithmales.Theseflyfromthe
nest at pre‐determined times, mate in flight, and the newly mated queens land to form new
colonies.Workersdonottoleratemorethanonequeenpercolony.Shouldtwoormorequeensbe
present,theworkerantswillassassinatetheweakerqueens.
Manyinvasiveantspeciesarepolygynous.Coloniesofthesespeciescancontainmanyqueens,and
workersdonotappeartodistinguishbetweenthemorattempttoassassinatesurplusqueens.This
feature gives colonies two competitive advantages. First, the founding phase of a new colony
carries a high risk of failure. A newly mated queen needs to lay an initial clutch of eggs, care for
themuntilthelarvaereachadulthood,beforefocusingexclusivelyonegg‐laying.Newqueensoften
suffer from predation or fail to raise sufficient workers to form a colony. For many invasive ant
species, newly mated queens simply re‐enter the parental colony, or move a short distance with
existing workers to found a new colony. The probability of successful colony founding is much
greater.Asaresult,mostinvasiveantspeciesnolongerneedtotakepartinnuptialflights,instead
matingwithinthenest.
Thesecondadvantageofpolygynyisthatthetaskofegglayingisnowsharedbetweenanumberof
queens. This bestows a degree of redundancy for colony survival. In single queen colonies, the
deathofthequeenheraldstheendofthecolony.Withoutnewworkers,thecolonywilldeclineand
die.However,inmultiplequeencolonies,thedeathofoneormorequeenshasnolastingeffecton
egg production. Remaining queens simply increase their rate of egg laying to compensate. This
feature makes control of these species especially problematic. Many control methods focus on
killing the queen for success. When many queens are present, this task becomes much more
difficult.
Polydomy and Unicoloniality Ant colonies, even from the same species, are highly competitive and expend great resources to
defend their territory and resources. Large amounts of energy may be expended in this activity.
Theimportanceofthisbattleforsurvivalandterritoryshouldnotbeunder‐estimated.Almostall
invasiveantssharethetraitsofpolydomyandunicolonialitywhichdramaticallyreducesthecosts
ofsurvival.
Coloniesofthesamespeciesofinvasiveants,however,donotcompetewitheachother.Theywork
cooperatively, share food, workers, brood and queens. In this way they form a network of
connectedcoloniesthattogetherexcludeallotherantspecies.Territorialdefenseisonlyneededat
the outer edges rather than around each individual colony. This network of interconnected
coloniesisoftencalleda“super‐colony”.Resourcesnolongerneedtobedefended,andtheenergy
previously used for defense is re‐allocated to colony expansion. This aspect of invasive ant
behavioriskeytoitsinvasiveability.
P a g e 15 | 84 Inter‐Specific Aggression Coupled with the within‐species cooperation is an aggressive defense of the entire super‐colony.
Any ants from another species that happens to be within the supercolony is overcome by sheer
weightofnumbers,anditisraretofindanyotherantspecieswithinareaswhereaninvasiveant
specieshasbecomeestablished.
Dispersal Ability Most ant species disperse after mating; newly mated winged queens fly to other locations and
establishnewcolonies.Incontrast,mostinvasiveantspeciesdonotdispersebyflight.Invasive
antsonlyneedasmallcolonyofafewworkersandonereproductivequeentobeabletoestablish
at a new location. Often, a complete colony is able to fit comfortably into an area smaller than a
match‐box. Increasing rates and volumes of human commerce provide the vector needed for
invasiveantstomovefromlocationtolocationwithlittleeffort.Thisfeatureallowsthemtospread
overlongdistanceswithlittleeffort,orshorterdistancesthroughthemovementofitemssuchas
pottedplants,produceorotherriskitems.
Mutualisms Anothervitalkeytothesuccessofinvasiveantsistheirabilitytocaptureandredirectsourcesof
energy to themselves. One very important method these species utilize is via the formation of
mutualisticrelationshipswithhomoptera(scales,mealybugsandotherplantpests).Invasiveants
“farm”theseanimals,protectthemfromnaturalpredatorsandconsumethesugaryexudatesthese
creatures produce. The additional energy this provides the colony is the fuel needed for further
expansionandecologicaldominanceandonereasonfortheirabilitytoformpopulationsfarmore
numerous than the ants they displace. Without access to these additional resources, population
densitieswouldbemuchlower.
Target Ant Species ArgentineAnts
The scientific name for the Argentine ant is Linepithema humile. Until recently it was known as
Iridomyrmexhumilis.WorldwideitisknownastheArgentineant.Asitsnamesuggests,thisspecies
was originally from South America with its native range centered on the Paraná river catchment
which spans Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina. Argentine ants have been widely distributed by
human commerce during the early part of the 20th century and are now found worldwide,
including Europe, USA, South America, Australia, Africa and Asia as well as many islands in the
Pacific. It is a common species on all the islands of Hawai‘i and is usually found at mid‐high
elevations,includingsub‐alpineportionsofHaleakalāNationalPark(~9,700ft).Sitesclosesttothe
Maunakea Management Area include: along the Saddle Road (including the Pu‘uhuluhulu parking
lot),Keanakolu‐ManaRoad,andinPōhakuloaTrainingArea.Atlowerelevations,itisout‐competed
by big‐headed ants (Pheidole megacephala). This species prefers a Mediterranean climate with
warmdrysummersandcoolwetwinters.However,intheabsenceofcompetitionfromotherant
species, it can establish and thrive in warmer and cooler climates. Argentine ants are a serious
ecologicalpest,disruptingnativeecosystems andisalsoastructuralpest–ofteninvadinghomes
andurbanbuildings.
P a g e 16 | 84 LittleFireAnts
ThescientificnameforthisspeciesisWasmanniaauropunctata.Aroundtheworlditisalsoknown
as the “cocoa tree ant” and the “electric ant”. Little fire ants (LFA) are originally from South
America,eastoftheAndes.Ithasbeenspreadingthroughoutthetropicsandsub‐tropicsforover
100 years(14). USA (Florida), Caribbean islands, west Africa, Israel, Papua New Guinea, Solomon
Islands,NewCaledonia,FrenchPolynesia,Hawai‘i(BigIslandandKaua‘i),Australia,Galapagos,and
Guam.
On the island of Hawai‘i, it is common and widespread from Kalapana to Laupāhoehoe up to an
elevationof2,000ftandmoresparselydistributedalongthewestcoastbetweenKailua‐Konaand
Na‘alehu.SmallpopulationshavebeenfoundonMaui,Kaua‘iandO‘ahu.Theyprefersitesthatare
shaded,warmandmoist,andgenerallyavoidfullsunlight.Theassociationbetweenlittlefireants
andhomopteranplantpestscancausedamagetothehostplantsandreduceproductivityoffruiting
treesandreducedgrowthofornamentalplants.Additionally,LittleFireAntshaveapainfulsting,
andinfestedsitesoftenhavemanymillionsoftheseantsperacre.Antsforagingonvegetationoften
falltothegroundandonpeopleorpets.Itiscommonforpeopleininfestedareastosufferrepeated
stingsontheneck,shouldersandtorso.
White‐FootedAnts
The scientific name for the white footed ant is Technomyrmex dificilis. This ant was previously
identifiedasTechnomyrmexalbipesuntil2007.Itisalsoknownasthe“blackhouse”antaroundthe
world. Native to Southeast Asia, white footed ants have spread throughout the world mainly
through the transport of cargo and other commodities. USA (Florida, South Carolina, Georgia,
Louisiana, Hawai‘i), Antigua, Nevis, Puerto Rico, St. Croix and St. Thomas. In Hawai‘i WFA is
currentlyknownfromMaui,O‘ahuandKaho‘olawe.ThisspeciesisapartofgroupofTechnomyrmex
speciesthatlookalmostidenticaltooneanother,soitisprobablethisspeciesmaybeestablished
onotherHawaiianIslands.Whitefootedantswillnestinalmostanylocationinsideandoutsideof
thehouseincludingunderroofs,cardboardboxes,compostpiles,pottedplants,outdoorfurniture,
etc… but trees seem to be ideal. Colony sizes can range from 400,000 to 3 million individuals.
Because of the enormous size of the colonies, large amounts of food are essential to sustain the
populations.WFAwillfeedonawidevarietyoffoodsourcesincludingsugarysubstances,trophic
eggs laid by worker ants and dead insects. White footed ants do not bite or sting. They are
considered a pest primarily due to their high population densities and are also known to tend
homopertan plant pests such as scale insects, aphids and mealy bugs and feeding on the sweet
sugary honeydew produced by these insects. It has been documented that this association has
contributedtothespreadofseveralseriousplantdiseasesaroundtheworld.
SingaporeAnts
ThescientificnamefortheSingaporeantisMonomoriumdestructor.Itisalsocommonlyknownas
the “destructive trailing ant” and “mizo‐hime‐ari” (Japan) around the world. Singapore ants are
native to India, Japan, Malaysia and Sri Lanka and have spread to Australasia‐Pacific, North
America,SouthAmerica,Africa,Laysan,FrenchFrigateShoals,andHawai‘i.Theyareeasilyspread
throughcommerceandtrade.InHawai‘iitiscurrentlyknowntobeestablishedonHawai‘i,Kaua‘i
andO‘ahu.SingaporeAntsaremoreofapestinurbanenvironmentsandasahousepest.Although
P a g e 17 | 84 they will forage on sugars and proteins the biggest problem is the destruction of electrical and
phone lines. Foragers gnaw holes in fabric and rubber goods, remove rubber insulation from
electric and phone lines, and damage polyethylene cable. They can destroy or damage electrical
linesinhousesandcarswhichcanleadtoelectricalfires.
Big‐HeadedAnts
ThescientificnameforthebigheadedantisPheidolemegacephala.Itisalsoknownasthe“brown
house‐ant”, “coastal brown‐ant”, “lion ant”, and “grosskopfameise” (German) in other parts of the
world. The big headed ant is believed to be native to southern Africa. It is widely distributed
throughoutthetemperatesub‐tropicalandtropicalregionsoftheworld.Bigheadedantsgettheir
name from the “major caste” of worker ants (often called soldiers) which have extremely large
heads compared to the rest of their bodies. The smaller “minor caste” (small foraging ants) will
forageonalmostanythingfromsweetsugaryliquids,deadinsects,andplantseeds.Theybringthe
foodbacktothenestwhereitissharedthroughoutthecolony.
In rural areas, BHA are known to displace much of the native fauna through aggression and
competition. They can directly impact crops through seed harvesting and indirectly by harboring
plantsuckinginsects.BHAhavealsobeenknowntochewthroughirrigationlines.Theyareamajor
pest of pineapples where they tend pineapple mealy‐bug. In urban/residential areas they often
causeconsiderabledamagetotelephoneandelectricalinstallationsinhomesandbuildings.
PennantAnts
The scientific name for the pennant ant is Tetramorium bicarinatum. It is also known as the
“bicoloredpennantant”,“Guineaant”,or“pennyAnt”.ThenameGuineaantisalsocommonlyused
for a close relative Tetramorium guineense. The genus Tetramorium contains several species
knownfordispersalviahumancommerce.ThepennantantisnativetotheIndo‐Pacificregionof
theworld.Thisisacosmopolitanspeciescommonlyfoundaroundtheworldandisoneofthemost
widespread species of ants globally. In Hawai‘i it is most likely established on all of the major
islands. Colonies of pennant ants are usually small to moderate in size and occur in urban
environments, yards, gardens, green/shade houses. Nests can have multiple queens and workers
can vary in color and size. Although they are not considered to be a major pest, they can be a
nuisancearoundthehomeandgardenbecauseoftheirabilitytostingifprovoked.
PotentialThreatPathways
Abiosecurity“pathway”isdefinedasamechanismbywhichanexoticorganismcantraveltoanew
location,oftenasahitchhiker.Forarthropodsandplants,thesepathwayshavebeen categorized
intologicalgroupsandfurtherdividedaccordingtothelevelofcontrolorregulationcurrentlyin
force. These groups are: vehicles, commodities, and people (with associated personal items they
maycarry).Atotalof28differentpathwayshavebeenidentified.
Almost all inward movement of goods and people is via the road link which terminates at the
AstronomyPrecinct.Arthropodsandplantseedsarepotentiallyabletohitcharideonthemeansof
P a g e 18 | 84 transportation, the containers housing goods and other commodities, the goods or commodities
themselves,orassociatedwithstafforvisitors.Eachpathwayrepresentsadifferentriskofbeing
thevectorforintroductionsofexoticspecies.
Therearealsonon‐anthropogenicpathwaysincludingorganismscarriedbywind,rain,fireorother
naturalevents.Thesehavenotbeenconsideredinthissectionoftheriskassessment.
VEHICLES AND VESSELS Vehiclesof alldescriptionscanharbormanyinvasivepestspecies.Soil andotherorganic matter
canaccumulateincracks,crevicesandonunder‐bodies.VehiclesthattraveltoMaunakeaoriginate
fromresidentialandurbanareasontheislandofHawai‘i.Theselocationsharborwell‐established
populations of weedy, invasive arthropods and plants. Arthropods could infest a vehicle parked
over‐nightandnestinthevoidsandotherinternalspaces,orinsoilandotherorganicmatterthat
accumulate in cracks, crevices and on under‐bodies. Plant seeds can also be deposited on truck
beds,undercarriagesorwithinavehicle.Thesethenfallofforleavewhenthevehicleisparkedat
anotherlocation.Largervehiclesandthoseusedforoff‐roadpurposesusuallyhavemoresoiland
othermatterattachedtotheunderbodiesandthereforepresentagreaterrisk.Passengervehicles
such as those used by staff and visitors are generally cleaner, as they tend to stay on County and
Stateroads.
GOODS AND OTHER COMMODITIES The movement of items to Maunakea (goods, commodities, supplies, equipment and construction
activities) provide opportunities for arthropods and invasive plants to become established. The
risks and species associated with the movement of goods are more diverse because some goods
originate in other parts of the USA as well as internationally. Arthropods can hide in the goods
themselves, the packaging associated with the commodities or within the containers used to
transportthem.Plantseeds,someverysmall,canbeincorporatedwithpackagingormovedbythe
windtosettleoncommodities(especiallythosestoredoutdoors).Larger,orheavier,commodities
typicallyhavegreaterareasforspeciestosettleanditcanbemoredifficulttodetectcontamination.
Thelevelofriskforthispathwayisinfluencedbystorageconditionspriortoarrival,thecleanliness
ofitems,andtheintrinsicpropertiesofitemsasharborsforarthropodsorplantseeds.
PEOPLE People can inadvertently carry arthropods and seeds in their clothing or immediate possessions.
Itemsespeciallyhigh‐riskwouldincludepacks,tents,camping equipment,shoes,and otheritems
thatmayhavebeenincontactwithsoilorstoredinareaswhereantsandotherarthropodswere
abletomoveintothempriortotransport.
RegulatedPathways
Manyofthevehicles,peopleandgoodsenteringtheMaunakeaarearequiresomeformofpermitin
ordertogainaccess.Riskreductionstrategiescanbemoreeasilydevelopedandenforcedwithin
P a g e 19 | 84 the permit system so therefore their actual risk level and mitigation options differ from those
categorieswhereapermittingsystemisabsent.
VEHICLES AND VESSELS Nine categories of vehicles have been identified, classified according to the type of cargo they
usuallycarry:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
regularstaffvehicles(daily),
otherstaff(specificproject,contractors),
deliveryvans(daily‐weeklysupplies),
deliverytrucks(telescopecomponents),
deliverytrucks(construction),
constructionmachinery,
helicopters,
commercialtourvehicles,
film,scientific,educational,military.
COMMODITIES Commodities come in all shapes and sizes, some are locally supplied while others arrive from
overseaspointsoforigin.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
freshproduce,
packagedgoods(food,officesupplies,souvenirs),
containerizedscientificequipment,
containerizedconstructionsupplies,
open‐loadconstructionsupplies,
plants,seeds,plantparts,soil(outside‐restoration),
plants,seeds,plantparts,soil(inside‐staffdecorations),
dunnage (the wrapping, packaging and pallet material associated with the goods being
transported).
PEOPLE AND POSSESSIONS People who are required to have a permit include regular employees, occasional employees, and
thoseprimarilyengagedinoutdooractivities.
18. Outdooractivitiesregulatedbypermits:scientific,film,projectstaff,military,
19. Regularemployees,
20. Occasionalemployeesandcontractors.
P a g e 20 | 84 Non‐RegulatedPathways
NotallvehiclesorvisitorsrequireapermitinordertovisittheMaunakeaarea.Thereforethelevel
of influence that can be applied to these pathways is less than that for regulated pathways. This
mayincreasetheriskandalsoinfluencetheselectionofmostappropriateriskreductionstrategy.
VEHICLES AND VESSELS 21. touristsight‐seeingvehicles,
22. off‐roadandATV(outsideofUniversitymanagedareas),
23. hunters/hikers,snowplay,culturalpractitioners.
COMMODITIES 24. culturalofferings,
25. trash(outdoors).
PEOPLE AND POSSESSIONS 26. Tourist/sightseeing
27. off‐roadoperators(outsideofUniversitymanagedareas),
28. hunters/hikers,snowplay,culturalpractitioners.
AnalysisofThreatPathwaysandProposedManagementOptions
Atpresent,mostriskpreventionmeasuresarevoluntaryorsuggestedratherthanbeingenforced.
However, some risk prevention actions for future construction of a new telescope (TMT) are
requiredconditionsoftheirpermit.
For the purpose of this document, proposed prevention actions focus on strategies for managing
invasive species prior to their establishment within the Management Area or at its borders and
belowtheSaddleRoad–SummitAccessRoadjunction(off‐siteriskreductionandinterceptions).
These are separate from those actions or activities conducted to detect and manage invasive
speciesaftertheirarrival(an“incursion”)whichisoutlinedinSection3;ormanagementofinvasive
species already established within the Management Area (Section 4). Not every risk can be
prevented or eliminated. Additionally, there are often external factors that increase risks but
cannot be remedied. Therefore, any risk prevention strategy becomes a compromise limited by
resources, external factors and practicality. Table 2.1a‐d lists each pathway identified in the
previous section along with prevention strategies requiring low, moderate and high inputs.
Logically a greater amount of input will provide a greater level of risk reduction, and not every
option(low,medium,orhigh)willbelikelyappliedconsistentlyacrossallpathways duetolegal,
practical,orotherconstraints.
P a g e 21 | 84 Table2.1a.Optionsforriskprevention(Regulatedvehicles).
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Regulated
pathways
regularstaff
vehicles(daily)
otherstaff
(specificproject,
contractors)
deliveryvans
(daily‐weekly
supplies)
deliverytrucks
(telescope
components)
deliverytrucks
(construction)
construction
machinery
helicopters
commercialtour
vehicles
film,scientific,
educational,
military
Vehicles Lowcost
Outreach
and/or
mandatory
awareness
training
Outreachmay
includesignage
incarparks
andstaffbreak
rooms.And
displaysof
nativeandnon‐
nativeinvasive
species
encountered
onregulated
pathways.
Trainingcould
consistofone‐
timeor
ongoing
awarenessand
information
sessionson
impactsof
invasive
speciesandthe
needto
maintaina
cleanvehicleto
prevent
transportof
invasive
species.
Moderatecost
Highcost
Regularcleaningof
vehicles(interiorand
exterior).
Mandatedregular
washingofvehicles
usingagasstationcar
washorsimilar.This
shouldincludeunder‐
bodywashing.
Frequencycouldbe
determinedbyrisk–eg.
passengervehicles
wouldbealowerrisk
thanconstruction
trucks.
Thisrequirementcould
beapartofrelevant
permitprovisions.
Inspection/certification
ofvehiclecleanliness
priortoarrival.
Supervisedorinspected
power‐washingof
vehicles(especially
under‐bodiesand
chassisrails)alongwith
interiorcleaning.
Theseprovisionscould
bemandatedbythe
appropriatepermitviaa
requirementtowash
andsupplementedby
OMKMinspections.
Inspection/certification
ofvehiclecleanliness
priortoarrival.
P a g e 22 | 84 Table2.1b.Optionsforriskprevention(Regulatedcommodities).
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Regulated
Goods
pathways
freshproduce
packagedgoods
(food,office,
souvenirs)
containerized
scientific
equipment
containerized
construction
supplies
open‐load
construction
supplies
plants,seeds,plant
parts,soil
(outside)
plants,seeds,plant
parts,soil(inside)
dunnage
Lowcost
Moderatecost
Highcost
Outreach
and/orphysical
inspectionof
itemsat
destination.
Outreachcould
include
appropriate
signageat
receiving
locations.
Goodsarriving
atbuildings
couldbe
inspectedby
theperson
receivingthem.
Anysuspect
itemsor
evidenceof
arthropodsto
bereportedto
appropriate
authority.
Thiscouldbe
voluntaryor
mandated.
Inspection/certification
ofgoodsandfacilities
priortoshipping
(internal).
Thismitigationmay
includerequirementsfor
facilityhygiene(eg,a
pestcontrolprogram
withlicensedpest
controlcompany),
storageofgoodsin
appropriateconditions
(offtheground,inside
etc),andinspectionof
goodsbyvendorpriorto
shipmentoratan
intermediatetransitsite.
Mayalsoinclude
requirementsfora
statementofcompliance
fromvendorwitheach
shipmentorsupply
contractandregular
externalcompliance
audit.
Inspection/certification
ofgoodsandfacilities
priortoshipping
(external).
Inspectionoffacility
hygieneandshipments
byanexternalagencyor
OMKM.Vendorfacilities
toundergoregular
hygieneauditsandgoods
tobeinspectedand
certifiedfreeofpests
beforeshipping.This
couldinclude
phytosanitary
inspectionsforplant
material,visual
inspectionsorother
requirementsaspartof
permitorapproval
conditions.
Table2.1c.Optionsforriskprevention(Regulatedpersons).
18
19
Regulated
pathways
People
outdooractivities
regulatedbypermits
regularemployees
Outreachand/or
mandatory
awarenesstraining.
Provisionof
outreachmaterial
highlightingrisks
20
Lowcost
occasionalemployees
andcontractors
Moderatecost
Voluntary
guidelinesfor
cleaningof
equipment(tents,
packs,shoesand
clothingetc)
Highcost
Mandatory
cleaningof
equipment(tents,
packs,shoesand
clothingetc)
includingspraying
personal
equipmentwith
pesticides.
P a g e 23 | 84 Table2.1d.Optionsforriskprevention(unregulatedpathways)
21
22
Non‐regulated
pathways
touristsight‐seeing
vehicles
off‐roadandATV
23
hunters/hikers,
snowplay,cultural
practices.
24
culturalofferings
25
trash(outdoors)
26
27
tourist/sightseeing
off‐roadoperators
28
hunters/hikers,
snowplay,culturalpract.
vehicles
Lowcost
Signage,
pamphletsat
visitorcenter,
otheroutreach
goods
Lowcost
Outreachand
awarenessactivity
especiallyfor
culturalofferings
andpractitioners.
Regulartreatment
ofwastebinsand
surroundswith
pesticides.
people
Lowcost
Signage,
pamphletsat
visitorcenter,
otheroutreach
Moderatecost
Voluntaryvehicle
cleaningforregular
visitors
Moderatecost
Promotethe
conceptthatpeople
takealltrashhome
withthem.
Voluntary
guidelinesfor
cultural
practitioners.
Regulartreatment
ofwastebinsand
surroundswith
pesticides.
Moderatecost
Voluntary
guidelinesfor
regularvisitorsand
off‐road/snowplay
traffic.
Highcost
Mandatedwashing
ofvehiclesusinga
gasstationcar
washorsimilar.
Thisshould
includeunder‐
bodywashing.
Highcost
Strict“leave
nothingbehind”
policy.
Mandatory
provisionsfor
culturalofferings
includinghygiene,
pretreatmentwith
pesticidesand
limitsonwhatcan
bebrought.
Highcost
Introducepermit
requirementsfor
high‐risk
categories.
P a g e 24 | 84 RecommendedPreventionStrategy
Allpreventionstrategieswill:
1. Mitigatebiological,ecological,andhumanhealthrisksonMaunakeaandontheislandof
Hawai‘i,
2. Prioritize preventative action prior to arrival at the Saddle Road Junction (i.e. at low
elevationpriortoarrivalonUniversitymanagedlands),
3. Be adapted and updated based on invasive species monitoring and inspection data,
knowledgeofpathwaysandspeciesthreats,
4. Apply the least intrusive means necessary (i.e. employ the lowest level efficacious
preventionstrategyoption:low,moderate,orhighcost),and
5. Incorporateconcernsofmountainusersandlandowner.
Appended portions of this plan provide detailed instructions to all mountain users as to the
requiredpreventionstrategies(summarizedinTable2.2).StateandislandofHawai‘iinvasive
speciescouncilsandcommitteeswillroutinelybeconsulted,alongwithadjacentland‐owners,
to ensure practices are both ‘state‐of‐the‐art’ as well as practical and necessary. These
strategiesaresummarizedbelowandinthefollowingtable.
Low‐costmeasures,whichenhancemountainuserknowledgeofinvasivespeciesconcernson
Maunakea, on the island of Hawai‘i, and elsewhere, will be applied at the first opportunity.
Examplesofsuchlow‐costmeasuresapplicabletoallpathwaysandusersinclude:




Mountainusereducationandorientation,
Bringinguponlywhatisneeded,
Emphasisoncleanliness,and
Self‐inspectionandself‐verification(noverificationordocumentationrequired).
Moderate‐cost measures incorporate low‐cost measures. In addition moderate‐cost measures
willtypicallyemphasizeverificationofrecommendedpractices,withanemphasisonincreasing
understandinganduserengagementincluding:



Require practices of cleanliness and material minimization (rather than encourage
them),
IncludeverificationofcleanlinessbyOMKM(orDLNR‐approvedinspectors),and
Includedocumentationofinspections.
High‐cost measures will typically include low‐ and moderate‐cost practices as requirements,
withindependentdocumentationthatactionshavebeencompletedandefficacious:



High‐costmeasureswillonlybeemployedtopreventthegreatestknownorsuspected
risks.
Thirdpartysanitationaction(cleaning,fumigation,etc.)requiredatpointoforigin.
Independentdocumentationofsanitationconductedatpointoforigin.
P a g e 25 | 84 
OMKM (DLNR‐approved) inspection of sanitation completeness prior to proceeding
abovetheSaddleRoadJunction.
PreventionstrategiesforregulatedpathwaysassumethatOMKMhasauthoritytorequireusers
to engage in recommended or required actions, both on and off University managed lands.
These strategies are cumulative, such that a high‐cost strategy incorporates all low‐ and
moderate‐ cost elements unless stated otherwise. As identified elsewhere in this plan,
preventionemphasizespathwaysandareasfrequentedbypeople.Invasivespeciesincursions
by other ‘natural’ means such as wind or animal dispersion are addressed through early
detection and rapid response procedures. While these strategies incorporate concerns of all
users, ultimately all State of Hawai‘i laws, rules, policies, and permit requirements are
incorporated.
Preventionstrategiesfornon‐regulatedpathwayswillbeupdatedonceHawai‘iAdministrative
Rules are approved and options for preventative actions are defined (i.e. actions can be
requiredratherthanonlyvoluntary).Policiesandproceduresfornon‐regulatedpathwaysare
anticipatedtoemploysimilarpreventionstrategiestoregulatedpathways.Aninitialemphasis
onoutreachandeducation,voluntaryatleastuntilrulesareinplace,willallowopportunityto
refinebestcommunicationpractices.
P a g e 26 | 84 Table2.2.RecommendedpreventionstrategiesforentryofinvasivespeciesintotheManagement
Area.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Regulatedpathways recommendedpreventionstrategy
regularstaffvehicles
(daily)
otherstaff(specific
project,contractors)
deliveryvans(daily‐
weeklysupplies)
deliverytrucks
(telescope
components)
deliverytrucks
(construction)
Moderate:outreach,training,regularcleaning, SOP1
self‐inspectionwitheverytrip
Moderate:outreach,training,regularcleaning, SOP1&2
self‐inspectionwitheverytrip
Moderate:outreach,training,regularcleaning, SOP1&2
self‐inspectionwitheverytrip
SOP1&2
Moderate:outreach,training,regularcleaning,
self‐inspectionwitheverytrip
Vehicle
s
Vehicle
s
Vehicle
s
Vehicle
s
Vehicle
s
Vehicle
constructionmachinery
s
helicopters
Vehicle
s
commercialtour
vehicles
film,scientific,
educational,military
Vehicle
s
Vehicle
s
10
freshproduce
Goods
11
packagedgoods(food,
office,souvenirs)
Goods
12
containerizedscientific
equipment
Goods
13
containerized
constructionsupplies
Goods
14
open‐loadconstruction
supplies
Goods
15
plants,seeds,plant
parts,soil(outside)
Goods
16
plants,seeds,plant
parts,soil(inside)
Goods
17
Dunnage
Goods
18
outdooractivities
regulatedbypermits
People
19
regularemployees
People
7
8
9
20
occasionalemployees
andcontractors
People
Moderate:outreach,training,cleaning,DLNR‐
approvedbiologistinspection
Moderate:outreach,training,cleaning,DLNR‐
approvedbiologistinspection
Moderate:outreach,training,cleaning,DLNR‐
approvedbiologistinspection(notexplicitly
addressedduetolimitedoccurrence)
Moderate:outreach,training,regularcleaning,
self‐inspectionwitheverytrip
Moderate:outreach,training,regularcleaning,
self‐inspectionwitheverytrip
Moderate:outreach,training,cleaning,self‐
inspection,facilityhygiene,documentation
Low:outreach,training,self‐inspection
Moderate:outreach,training,cleaning,DLNR‐
approvedinspectors,pre‐shipmentinspection
perpermit.
Moderate:outreach,training,cleaning,DLNR‐
approvedinspectors,pre‐shipmentinspection
perpermit.
Moderate:outreach,training,cleaning,DLNR‐
approvedinspectors,pre‐shipmentinspection
perpermit.
High:onlyapprovedwithState‐recognizedand
documentedefficacyofexistingphytosanitary
treatmentandDLNR‐approvedinspector
High:onlyapprovedwithState‐recognizedand
documentedefficacyofexistingphytosanitary
treatmentandDLNR‐approvedinspector
Moderate:outreach,training,minimizeuse,
cleaning,DLNR‐approvedinspectors,pre‐
shipmentinspectionperpermit.
Moderate:outreach,training,regularcleaning,
self‐inspectionwitheverytrip.
Moderate:outreach,training,regularcleaning,
self‐inspectionwitheverytrip.
Moderate:outreach,training,regularcleaning,
self‐inspectionwitheverytrip.
Appendix
Reference
SOP1&2
SOP1&2
SOP1&2
SOP1
SOP1&2
SOP1&3
SOP1
SOP1&2
SOP1&2
SOP1&2
SOP4
SOP4
SOP1&2
SOP1
SOP1
SOP1
P a g e 27 | 84 Non‐regulated
pathways
21
touristsight‐seeing
vehicles
22
off‐roadandATV
23
hunters/hikers,
snowplay,cultural
pract.
Vehicle
s
24
culturalofferings
Goods
Moderate:outreach,orientation,pack‐it‐out
emphasis,voluntaryguidelinesforcultural
practitioners.
25
trash(outdoors)
Goods
Moderate:outreach,orientation,pack‐it‐out
emphasis,pesticidetreatment.
26
tourist/sightseeing
People
27
off‐roadoperators
People
28
hunters/hikers,
snowplay,cultural
pract.
People
All:pending
Administrativ
eRules
Vehicle
s
Vehicle
s
Moderate:outreach,orientation,voluntary
cleaning.
NotallowedonUniversitymanagedlands.
(Otherwiseincorporate‘moderate’principles.)
Moderate:outreach,orientation,voluntary
cleaning.
+Incorporate
Constitutional
protections
+Pesticide
usepending
DLNR
approval
Moderate:outreach,orientation,voluntary
guidelines.
NotallowedonUniversitymanagedlands.
(Otherwiseincorporate‘moderate’principles.)
Moderate:outreach,orientation,voluntary
guidelines.
P a g e 28 | 84 Section3.MonitoringforNewandEstablishedInvasiveSpecies
GeneralPrinciples
Thepreventionstrategyoutlinedinsection2isthefirststepinthecontinuumofinvasivespecies
management. This prevention strategy will be supplemented by a comprehensive and ongoing
early detection and monitoring program that ensures new threats are quickly identified and
managedaccordingtopre‐determinedprotocols;andestablishedinvasivespeciesaremonitoredto
determine spread and impacts. These activities allows for a rapid response with the highest
probabilityofasuccessfuloutcomeshouldnewspeciesbedetectedorthestatusofexistingspecies
change. There is considerable overlap between activities designed to detect new species and
monitoring established populations. For this reason, these two aspects of the management plan
havebeencombined.
Early detection and monitoring activities are to be prioritized in a manner that addresses the
greatest risks; both in terms of invasive species with the greatest potential impacts and the sites
wherethesespeciesmightfirstbecomeestablished.Invasivespeciesthreatsaredividedintothree
categories for the purpose of this section (plants, arthropods and vertebrates). Monitoring
methodologies within these groups are essentially the same, but substantially different between
groups.ThemanagementzoneswithintheentireUH‐managedareahavebeendividedaccordingto
their perceived risk and operational expediency. (For example, the road access between
Halepōhakuandthesummitincludeslandswithdifferenttenurebutacommonpurpose.)
AnalysisofRisk:ManagementZones
TheprobabilityofnewspeciesenteringandbecomingestablishedwithintheManagementAreais
directly related to the level of human activity experienced at a particular site and proximity to
anthropogenic structures (buildings, roads, earthworks). Early detection activities should
thereforefocusonsiteswiththegreatestamountofhumanuse.Belowisabriefdescriptionofthe
managementzonesindecreasingorderofrisk.
HALEPŌHAKU The mid‐level Visitor Information Station and Onizuka Center for International Astronomy are
located on a 19.3‐acre site at the entry to the Management Area at an altitude of 9,200 ft A.S.L.
ThesebuildingsmarktheroadentrytotheManagementArea.TheVisitorInformationCenterisa
staging point for public visitors and is comprised of a gift store, restrooms, picnic tables, and
informationcenter.TheAstronomyCenterhousesscientistsandtechnicalstaff.Itisalsousedasa
stagingpointforequipment,suppliesandconstructionmaterialsboundfortheAstronomyPrecinct
onthesummit.
Together,thesesitesexperiencetheheaviestvisitorandemployeeusageoftheentireManagement
Area.TheOfficeofMaunaKeaManagementestimatesthatin2014over40,000vehiclesvisitedthe
P a g e 29 | 84 Management Area above Halepōhaku [Hunter pers comm]. Of these, approximately 76% of
vehicleswereoperatedbymembersofthepublic(anon‐regulatedpathway)anditisreasonableto
assume that many of these stop at the Visitor Information Station to acclimatize before either
venturingfurtherorreturning.
Surveyfrequencyandintensityneedstobegreatestatthesefacilities.Theyreceivemorehuman
and vehicular traffic than any other zone within the Management Area and much of the larger
construction items bound for the summit are delivered here before transport to the summit.
Additionally, the structures provide a variety of micro‐climates, thus increasing the risk of
establishmentofnon‐nativespecies(15)andimplythatcontroleffortsaroundfacilitieswhichreduce
thepotentialriskofspreadingorfacilitatingestablishmentofnon‐nativespeciesarebeneficial.
ROADWAY CORRIDOR The road corridor connecting Halepōhaku with the summit and Astronomy Precinct comprises
approximately 45‐acres of road bed and 700‐acres of surrounding undisturbed landscape. There
areseveralsmallcarparkingareasalongtheroadcorridorbetweenHalepōhakuandtheMaunakea
ScienceReserve.AlltraffictothesummitofMaunakeatravelsalongthisroad.
Humandisturbance,especiallysoildisturbanceisoftenimplicatedinfacilitatingtheestablishment
andspreadofinvasivespecies(16).This,coupledwiththeheavyvehicularuseonthisroadincreases
the risk of entry, establishment and spread of new invasive species(17) as well as those species
alreadypresentwithintheManagementArea.
The soil disturbed by road construction and regular grading provides a ready‐made site for seed
germination and plant establishment. Mean annual rainfall for this area ranges from 28" ‐ 16",
decreasing with elevation (Rainfall Atlas of Hawaii, http://rainfall.geography.hawaii.edu/).
However, road construction results in the concentration of water in run‐off ditches and culverts.
This additional moisture will increase germination and survival especially for non‐native plants.
Therefore,roadvergesandnearbyvegetationaretobesurveyedonaregularbasis.
ASTRONOMY PRECINCT The 525‐acre astronomy precinct is home to thirteen observatories with associated outbuildings;
eachstaffedbyscientificandtechnicalpersonnel[Figure3.1].Thestructuresatthesummiteach
provide altered microclimates, potentially suitable for supporting invasive species not ordinarily
abletoestablishathighaltitudes.Withinthismanagementzone,vehicularandhumanmovement
iscloselyassociatedwithstructures(observatories,outbuildingsandroads).
TheAstronomyPrecinctissituatedatthesummitofMaunakea,withmoststructuresatelevations
between 13,300 and 13,700 ft above sea level. The extreme altitude is not generally a good
environmentforplantestablishment.However,thebuildingscanprovideprotectionfromextremes
of wind and temperature and create a variety of microhabitats suitable for establishment of
P a g e 30 | 84 introducedplantandanimalspecies.Meanannualrainfallforthisareaisapproximately8",which
increaseswithdecreasingelevationintotheMaunaKeaScienceReserve(RainfallAtlasofHawaii,
http://rainfall.geography.hawaii.edu/). Road verges, again, provide better conditions for seed
germination.Landnotimmediatelyadjacenttothesestructuresisnotaslikelytoprovideadequate
germinationconditions.
Figure3.1AerialviewoftheMaunakeaAstronomyPrecinctwithMaunakeaManagementArea(inset).
ImagetakenfromGoogleEarthaccessedAugust2014.
MAUNA KEA SCIENCE RESERVE Theremainderofthe Management Area,known asthesciencereserve,coversanareaof 11,288‐
acres. Human visitation to this area is lower than other management zones and is largely
frequented by hunters, scientific staff and visitation to the various sites of cultural significance.
Access to much of this area is difficult. The greatest risk of entry and establishment of invasive
P a g e 31 | 84 speciesforthispartoftheManagementAreaislateralmovementofthesespeciesfromneighboring
lands.Thispresentsanoperationalprobleminrelationtoearlydetectionandmonitoringactivities
because the boundary between the Mauna Kea Science Reserve and neighboring lands is not
associatedwitharoad,trailorothernavigablemeansofborderpatrol.
Systematic surveys of the entire 11,288‐acre Science Reserve will be very resource‐intensive and
likely to be impractical. The nearest road to the lower boundary of this zone is the Maunakea
Skyline Road known as the “R1”; a 32 mile road that (with a portion of the Saddle Road)
circumnavigates Maunakea, running from immediately below the Visitor Information Station, and
terminating at the Saddle Road (Figure 3.2). The R1 is a graded track suited to four wheel drive
vehiclesandmotorcyclesonly,andisusedfrequentlybytheoff‐roadcommunityforscenicdriving.
Thisroadprovidesanopportunitytointerceptinvasiveplantandanimalspeciesthatmighttravel
throughlateralspreadtoencroachontheMaunaKeaScienceReserve.
P a g e 32 | 84 Figure 3.2. Aerial image showing the Maunakea Management Area and the roads immediately
adjacent.
AnalysisofRisk:PotentialThreatSpecies
PLANTS For the purpose of this section of the management plan, invasive plant species are; 1) already
presentontheManagementArea;2)notpresentbutgrowingneartheManagementArea;or3)not
P a g e 33 | 84 present on Hawai‘i island but identified as serious threats [Table 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3]. High priority
speciesnotpresentwithintheManagementAreawillbetargetedinearlydetectionsurveyswhile
thosethatarealreadypresentwillbetargetedformonitoringandresponseactivitiesaccordingto
thelevelofthreattheypose.Theselistswillchangeasnewspeciesaredetectedandnewthreats
identified.Afulllisthasbeenappendedandwillbeupdatedaschangesoccur.
Thepotential“invasiveness”ofplantspeciescanbedifficulttopredictapriori.TheHawai‘iWeed
Risk Assessment(18), based on earlier work in New Zealand(19) is considered by many to be the
currentbest‐practicemethodforpredictinginvasiveness.Thelevelofthreatposedbyaparticular
speciesisbasedonresponsesto49questionsaboutaplant’sbiology,ecology&invasivetendencies
elsewhere.Theanswersresultinascore(theWRAscore)thatpredictswhetheraplantislikelyto
beinvasiveinHawai‘i.Plantswithhigherscoresposeagreaterthreatthanthosewithlowerscores.
The level of accuracy of this system is approximately 85%(18), thus there is some uncertainty of
results.TheHawai‘iWeedRiskAssessmentdatabasewillbeusedtorankallpotentialandcurrent
invasive plant species. Detection, monitoring and response actions will be based on the threat
scores generated by this assessment method, supplemented by field observations of the species
thatindicateanincreasedordecreasedlevelofthreatcomparedwiththeHWRAscoreonfile,and
inputfromadjacentland‐owners,knowledgeofaffectsofaltitude,andregulatoryagencies.
The prevailing method for survey and monitoring of invasive plants is by visual searches, often
conductedinassociationwithphysicalremoval of anyexoticspeciesthatareencountered(when
suitablyqualifiedortrainedstaffareabletoidentifynon‐nativespeciesinthefield).Acompletelist
ofmitigationmethodsisappended.
TheHawai‘iWeedRiskAssessmentscoreshallbedeterminedforallnon‐nativeplantswithinthe
ManagementArea andthoseatrisk frombecoming established.Species withascoreof 7orless
will be categorized as “low” priority; those that score between 8 and 16 shall be categorized as
“medium”priorityandthosescoring17orhighershallbe“high”priorityspecies.Prioritiesshallbe
adjusted based on input from adjacent land‐owners and regulatory agencies, and reflect control
statusofadjacentStateland‐ownerpracticesunlesseradication(ormeaningfulcontrol)ispractical
exclusivelyonManagementareas.
Low Priority Species TheseplantsareunlikelytodegradetheMaunakeaManagementAreainanappreciableway.They
maybesmall,spreadveryslowlyoronlybyvegetativemeans.Theyshouldbepulledordestroyed
ifencounteredinadestructionactivityforotherhigherpriorityspecies.
Medium Priority Species Thesespecieshavecharacteristicsthatareundesirable,andmaythreatenordegradetheecological,
cultural or aesthetic values of the area. The distribution of these species are to be mapped and
populations monitored to determine whether the WRA score is an accurate reflection of that
species’ “weediness”. A control plan is to be prepared for each species or incorporated into
management area control plans, (although such a control plan may not necessarily include
treatmentordestruction),andtheinvasivestatusbereportedinannualreports.
P a g e 34 | 84 High Priority Species High Priority species are very invasive, have the ability to spread quickly and over‐run the
ecosystems they invade. Often, these species have additional negative impacts to environments,
cultural and aesthetic values. For each high priority species present on UH‐managed lands at
Maunakea, a response plan will be prepared in accordance with the policies and procedures
outlinedinSection5(EmergencyResponsePlanning,seeFigure5.2).Thisresponseplanwilldetail
thelevelofresponse:eradication,aggressivecontrol,longtermmanagement;afterconsideringall
availabledata.
ThetypicaldecisionmakingprocessforresponsetothesespeciesisdetailedinFigure3.3.
Introducedspecies
foundonManagement
Area
Obtainorcalculate
HWRAscore
Score=1‐7
Lowpriorityspecies
Score=8‐16
Mediumpriority
species
Score=>16
Highpriorityspecies
Prepareand
implementacontrol
plan
Followproceduresin
section5.Existing
species,refertosection
4.
Nospecificaction(ad
hocdestructionin
associationwithother
operations)
Figure3.3.ProcessformanagingintroducedplantspeciesonMaunakeaManagementArea.
Introduced Plant Species Currently Growing on the Maunakea Management Area Monitoring and control procedures will be developed for all species currently growing on the
Management Area. The complexity, level of involvement by oversight committees, and resources
allocatedtoeachspecieswillbedeterminedbythelevelofthreat(biological,culturalandaesthetic)
P a g e 35 | 84 theypose.Manyspecieswillseenominalcontrolefforts,giventheirwidespreadpresenceonthe
islandandthreatlevel.
Table3.1.ListofintroducedplantspeciespresentontheManagementAreaandHWRAscore(where
available).
species
Achilleamillefolium
Anthoxanthumodoratum
Bidenspilosa
Bromuscatharticus
Bromusdiandrus
Chamaecytisus prolifera var.
palmensis
Coreopsislanceolata
Dactylisglomerata
Ehrhartacalycina
Epilobiumbillardierianum
Erodiumcicutarium
Eschscholziacalifornica
Eucalyptusspp.
Gaillardiapulchella
Geraniumhomeanum
Heterothecagrandiflora
Holcuslanatus
Hypochoerisradicata
Lepidiumspp.
Loliumspp.
Marrubiumvulgare
Mollugocerviana
Nassellacernua
Oenotherastricta
Pennisetumclandestinum
Poaannua
Poapratensis
Rumexacetosella
Rytidospermasemiannulare
Seneciomadagascariensis
Seneciosylvaticus
Seneciovulgaris
Taraxacumofficinale
Tragopogonporrifolius
commonname
commonyarrow
sweetvernalgrass
spanishneedle
rescuegrass
ripgutgrass
broom(tagasaste)
Ko‘oko‘olau
haole,
lanceleaftickseed
orchardgrass
perennialveldtgrass
willowherb
alifaria,pinclover
Californiapoppy
eucalyptus
indianblanket
Australasiangeranium
telegraphplant
velvetgrass
gosmore
peppergrass
ryegrass
horehound
carpetweed
needlegrass
eveningprimrose
kikuyugrass
annualbluegrass
Kentuckybluegrass
sheepsorrel
wallabygrass
fireweed
woodlandragwort
commongroundsel
commondandelion
salsify
HWRA
19
11
23
Priority
high
medium
high
18
high
14
medium
23
high
P a g e 36 | 84 Trifoliumarvense
Verbascumthapsus
Verbascumvirgatum
Verbenalitoralis
Vulpiabromoides
lanceclover
mullein
wandmullein
ōwī
bromefescue
Introduced plant species currently growing near or adjacent to the Maunakea Management Area
Species not currently present on the Management Area, but known to be established on adjacent
land (Table 3.2) are to be targeted in early detection/monitoring surveys (or on the island Table
3.3).ThesespeciescouldbetransportedtotheManagementAreabyhuman‐assisteddispersal(as
seeds or propagative material carried on people, goods or vehicles) or spread from established
populationsgrowingneartheexternalboundary.
The Halepōhaku, road corridor and the Astronomy Precinct are the most likely locations for
establishment of new introduced plant species, so early detection surveys are to focus on those
areas. The external boundary of the Management Area is not readily accessible for survey
purposes. As a surrogate, the R1 road shall be surveyed for introduced plant species. These
surveys are to record the identity and locations of any medium and high priority target species.
Surveys of the remainder of the Science Reserve shall be limited to areas experiencing regular
humantrafficorconcurrentwithothermanagementactivities:knownwalkingtrailsandcultural
sites,historicpropertymonitoring,etc.
Table 3.2. List of introduced plants growing on lands immediately adjacent to, but not within, the
Maunakea Management Area (identified in reports published by Hakalau NWR, Mauna Kea Forest
ReserveorNAR,orDepartmentofHawaiianHomeLands).
species
Agrostisalba
Andropogonvirginicus
Anemonehupehensis
Axonopusfissifolius
Cerastiumfontanum
Conyzabonariensis
Cryptomeriajaponica
Delaireaodorata
Ehrhartastipoides
Fuchsiaspp.
Hedychiumgardnerianum
Ilexaquifolium
Juncuseffuses
Lonicerajaponica
Paspalumdilatatum
commonname
HWRA
redtop
broomsedge
Japaneseanemone
narrow‐leaved
16
carpetgrass
mouse‐earchickweed
fleabane
sugipine
‐3
Germanivy
14
weeping
grass,
meadowricegrass
fuchsia
kahiliginger
16
holly
Japanese mat rush,
commonrush
Japanesehoneysuckle
12
dallisgrass
12
Priority
medium
low
medium
medium
medium
medium
P a g e 37 | 84 Passifloramollissima
Photiniadavidiana
Pinusspp.
Psidiumcattleianum
Rubusargutus
Rubusrosifolius
Stellariamedia
Tibouchinaherbacea
Ulexeuropaeus
bananapoka
photinia
pine
strawberryguava
Floridablackberry
thimbleberry
commonchickweed
glorybush
commongorse
‐2
low
18
21.5
10
high
high
medium
24
20
high
high
An abbreviated list of introduced plants growing on Hawai‘i Island is limited to: a) species
previouslyeradicatedfromtheManagementarea,b)speciesidentifiedasinvasivebyadjacentland
owners (i.e. the Maunakea Watershed Alliance), c) other species that potentially can survive and
reproduceinthehighelevationenvironment.
Table 3.3. List of introduced plants already found on Hawai‘i Island, but not within the Maunakea
Management Area or immediately adjacent lands (identified in reports published for Pōhakuloa
TrainingArea).
species
Angiopterisevecta
Asclepiasphysocarpa
Circiumvulgare
Clidemiahirta
Cocciniagrandis
Ficusrubiginosa
Fraxinusuhdei
Grevillearobusta
Kalanchoetubiflora
Lophospermumerubescens
Melastomacandidum
Miconiacalvescens
Morellafaya
Nicotianaglauca
Passifloratarminiana
Pennisetumsetaceum
Ricinuscommunis
Rubusellipticus
Salsolakali
Schinusterebinthifolius
Setariapalmifolia
SolanumPseudocapsicum
commonname
HWRA
mule'sfootfern
8
balloonplant
8
bullthistle
18.5
Koster'scurse
ivygourd
PortJacksonfig
7
tropicalwhiteash
11
silkyoak
5
maternityplant
creepinggloxinia
5
Asian
melastome,
13
Malabarmalastome
miconia
14
firetree
8
treetobacco
15
bananapoka
24
fountaingrass
26
castorbean
21
yellow
Himalayan 18.0
raspberry
tumbleweed
18.5
Christmasberry
19
palmgrass
Jerusalemcherry
Priority
medium
medium
high
low
medium
low
low
medium
medium
medium
medium
high
high
high
high
high
high
P a g e 38 | 84 Sphaeropteriscooperi
Tibouchinaurvilleana
Australiantreefern
princess‐flower
8
10
medium
medium
Survey design and frequency: invasive plants Thefrequencyandscopeofearlydetectionandmonitoringactivitiesaredeterminedbythelevelof
risk that each management zone presents relative to other zones. The Halepōhaku and road
corridorzonesarethehighestriskareasduetothehighlevelsofhumanvisitationandmovement
ofcommodities.TheAstronomyPrecinctreceiveslowervisitationandtheareasawayfromroads
and buildings are less amenable to germination and growth of introduced species. The Science
reservehasthelowestvisitation,andhumanactivityislimitedtotrailsandculturalsites.Hunters,
hikers,scientific,andOfficeofMaunaKeaManagementstaffarethemostfrequentvisitorsforthe
remainderofthiszone.Thesepersonnelpossessanenhancedawarenessofthedangersofinvasive
species and more likely to take preventative actions prior to embarkation. Table 3.4 lists the
frequency,typeandscopeofsurveysforintroducedplants.Surveymethodstobeusedforthese
activitiesareappended.
Table3.4.Surveyfrequencyandscopefordetectionandmonitoringintroducedplantspecies.
Survey
frequency
ManagementZone Surveytype
scope1
Halepōhakuand
Roadcorridor
Establishedandpotential
threatspecies
Alllandwithin300ftof
Twice
structuresandwithin60ft
annually
ofroadsandparkinglots
Astronomy
precinct
Establishedandpotential
threatspecies
Alllandwithin150ftof
structuresandwithin60ft annually
ofroadsandparkinglots
ScienceReserve
Establishedandpotential
threatspecies
Trailsandculturalsites,
siteswithestablished
introducedspecies
R1road
Potentialthreatspeciesonly2
Alllandwithin30ftof
roadverges
Minimum
every2years,
remotesites
lessfrequent
Minimum
every2years
VERTEBRATES Asidefromdogsandferalungulates,cats,mongooseandrodentsarethegreatestvertebratethreat
to the Management Area. Mongoose are rarely encountered and are to be reported as‐seen.
Commensal rodents (mice and rats) are most prevalent in conjunction with human habitation.
Feralcatsareoccasionallyencountered.Introducedbirds,whilecommon,havenoknowncontrol
methods for an otherwise unbounded Management Area; and as mentioned previously
environmentalconditionsarenotknowntoprovidesuitablehabitatforreptilesandamphibians.
1Onceahighormoderatepriorityspeciesisdetected,surveytodelimittheextentwillcontinuebeyondthe
distanceslistedbelow.
2EstablishedintroducedspeciesmayalsoberecordedasdeterminedbyOfficeofMaunaKeaManagement.
P a g e 39 | 84 Thereisnoexistingconsistentriskanalysisforintroducedvertebratesasthereisforplants.Rather
prioritiesaresetinconsultationwithFederalandStatewildlifemanagementagencies.
Survey design and frequency: invasive vertebrates As outlined in the introduction, The Office of Mauna Kea Management has no legal authority for
managing feral ungulates and other game species. However, current practice at Maunakea is to
search for scat (dung), on an ad hoc basis, collate and map the resulting data. The latest map,
prepared by OMKM (Figure 3.4) shows the majority of ungulate activity within the road access
corridor,VisitorInformationCenterandtheAstronomyprecinct.Thismayreflectsurveyeffortin
theseareasasopposedtothedensityoftargetspecies.
Figure3.4.Locationofanimalscatandsurveymethod,MaunakeaManagementArea,2004.
P a g e 40 | 84 TheOfficeofMaunaKeaManagementdoesnotactivelycontrolvertebratepestssuchasungulates
and game animals. However, staff may observe these animals during normal duties and these
sightingsshouldbereportedinamannerthatspatialdatamaybecompiledtoassistotheragencies
withmanagingthesespecies.Encounterswithanimalscatshouldalsobedocumented.
Surveysandmonitoringforcommensalrodents(ratsandmice)andferalcatswillbeconductedto
Institutional Animal Care and Use and Committee (IACUC) standards. All buildings and other
structures will be kept free of mice and rats using a control system that conforms to current
standards.Additionalsightingsofmice,ratsorharboragebeyondtheseareaswillbereportedby
OfficeofMaunaKeaManagementastheycometohand(seeTable3.5forsummary).
Table3.5.Surveyfrequencyandscopefordetectionandmonitoringvertebrates.
ManagementZone Surveytype
Halepōhaku
Roadcorridor
Astronomy
precinct
ScienceReserve
R1road
Reportsightingsofdogs,
ungulatesandmongooseas
encountered.
Ongoingrodentpestcontrol
programinandaround
structures
Reportsightingsofungulates
andmongooseasencountered.
Reportscatandevidenceof
vertebrateuse(grazing,
harborageetc.)
Reportsightingsofungulates
andmongooseasencountered
Ongoingrodentpestcontrol
programinandaround
structures
Reportsightingsofungulates
andmongooseasencountered.
Reportscatandevidenceof
vertebrateuse(grazing,
harborageetc.)
Nosurvey
scope
Survey
frequency
adhoc
annualreportperIACUC
standards
ongoing
adhoc
coordinatedwithNAR
program
ongoing
adhoc
annualreportperIACUC
standards
ongoing
adhoc
ongoing
ARTHROPODS Invertebrates (arthropods) have great potential to alter the ecological functioning of the
ManagementAreaaswellasimpactingontheintegrityofculturalresourcesandhumanhealth(20).
The greatest potential impacts are most likely to be caused by “social insects” (ants, wasps, bees
and termites). These insects live cooperatively and have the greatest potential to establish and
P a g e 41 | 84 spread. For example, the Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) has successfully invaded Haleakalā
National Park on Maui and spread to elevations above 9000 ft(21), reducing abundance of other
invertebratesincludingpollinatorsoftheHaleakalāsilversword(Argyroxiphiumsandwicensesubsp.
macrocephalum). Once established, social insects are very difficult to control or eradicate, often
requiringsubstantialhumanresourcesandmaterials.
Thefollowinggroupsofinvertebratesarethehighprioritytargetspeciesforbothearlydetection
and ongoing monitoring (appended invertebrate identification guide will be updated more
frequentlythanthisdocument):
1. Ants (Order: Hymenoptera, Suborder: Apocrita, Family: Formicidae) and other taxa that are
morphologicallysimilar,i.e.looklikeants,
2. Wasps(Order:Hymenoptera,Suborder:Apocrita,Families:Vespidae,Pompilidae,&Mutilidae)
and other taxa that are morphologically similar, i.e. look like large wasps. [Excluded are:
SuborderApocrita,Families:Bradynobeanidae,Falsiformicidae,Rhopalosomatidae,Sapygidae,
Scoliidae,Sierolomorphidae,Tiphiidae]),
3. Spiders(Order:Aranae),
4. Beetles (Order: Coleoptera) [Excluded are Suborder: Polyphaga, Family: Coccinellidae – i.e.
ladybugs),
5. Horn & Stable Flies (Order: Diptera, Suborder: Brachycera, Family: Muscidae, Subfamily:
Muscinae,Tribe:Stomoxyini)
6. Centipedes(Order:Scolopendromorpha,Family:Scolopendridae,Genus:Scolopendra),and
7. Mollusks(Phylum:Mollusca).
Survey design and frequency: invasive arthropods Therearenumerousmethodstosurveyandmonitorfornon‐nativearthropods,includingmollusks.
Innaturaloroutdoorareas,visualsearching,pitfalltrapping anddeployment ofvialsbaitedwith
foodluresarethepredominantmethods.Sweepnetsareaneffectivemethodtosurveyinsectsin
shrubsandlowvegetation.Largertreescanbesurveyedbyphysicallyjoltingthestemandcatching
arthropodsintraysastheyfall.Themosteffective(andtime‐consuming)surveymethodfortaller
vegetationinvolvesfoggingthecanopywithanon‐residualpesticideandcollectingallinsectsthat
fallwithasheetlaidontheground.
Ofthemethodslistedabove,visualsearchesandpitfalltrappingaremostlikelytocaptureavariety
of species groups. Visual searching (with trained staff) is the most efficient. However, when
monitoringforasinglespecies,theremaybesuperiorspecies‐specificmethodsavailable.
Indoor sampling methods include visual surveys and baited glue boards. Glue boards shall be
deployed on an ongoing basis in areas near arthropod habitat (warm areas, close proximity to
water, shelter or food). Boards can be inspected at pre‐determined intervals. Recommended
surveyfrequenciesarelistedinTable3.6.
P a g e 42 | 84 Table 3.6. survey frequency and scope for detection of and monitoring for introduced arthropod
species.
ManagementZone Surveytype
Halepōhaku
Baitedandun‐baitedpitfall
trapssupplementedbyvisual
searchesaspitfalltrapsare
retrieved.Weedpullaround
facilities.
Baitedglueboardsindoors
Baitedglueboards,vials
outdoors
Roadcorridor
Visualsearchesandarrayof
baitedandunbaitedtraps
Astronomy
precinct
ScienceReserve
R1road
Visualsearchesandarrayof
baited&unbaitedtraps
Baitedglueboardsandvisual
searches
Quadratsurveysalongpaths
andwalkingtrails.Thorough
visualsurveyandbaitedvials
aroundculturalsites
Visualsearcheswithin
quadratsonhighsideof
roadway
scope
distributedacrossentire
parcel
indoorsinfacilities
outsideoffacilities
entireroadcorridor,
emphasisonpull‐outs,
parkingareas,trailheads,
etc.
roadway,facilities,and
undevelopedareas
allfacilitiesindoorand
outdoor
trailsurveytocomprise
5%oftraillength
Survey
frequency
twice
annually
monthly
quarterly
annually
annually
quarterly
minimum
every2years,
remotesites
lessfrequent
totalquadratstocomprise minimum
1%ofroadlength
every2years
P a g e 43 | 84 Section4.ControlofEstablishedInvasiveSpecies
GeneralPrinciples
Non‐nativeplantandanimalspeciesestablishedwithintheManagementareahavethepotentialto
impact the cultural, environmental and aesthetic values of the Maunakea landscape. However,
management actions designed to mitigate these impacts also have the potential to affect the very
valuestheyaimtoprotect.Controlactionstherefore,mustbeselectedaftercarefulconsideration
ofallfactorsincludingculturalandsocialissues.Often,thecourseofactioneventuallyselectedwill
beacompromisebetweenecological,aestheticandculturalcostsandbenefits.
Theselectionofresponsemethodsistobemadeafterfullconsiderationofthefollowingquestions:
1. Will the proposed response have a reasonable probability of achieving the desired
objectiveoroutcome?
Oftenthereareseveralpossibleresponseorcontrolmethodsavailabletodecisionmakers.Itcan
be difficult to determine the exact probability of a successful outcome when comparing methods,
however, it may be possible to determine (by Bayesian or group consensus) which methods are
likely to be effective. Those that are unlikely to be effective should not be selected without
changingtheobjectiveandacknowledgingthereasonsforchangingobjectives.
2. Doestheproposedresponseadheretobestpracticepestcontrolprinciplesofusingthe
leasttoxicmethodtoachievethedesiredobjectiveoroutcome?
Theidealofbest‐practicepestcontrolistoemploytheleasttoxicmethodusingtheleastamountof
pesticide necessary to achieve the desired level of control. Following this best‐practice guideline
ensures the lowest possible level of non‐target or environmental impact. This ideal includes
selectionofmethodsthataremoretarget‐specificthanotheroptions.
3. Are anticipated non‐target impacts an acceptable cultural, environmental or aesthetic
cost?
Theremaybeinstanceswherecertaincontroloptionscouldpotentiallyresultinunwantedimpacts
ontheenvironmentalvaluesortootherorganismslivinginassociationwiththenon‐nativespecies
beingcontrolled.Thecosts(unwantedimpacts)mustbeweighedagainstthebenefits(removalof
the target species) in a way that allows an informed decision to be made. At times, non‐target
impacts may be an acceptable cost in order to prevent even larger impacts from the non‐native
species,andinothersituationstheunwantedimpactsarenotacceptable.
4. What are the consequences of taking no action or selecting a response method with
lowerefficacy?
There may be conflicts between a desire to use non‐pesticide methods (physical, cultural or
biological controls) rather than conventional use of pesticides to achieve a pest control objective.
These conflicts may be influenced by social or cultural desires to employ methods deemed more
P a g e 44 | 84 “natural”. While this document does not attempt to determine which course of action is most
appropriate,itisimportanttofullyconsiderthecosts(economic,environmentalandcultural)when
makingthesedecisions.
LegislationandRegulatoryRequirements
The use of pesticides is subject to federal, state and sometimes county laws, statutes and
regulations. Laws and regulations relating to the use of pesticides, herbicides, rodenticides and
fungicidesontheManagementAreaareadministeredbythefollowingagencies:
THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA) All substances used for the control of plant and animal pests must be registered with the
Environmental Protection Agency in accordance with the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and
Rodenticide Act (7 U.S.C. §136 et seq.) (1996). Also known as FIFRA, this act (and associated
legislation)regulatespesticideuse,distributionandsale.
HAWAI‘I DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TheHDOAPesticideBranchadministersHawai‘iRevisedStatuteschapter149(Hawai‘iPesticides
Law) and associated Hawai‘i Administrative Rules Chapter 66. Almost all pesticides used in the
stateofHawai‘imusthavebothEPAandHawai‘iregistration.
The use of pesticides in a manner that does not comply with the product label (off‐label use)
requiresapermitfromHDOAPesticidesBranch.Thereareseveralpermittypesthatmayapplyfor
controlactivitieswithintheManagementArea:
Special Local Need Permit ASpecialLocalNeed(SLN)permitmaybeissuedbyHDOAinordertoallowtheuseofacurrently
registered pesticide in a manner not in compliance with the official state product label. Under
normal circumstances, an SLN may be issued when there is no currently registered alternative
productavailableforthepurpose.Itisnormalpracticefortheregistranttomaketheapplication,
provideadditionallabelinstructionsandefficacydatatosupportthenewusepattern.
Experimental Use Permit Bonafideresearchpersonnelwhohavetheappropriatepesticideapplicatorlicensemayapplyfor
an Experimental Use Permit when wishing to test or research a new product or use an existing
productinanewway.Theaimofsuchapermitistogatherdataratherthanachieveapestcontrol
objective. The size of the area used for treatment must be less than ten acres. Experiments that
coverlessthan0.25‐acresmaybeexempt.Ifanarealargerthantenacresisrequired,afederalEUP
permitwillbeneeded.
Manufacturer’s Recommendation 2E‐E If a proposed use pattern is not specifically prohibited on the label of a pesticide, the registrant
(manufacturer) may issue a 2E‐E recommendation allowing the proposed use pattern. These are
submittedbytheregistrant,usuallyattherequestoftheagencythatrequiresit.
P a g e 45 | 84 Commercial Applicator License Some pesticides are classified as “restricted use”. In order to purchase and use restricted‐use
pesticides, an operator needs to possess a commercial applicator license issued in the state of
Hawai‘i.ThetestsandlicensesareissuedbytheHawai‘iDepartmentofAgriculture.
HAWAI‘I DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH TheCleanWaterAct(33U.S.C.§1251etseq.)(1972)regulatesthedischargeorpotentialdischarge
of pesticides into certain water bodies. Any application of pesticides or herbicides over, or near
such waters may require a permit issued by the state Department of Health Clean water Branch.
PotentiallytheCleanWaterActwillapplytoanypesticideusenearLakeWai‘au.
Hawai‘i Dept. of Health also administers Chapter 343 of Hawai‘i Revised Statutes “Environmental
Impact Statements”, which for the purpose of pesticide use on Maunakea regulates requirements
for preparing Environmental Impact Statements or Environmental Assessments Per the Statute,
The minimum requirement for use of pesticides in the Science Reserve requires is an
EnvironmentalAssessment.Pesticideusewithinoradjacenttobuildingsandotherstructuresdoes
notfallundertheseprovisions.
HAWAI‘I DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES The UH Managed Lands are located within the state’s Conservation District, Resource Subzone.
ApplicationofherbicidesandpesticidestoanareagreaterthanoneacrerequiresaDLNR‐approved
siteplan(H.A.R.Title13‐5).
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS FOR PESTICIDE USE ON MAUNAKEA The UH Managed Lands are located within the state’s Conservation District, Resource Subzone.
ApplicationofherbicidesandpesticidestoanareagreaterthanoneacrerequiresaDLNR‐approved
siteplan,containedasanappendixtothisdocument(H.A.R.Title13‐5).
Broadcastherbicideandpesticideuseshouldbeavoidedinthealpinestonedesertabove12,800ft
elevation, within 15 feet of endangered plants, and within a 200‐foot buffer around historic
propertiessuchasburials.
Pesticide baits in bait stations are generally highly specific and may be used throughout the UH
ManagedLands,whenusedaccordingtolabelandinconsultationwithexperiencedprofessionals.
The cold, dry conditions of Maunakea slow the microbial breakdown of chemicals to inert
compounds.Theleastpersistentformulationamongeffectiveoptionsispreferred.
ControlMethods
Current control of non‐native plants on University managed lands is addressed via management
zones.IntheAstronomyPrecinctandMaunakeaScienceReserve,Rangerstaffpullandreportall
non‐native species observed. OMKM staff track and report on these activities. Along the road
P a g e 46 | 84 corridor, below the MKSR, non‐native plants are pulled in conjunction with volunteer groups;
although few volunteer groups are currently identified which are prepared to hike in the rugged
terrain. In Halepōhaku, OMKM staff and volunteer groups conduct semi‐monthly volunteer weed
pullstargetingallnon‐nativespeciesexceptgrasses.Forarthropods,controlwithinfacilitiesisleft
largely to building owners. Outside of buildings, non‐native arthropod control decisions are
currently made in consultation with the State DLNR entomologist. Currently control efforts are
limitedtospottreatmentforantsatHalepōhakuandswarmtrapsforhoneybees,allotherknown
non‐nativespeciesofconcernaremonitored.
PLANTS Theselectionofacontroltechniqueisspecies‐andsituation‐specific,butcangenerallybepredicted
by taxa and by the density, size, and area of the plants. Treatment options described below are
derivedfromcommonpracticesamongconservationagenciesinHawai‘i,herbicidelabels,andthe
literatureonweedcontrolinHawai‘i(22‐25).
Cultural Control Culturalcontrolincludesmaintainingorrestoringundisturbedsoiloragroundcoverofdesirable
plantstosuppresstheestablishmentofnewweeds.AsthenaturalvegetationinmostoftheMKSR
is sparse, cultural control options are limited to avoiding unnecessary disturbance of the natural
rocksubstrate.Controlsandmonitoringofconstructionsites,prohibitionofoffroad vehicleuse,
and requiring visitors to observe established trails and parking areas all support this objective.
Ungulatesalsocontributetosoildisturbanceandtheremovalorpopulationcontrolofthesespecies
isrecommended.
The restoration plan under development for the Halepōhaku area prescribes revegetation with
nativeshrubsandgrasses.The“natural”densityofvegetationcoverforthisareaisunknown,due
to the long history of disturbance and grazing by non‐native ungulates. Comparison with other
high, dry habitats suggests that it will remain open woodland with sparse bunchgrass and shrub
understory. Encouraging native grass and shrubs to occupy prime locations, and limiting
disturbancethroughpreventionmeasuresdescribedabove,arecomponentsofculturalcontrolfor
thisarea.InkeepingwithHawai‘iAdministrativeRules(HAR),restorationplanswillbedeveloped
fortheHalepōhakuareaandprescriberevegetationwithnativeshrubsandgrasses(andanyother
areasasappropriate).
Mechanical or Manual Control Mechanical methods include cutting, tilling, disking, or bulldozing with the aid of motorized
equipment. These methods all increase soil disturbance and erosion and are not suitable for the
ManagementArea.Manualcontrolmethodssuchashand‐pulling,cutting,anddiggingorgrubbing
are more suitable although these methods are slow, labor intensive, and may allow plants to
surviveandresprout.Formanyspecies,theentireplant,includingthetaprootandfruitorflowers
must be dug up and removed from the site for effective control. This limits the effectiveness of
manualcontroltosmallareasandtoplantssmallenoughtobepulledandcarriedbytheaverage
worker.
WeeddensitiesintheMaunaKeaScienceReservearelowenough,atlessthan0.1%cover(26),that
hand pulling is feasible for most species. The time required to pull the occasional weed is
P a g e 47 | 84 insignificantcomparedtothetimerequiredtotravelthroughouttheMKSR.Newspeciesdetected
inthisareaarelikelytobecontrolledbyhand‐pulling.
The nineteen‐acre Halepōhaku parcel is more densely vegetated. Monthly removal projects by
volunteershavebeeneffectiveatreducingthecoverofcertainbroadleafweedsinaportionofthis
area.Herbicidesareneverthelesslikelytoberequiredtoachievecompleteweedcontrol.
Herbicides Herbicides become necessary when manual/mechanical control is ineffective, or has become
inadequateortoocostlytocontinue.Thehighcostofhaulingwaterupthemountainincreasesthe
relativecostofherbicidesprayingonUHManagedLands.Nevertheless,herbicideuseisexpected
tocomplementmanualcontrolintheHalepōhakuareaandtheMaunakeaAccessRoadfrom9,200
ft to approximately 12,000 ft elevation. Herbicides will primarily be used to control established,
widespreadweeds.Incipient(new)weedsmaybesprayedwhenlarge,dense,ormaturepatchesof
plants are discovered. Treatment, follow‐up monitoring, and retreatments will be scheduled to
achievemaximumefficacyandtopreventfuturegenerationsfromgoingtoseed.Wherecontinuous
vegetationcovermustberemoved,arestorationplanwillbeinplacetosystematicallyreplacethe
weedswithnativegrassesandshrubs.
An extensive literature search identified little information regarding special considerations of
herbicide use at high elevation, and nothing to indicate that their use on Maunakea will be
unusually problematic. Roads and natural areas are maintained in other high elevation (5,000‐
10,000ft)sitesusingthesamesuiteofherbicidesrecommendedinthisplan(27).Allrecommended
herbicides in this document are low‐volatile formulations, designed to prevent rapid evaporation
anddriftoftheactiveingredients.Additivesareavailabletofurtherreducevolatilizationanddrift.
While it is recognized that the microbial breakdown of active ingredients is slowed by dry, cold
conditions,otherherbicidesarerapidlybrokendownthroughphotolytic(sunlight)pathways.The
productlabels,legaldocumentswhichdetailuserequirements,containnowarningsorprohibitions
foruseincold,dry,conditionsorathighelevations.
INVERTEBRATES Control methods for arthropods and mollusks vary depending on the species being controlled or
the habitat they occupy. Arthropods are often cryptic or difficult to locate and pest control
techniques have evolved to address the variety of life forms and situations that are commonly
encountered.Belowisageneraldescriptionofcontroloptionsforthepriorityarthropodslistedin
theprevioussection.
Ants Ants can be controlled with baits (often species specific) or application of general purpose
insecticides. Baits have the advantage of low pesticide use and target‐specificity. In situations
wherebaitsareunsuitableforaparticularspecies,orantsaretobeexcludedfromaparticulararea
orstructure,residualpesticide“barriers”canbeemployed.
P a g e 48 | 84 Antbaitsconsistofanattractivefooditem(thebaitmatrix)lacedwithasmallquantityofpesticide
(theactiveingredient).Onlyaportionofworkerantsactivelyforageforfood.Theseforagerants
retrieve the baits for consumption by the rest of the colony, either physically carrying the food
items,orbycarryingtheliquidcomponentofthebaitintheircrop3.Asnestmatesareencountered,
foraging ants will share the contents of their crop, thus spreading the food (and the active
ingredient)throughoutthecolony.
Bait matrices are often different for different species and usually feature a carbohydrate, lipid or
protein‐based attractant depending on the feeding habits of the target species. Some attractants
requiretheuseofaninertcarriertofacilitateapplication.Thedegreeofattractiontoabaitmatrix
determinesthelevelofuptakeoftheactiveingredient.
The active ingredient usually affects all ants in a similar manner regardless of the ant’s feeding
preferences.However,onlyasmallgroupofpesticidesaresuitableforuseinantbaits.Theymust
be non‐repellent, slow acting and remain toxic even after substantial serial dilution via food
sharing.Onceanantbeginstobecomeaffectedbytheinsecticide,shequarantinesherselffromthe
restofthecolonyandceasestosharefood.
Residual and contact insecticides are less specific and affect all arthropods, including native and
non‐target species in a similar manner. These are useful for ant species that are not attracted to
baitsaswellasabarrierthatpreventsfurtherlateralspread.
Wasps Somewaspspeciesareextremelyinvasiveworldwide.ThetwomostwidespreadaretheGerman
(Vespula germanica) and common (Vespula vulgaris) wasp. On Management lands the western
(Vespula pensylvanica) wasp is occasionally observed. All three species are often called
“yellowjackets”.Manywaspspeciesaresocialinsects,livingtogetherinacentralnestandworking
together for defense and food gathering. Unlike ants, a substantial portion of wasps in a single
colonyaresexuallyreproductive.Thisincreasesthedifficultyofcontrollingthesespecies.Adirect
treatmentofthenestisoftenthemosteffectivecontrolmethod.Pesticidescanbeappliedasadust
oraerosolthroughnestentrances,effectivelytreatingallcolonymembers.Controlortreatmentof
waspnestsshouldbeconductedinlateafternoonswhenalladultshavereturnedtothenest.Due
totheextremelyaggressivenatureofthesespeciesandthepotentialforseriousinjurytohumans,
largernestsshouldbetreatedbyprofessionalpestcontrollers.
Baitshave alsobeenusedagainstsomewaspspecies (28),however,successfuldeploymentisonly
possibleduringperiodsofpeakproteinconsumptionandthismaybedifficultonMaunakea.
Spiders Spidersareadiversegroupofarthropodswithover40,000speciesknowntoscience.Almostall
spidersarepredatorsofotherarthropodsandinvertebrates.Notallspidersspinwebs,butmany
doso.Somespecieshavetheabilitytosurviveformonthswithoutfoodaslongasasourceofwater
isavailable (29).Theeffectofpesticidesonspiderscanbesubstantiallydifferentfromtheeffectsof
thesamecompoundoninsects.
3Allantsareliquidfeeders,solidparticlesarenoteatenordigested.
P a g e 49 | 84 Controlmethodsforspidersfocusontreatmentofwebsandharborswithresidualchemicals.Some
micro‐encapsulated synthetic pyrethroids (eg, lambda‐cyhalothrin) appear to be more effective
againstspidersthanflowableoremulsifiablesyntheticpyrethroids.
Beetles Coleoptera (beetles) are one of the most diverse insect groups known to science. Depending on
species, they can be detrivores, herbivores, predators, fungivores, parasites, dung‐feeders or
frugivores.Controlmethodsforbeetlesarejustasdiverseasbeetlesthemselvesandwillneedto
bedevelopedonacase‐by‐casebasisasnewspeciesareencountered.
Horn and Stable Flies Horn(Haematobiairritans)andstableflies(Stomoxyscalcitrans)(Family:Muscidae)andassociated
speciesareusuallyfoundincloseproximitytofarmanimalssuchascows,horsesanddogs.They
arealsopestsofpeople,adultsfeedingbetween20and40timesadayonfreshmanureorblood.
Theybitehumansandcanbevectorsforofdiseasesandparasites.Thelarvalstagesliveindungor
rotting material and the adults live in close proximity to their animal hosts. Controlmethods for
hornfliesincludetreatmentofthehostanimal,avisualattractant(boxtrap),contactpesticidesand
orinsecticidessuchassyntheticpyrethroids.
Centipedes Thelargecentipede(Scolopendrasubspinipes)isoneofthreecentipedesinHawai‘iandtheonlyone
of medical importance (30). Although solitary creatures, the females guard any eggs they lay until
theyhatch.Thevenom,carriedinthejaws,isfastactingandusedtosuppresspreyitems.When
humansarebitten,thevenomcancausearangeofreactionsfrommildswellingoftheimmediate
areatosubstantialswellingoftheentirelimb.LargeCentipedespreferdarkandmoistplacesfor
harbor.Controlofthisspeciesisgenerallyaccomplishedbysprayingpotentialharbors(cracksand
crevices)witharesidualpesticide.
Mollusks Terrestrialmollusksaregreatatadaptingtotheirenvironment.Thesnailsslimeprotectsagainst
evaporation, and when the weather becomes too dry, they look for a suitable hiding place Most
slugswilleatdetritusincludingleaves,earthworms,andinvertebrates.Theycanalsobecarriersof
parasites such as Angiostrongylus cantenosis (Rat Lung Worm). Control methods for Mollusks
includebiologicalcontrolandmolluscicidewithmetaldehydeastheactiveingredient.
SiteandSpeciesPriorities
When operating within the constraints of resource limitations, decision makers will need to
prioritizeresponsestoaccountforavailabilityoffinitehumanandeconomicresources.Somesites
withinthemanagementareahavegreatercultural,aestheticorenvironmentalvaluesthanothers.
Additionally,theimpactsofsomeinvasivespeciesarelikelytobegreaterthanothers.Prioritizing
which species to control on which site should therefore be determined by both factors. Relative
priorities could be assigned to site and species combinations using numerical or non‐parametric
means(Table4.1).Thus,aparticularspeciesmaybeacontrolpriorityinahigh‐valuehabitatand
P a g e 50 | 84 notacontrolpriorityinalow‐valuehabitat.Forinvasiveplants,theHawai‘iWeedRiskAssessment
scorecouldbeusedinlieuofrankorderscores.
Impactofinvasivespecies
Sitepriority
Veryhigh(5)
High(4)
Medium(3)
Low(2)
Verylow(1)
veryhigh(5)
25
20
15
10
5
high(4)
20
16
12
8
4
medium(3)
15
12
9
6
3
Low(2)
10
8
6
4
2
Verylow(1)
5
4
3
2
1
Table4.1.Notionalrepresentationofusingrank‐ordersofsiteprioritiesandinvasivespeciesimpacts
toallocateresources.(acommitmenttoeradicateveryhighimpactspeciesortopreserveveryhigh
prioritysitesmightover‐ridescoringpriorities).
Established invasive plants and their known locations are presented in Table 3.1. Many of the
established weeds are grasses and herbs, and are found in dense, mixed‐species patches in
disturbedareas.This makesasite‐specificapproachtocontrolmorepracticalthan anindividual
speciesapproach.Thesiteplansthatfollowdescribethegeneralmethodstobeusedtosuppress
weedsinadefinedarea,anddefinethemanagementgoalforeacharea.Individualsorsmallgroups
ofplantsfoundoutsideoftheseareasareconsideredsatellitepopulations,andmaybetreatedas
incipientspecieswiththeirowncontrolplan.
Some sites have greater environmental, aesthetic or cultural values, determined by their level of
ecologicalintegrity,uniquehabitattype,byculturalsignificanceoraestheticvalue.Thisinfluences
the level and type of control that may be applied to invasive species as well as the control
objectives.Asageneralprinciple,higherprioritysitesshouldbemanagedtoachievegreaterlevels
ofculturalsignificanceorvalues,environmentalintegrity,aestheticappeal.
Very High Priority Sites SiteswithMaunakeasilversword(Argyroxiphiumsandwicensespp.sandwicense)(31),
Wēkiubug(Nysiuswekiuicola)habitat(32).


Maunakea silversword is an endangered species unique to the Maunakea area. The wēkiu bug,
whileithasbeenremovedasacandidateforendangeredspecieslisting,isemblematicofMaunakea
environmentalconditions.Anyintroducedplantsoranimalsinproximitytothesespeciesorwithin
theirhabitatcanpotentiallycauseharmtotheirsurvival.Additionally,somecontrolmethodscould
P a g e 51 | 84 also harm protected species. These sites must be carefully managed to ensure these species are
preserved.Selectionofcontrolmethodsmusttakeaccountofanypossibleimpactonthesurvival
ofeitherMaunakeasilverswordorwēkiubugs.
High Priority Sites  AstronomyPrecinct(Maunakeasummit),
 LakeWai‘au(notUHmanaged).
Both the summit and Lake Wai‘au are unique habitats with immense cultural, ecological and
aesthetic values. Maintaining the integrity of these sites is a high priority. The virtual lack of
vegetationatthesummitallowsforincreaseduseofherbicidecontrolmethodsastheriskofnon‐
target impacts is very low, although cultural concerns over any management activities are
substantial.However,thesummitareaandthewēkiubughabitatsover‐lapandextremecaremust
be taken with insecticide use which should be restricted to non‐wēkiu areas and immediately
adjacenttobuildings.InvasivespeciescontroleffortsatLakeWai‘auareconductedincollaboration
withthemanagingagency,however,theOfficeofMaunaKeaManagementrecognizesthecultural
importance, its attractiveness to invasive arthropods, and the unique ecological nature of this
waterbody.
Medium Priority Sites  Pu‘upōhakucrater(notUH‐managed),
 ScienceReserve.
The broader Mauna Kea Science Reserve (11,228‐acres) represents the majority of the entire
Management Area and the management of this zone is a central part of the overall management
strategy.ThePu‘upōhakucratercontainsanephemerallakethatformspartoftheMaunaKeaIce
AgeNaturalAreaReserve,howeveritissurroundedbylandsmanagedbytheOfficeofMaunaKea
Management. The Office will work in collaboration with the Hawai‘i Division of Forestry and
Wildlifeinthemanagementofinvasivespeciesonthissite.
Low Priority Sites  AccessRoadCorridor,
 Halepōhaku.
Both the Road Corridor and the Halepōhaku sites have lower cultural and ecological importance
than the remainder of the Management Area. Both sites experience heavy human use and are
impacted by a suite of common weedy introduced plant and animal species. The importance of
these sites are more strategic in nature – both being potential vectors for the spread of existing
introduced species to other parts of the Management Area. Invasive species management
P a g e 52 | 84 objectivesatthesesitesaretopreventexistingspeciesfromspreadingratherthanmaintainingor
restoringecologicalintegrity.
Very Low Priority Sites  Neighboring lands, access road between the Saddle Road (Daniel K. Inouye Hwy) and
Halepōhaku.
TheOfficeofMaunaKeaManagementdoesnotmanageneighboringlandsortheroadleadingfrom
theSaddleRoadtoHalepōhaku.However,theseareasarepotentialvectorsfortheintroductionof
invasivespecies.Duetothis,theOfficemaintainsaninterestincollaboratingwithneighboringland
managersinordertoreducetheserisks.
InvasiveSpeciesControlPlans
Biological surveys conducted over the years have provided baseline inventories of introduced
plantsandarthropods.Thecurrentinventoryofplantsisfairlycomplete,whilethatforarthropods,
duetotheirsheerdiversitymayneverbecompletelyunderstood.
Theinventoriesshowthatalimitednumberofintroducedspecieshavebeenconsistentlyrecorded
overanumberofyears,andarethereforeconsidered“established”species.Theyappeartohave
naturalized,reproductivepopulationswithintheUHManagedLands.Asacommunity,theplants
are abundant, disrupt native plant regeneration, and provide food and habitat for non‐native
arthropods.Littleisknownaboutthelifehistoryofmuchofthearthropodcommunity.
Alloftheplants,andmanyofthearthropodspeciesareabundantatlowerelevationsonMaunakea,
andsomearefoundisland‐wide.Despitetheappearanceofastablepopulation,someofthesemay
only exist at high elevations through continuous re‐introduction from more a productive
populationdownslope,knownasa“rescueeffect.”Thepracticalconsiderationsarethesame.Most
of these species will never be permanently eradicated and are likely to require regular control
effortformanyyears.
ESTABLISHED PLANT SPECIES AwrittencontrolplanwillbepreparedforeachManagementZonewithintheManagementArea.
Following is a general description of the state of invasive plant species in these zones and
recommendationsforfuturecontrolstrategies.
Halepōhaku Halepōhaku is situated just below the treeline, approximately 9,500 ft. in the māmane‐ (Sophora
chrysophylla) dominated subalpine woodlands. The subalpine woodlands at Halepōhaku are
noticeably more densely vegetated, and more diverse, than the alpine zones. Ground cover is
clusteredatthebaseofmāmanetrees,withconsiderablebaresoilandrockinbetween.Common
P a g e 53 | 84 native grasses include Hawai‘i bentgrass (Agrostis sandwicensis, lovegrass (Eragrostis spp), and
alpine hairgrass (Deschampsia nubigena). None are as common as the invasive needlegrass
(Nassella cernua) and ripgut grass (Bromus diandrus). Common native shrubs include pūkiawe
(Styphelia tameiameiae) and ‘āweoweo (Chenopodium oahuense). Many native plant species
historically recorded in the area are now rare (‘ōhelo, Vaccinium reticulatum; pilo, Coprosma
montana)orcannolongerbefound(makou,Ranunculushawaiensis;‘a‘ali‘i,Dodoneaviscosa),while
thelistofinvasivespecieshassteadilygrown(2;26).
Althoughtheendangeredpalila(Loxioidesbailleui)hasnotfrequentlybeenobservedatHalepōhaku
formanyyears,theareaisdesignatedcriticalhabitatfortherecoveryofthespecies.Replacement
of invasive annual plants with native perennials is expected to support Māmane regeneration
throughreducedcompetitionforwaterandnutrients.Successfulrecoveryofallspeciesnativeto
the area may be dependent on the ungulate removal planned by DOFAW following fence
completion.
The first priority within the Halepōhaku parcel is to suppress invasive weeds in all high traffic
areas,tolimitthetransportofseedstothesummitbyvisitorsandstaff.Thisisaccomplishedby
designating a weed control buffer around all buildings, walkways, and parking lots in the area.
Workwillprogressoutwardinstagesuntila25‐yardbuffer,approximately12.5‐acres,isachieved.
Weedtolerancelevelsinthe25‐yardbufferarequitelow.Asthisareabecomesmoremanageable,
workwillintensifyintheremainingsevenacresoftheparcel.Weedremovalwillbebalancedby
revegetationworkdescribedintherestorationplan,currentlyunderdevelopment.
Completeeradication of allweeds at alltimesis unlikelytobeachieved. Acceptabletoleranceor
thresholdlevelsaremeasuredbyplantcoverinrandomplotsatleastonce(ideallytwice)peryear.
Maintenance thereafter will be scheduled to keep weed cover below these tolerance levels. Zero
tolerance for mature weeds will be allowed immediately adjacent to thoroughfares. Weed
toleranceforthe25‐yardbufferislessthan1%coverformaturebroadleafplants,andlessthan5%
totalinvasivespeciescover.Grasscover,includinginvasivegrasses,maybemaintainedatahigher
density to control dust and erosion at the site until alternative cover is established. The
managementgoalistoreplaceallinvasivegrasseswithnativespecies.
Techniqueswillincludecutting,handpulling,andapplyingherbicide,thelatterbytrainedstaffor
contractors.Workwillprogressincrementallytoallowdensepatchesofvegetationtobesearched
for native plants. Rare plants (including “common” native plants that are locally rare) will be
documentedandvisiblymarkedtopreventaccidentalimpacts.
Herbicideuseintheareaisexpectedtobelimitedtofoliarsprayofglyphosate(Roundup™)with
anaddedsurfactant.Theadditiveisrecommendedtopenetrateleafsurfacescoveredwithdense
trichomes (hairs) typical of weeds in the area. Triclopyr may be added for improved efficacy or
usedseparatelyoncertainweeds.Stubbornorrapidlyregeneratingweedsmayrequiretheuseof
imazapyr or aminopyralid, formulations with some soil residual activity. Use of these herbicides
willbelimitedinscopeandconductedprimarilyintheinitialtreatmentphase.Herbicideswillnot
beusedwithinfivemetersofendangeredplants.
P a g e 54 | 84 In 2012, monthly volunteer weed control efforts were organized to begin to remove invasive
broadleaf herbs, including fireweed (Senecio madagascariensis), telegraph weed (Heterotheca
grandifolia),mullein(Verbascumspp.)fromaroundparkinglotsandbuildings.Grasseswereleftin
placetoholdthesoil,andtoavoidimpactstonativespeciesgrowingamongsttheinvasivegrasses.
Volunteerweedpullswillbemovedintotheseven‐acre,secondpriorityarea(areasbeyonda25‐
yardbuffersurroundingfacilities).Thissecondpriorityareaconsistsofapproximately4‐acresthat
separatetheHalepōhakusupportfacilitiesfromtheVisitorInformationStation;andanadditional
1.5‐acres due east of the Visitor Information Station. Progress will be gradual to allow time for
nativespeciestogainafootholdintheclearedareas,aprocesswhichmaybeaidedbybroadcast
seeding and outplanting common native species, according to the restoration plan under
development.OMKMalsohasconcurrencewithDOFAWtoconductmanualweedcontrolinsidethe
DOFAWmanaged2.25‐acresilverswordexclosure.Thevolunteerprogramprovidesameaningful,
hands‐on experience on the mountain for members of the Big Island community, builds
relationships,andincreasesawarenessoftheOMKMmissionandprogramareas.
The1.5‐acreconstructionstagingareaisoutsideofthe25‐yardbuffer.Thisstaging areaistobe
treated as a quarantine area with all introduced plants removed and the site treated
prophylactically with residual pesticides to prevent establishment of any arthropods that may
inadvertentlybecarriedwithconstructionsupplies.
Summit Access Road The lower portion of Summit Access Road traverses the alpine shrubland. Roadsides are dotted
with the native nohoanu (Geranium cuneatum ssp. hololeucum), pāwale (Rumex giganteus) and
pūkiawe (Styphelia tameiameiae), and as well as introduced fireweed (Senecio madagascariensis),
sheepsorrel(Rumexacetosella),andcommonmullein(Verbascumthapsus).Plantdensitiesdecline
rapidly with increasing elevation through the alpine grassland (grass desert) and alpine stone
desert.Theupperportionsoftheroadarebarren,withoccasionalnativena‘ena‘e(Dubautiaspp.),
pūkiawe,nativegrasses,orintroducedspecies.
WhileOMKMhasauthoritytomanageonlytheroadandtheeasementtotheeastsideoftheroad
for much of its length, management of weeds on only one side of the road is clearly impractical.
OMKMistocollaboratewiththeNaturalAreaReservemanagementtojointlymonitorandcontrol
weedsthroughoutthesharedlengthofroad.
Thepurposeofweedcontrolalongtheaccessroadistopreventestablishmentofnewweeds,and
tohalttheprogressionofestablishedweedstohigherelevations.Theroadand400yardeasement
together comprise 700‐acres, an area that may be too large to keep weed free. The majority of
weedsarelikelytobefoundclosetotheroad.Roadsidesareidealweedestablishmentsites,dueto
regular disturbance from road grading and traffic. Propagule pressure is high, with weeds
hitchhiking on every variety of vehicle. Seeds that have successfully attached to vehicles may be
shaken off as the vehicle traverses the unpaved portion of road eg. attached to dried soil that
P a g e 55 | 84 becomes detached from vibration. Successfully established roadside weeds reproduce to become
hitchhikersonceagainandaretransportedupslope.
Theprimaryobjective forthisManagement Zone isthesuppressionofweedswithinten yardsof
the formed roadway. Work will progress from high to low elevation. As satisfactory control of
established weed species is achieved in this area, the control zone will be enlarged to include
additionallandsfurtherfromtheroad.Increasingdistancefromtheroadisexpectedtoprovidea
diminishing return on effort. Despite relatively low weed densities, it is unlikely that the entire
widthcanberegularlymaintained.
Weedswillbehandpulledwherefeasible(athighelevation),andsprayedwithherbicideasthesize
and density of patches increase (below the Science Reserve). Herbicide options are the same as
thosepresentedforuseintheHalepōhakuarea.Glyphosatesprayswithanadded surfactant are
generally efficacious for the known weed species in the. Imazapyr and aminopyralid have some
residualactionandmaybeusedtodecreasetreatmentfrequency.
The Access Road has mostly been formed in a manner to reduce the grade to a level suitable for
four wheel drive vehicles. This results in a series of side‐cut and raised road sections. This
presentsoperationalchallengestoweedcontrol.Thesteep,loosesidescannotbesafelytraversed
to cut, pull, or spot‐spray individual plants. At lower elevations, invasive and native species are
thicklyinterspersed,makingbroadcastsprayingfromatruckdifficult.Weedcontrolintheseareas
will require resources to develop practical control techniques. OMKM will work with BIISC, the
University of Hawai‘i agricultural extension program (CTAHR), and the Hawai‘i Department of
Transportationtodevelopeffectiveandappropriateprocedures.
The Mauna Kea Science Reserve (MKSR) TheMKSRincludesonealpineplantcommunity,thealpinestonedesertfromapproximately11,000
ft to the summit, 13780 ft (33) . Perhaps due to historical grazing by introduced ungulates, little
distinction can currently be observed between the two alpine plant communities described by
Mueller‐Dumbois and Fosberg(34), alpine grass desert and alpine stone desert), other than an
incrementallygreaterdensityofplantsatthelowerelevations(26).TheentireMKSRischaracterized
byverylowdensitiesoftwonativegrasses,Hawaiianbentgrass(Agrostissandwicensis)andpiliuka
(Trisetum glomeratum), the shrubs pūkiawe (Styphelia tameiameiae) and ‘ōhelo (Vaccinium
reticulatum), and occasional ferns, including Douglas’ bladderfern (Cystopteris douglasii, a
candidateendangeredspecies)andkalamoho(Pellaeaternifolia).Perhapsmorecommonthanany
vascular plants, are mosses, lichens, and algae growing in protected sites. ‘Āhinahina (the
Maunakea silversword, Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. sandwicense), a federally endangered
species,isfoundwithinfencedunitsinthisarea.
AfewestablishedinvasiveplantsaredispersedatlowdensitiesthroughouttheUHManagedLands.
Hairy cat’s ear (Hypochaeris radicata), for example, is likely to be found in sheltered sites
throughout the MKSR. Staff recently found approximately one plant for every mile hiked in the
MKSR. Regular surveys of the entire 11,288‐acre MKSR to remove plants at that density may be
P a g e 56 | 84 impractical. Control of widespread, low density species is therefore focused at sensitive sites,
whichincludehistoricpropertiesandrareplantlocations.Thesesitesareregularlymonitoredby
trained archaeologists and biologists, respectively. Like any visitors, scientists may also
inadvertentlyintroduceinvasivespecies.Byincludingweedcontrolwiththeirscheduledactivities,
OMKMcandetectandcontrolweedsatmorethan263well‐distributedsites,travelingoveralarge
portion of the MKSR without adding a significant level of disturbance. This approach mimics the
SpecialEcologicalAreaorWeedControlAreaBuffersystemsusedbyotherconservationagencies
inHawai‘i(4;22;35).Itmaybeunique,however,inusinghistoricproperties,inadditiontohighvalue
naturalresources,asfociforweedcontrol.
The Astronomy Precinct All of the Astronomy Precinct is within the alpine stone desert. Certain invasive plant species,
including hairy cat’s ear (Hypochaeris radicata), fireweed (Senecio madagascariensis) and rescue
grass (Bromus catharticus), are found more commonly in cracks, drainage ditches, and roadsides
within the astronomy precinct than elsewhere in the MKSR(26). It is unknown whether the
frequencyofinvasiveplantsisduetohigherratesofintroductionsoragreatervarietyofsheltered
sites,or,likely,both.
Invasiveplantsinthevicinityofroadsandobservatoriesremainsufficientlysparsethattheycanbe
removed by regular hand‐pulling. Ranger patrols already accomplish this task as part of their
routine,andreportthespecies,andnumberofinvasiveplantspulledintheirdailyrangerreport.
Althoughtheefforthassofarbeenlimitedtofireweed,trainingisplannedtoincreasecompetency
todistinguishthelimitednumberofnativeandinvasivespecies.Distinctworkareaswillbeclearly
defined and named to improve staff ability to schedule and treat all developed areas known or
likelytohaveinvasiveweeds.
ESTABLISHED ARTHROPODS Unlikeinvasiveplants,controlmethodsforinvasivearthropodsareoftenspecies‐specificandlittle
commonality exists between the management approaches for different species. For this reason,
arthropodmanagementplansmustbepreparedbyspeciesfortheentireManagementArea.Some
commonalitybetweencontrolmethodsforspeciesfoundinandaroundstructuresmayexist,and
these may be different from control methods in the natural environment. For this reason, the
managementplansmayoutlinedifferentapproachesforthesetwohabitattypes.
A total of 209 arthropods have been detected within the Management Area as a result of various
invertebrate surveys (36‐45). Of these, many pose little or no threat to human health or the
environment. However, fifteen species pose threats to human health and safety and are closely
associated with humans (Table 4.2). These species will be controlled within and near facilities
(buildings and other structures) wherever possible. Thirty four arthropod species have been
classifiedaslow‐levelthreatstoecosystems(Table4.3).Ofthese,seventeenspecies(mostlyvery
smallwasps)aredependentonhostplantswhichthemselvesareintroduced.Asthesehostplants
P a g e 57 | 84 are controlled, the associated arthropods will not be able to survive. The remaining species are
spiders (11 species) and beetles (6 species) – mostly common “weedy” species that are globally
ubiquitousandwidespread.Controllingthesespeciesintheenvironmentisdifficultandgenerally
thenon‐targetimpactsofcontrolmethodsareanunacceptablecompromise.Thesespecieswillbe
controlledwithinandnearfacilities(buildingsandotherstructures)whereverpossiblethrougha
generalpestcontrolprogram.
Table4.2.ArthropodspeciesdetectedwithintheManagementAreathatposeahumanhealthrisk.
CommonName
Germancockroach
Americancockroach
scientificname
Blattellagermanica
unknown
non‐bitingmidge
Chironomussp.
midge
unknown
mosquito
honeybee
Europeanpaperwasp
redbrownpaperwasp
westernyellowjacket
hornet/wasps
bloodfeedinghornfly
bloodfeedinghornfly
housefly
fly
bitingmidge
unknown
Apismellifera
Polistesdominus
Polistesolivaceus
Vespulapensylvanica
unknown
Haematobiairritans
Stomoxyscalcitrans
unknown
unknown
Forcipomyiaspp.
Feasibilityof
ControlType
control
sanitation,pesticidesorbaits Good
sanitation,pesticidesorbaits Good
sanitation(removewater
sources)
Good
sanitation(removewater
sources)
Good
sanitation(removewater
sources)
Good
swarmtraps
Good
traps,pesticides
moderate
traps,pesticides
moderate
traps,pesticides
moderate
traps,pesticides
moderate
traps,pesticides
Low
traps,pesticides
Low
traps,pesticides
Low
traps,pesticides
Low
testicides
Low
Table4.3.ArthropodspeciesdetectedwithintheManagementAreathatposeanenvironmental
threat.
CommonName
braconidwasp
braconidwasp
braconidwasp
braconidwasp
braconidwasp
funnelweaver
sacspider
Scientificname
Apantelesspp.
Braconspp.
Chelonusblackburni
Ontsirapalliates
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
ControlType
removehostplants
removehostplants
removehostplants
removehostplants
removehostplants
sanitation,pesticide
sanitation,pesticide
Feasibilityof
control
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
P a g e 58 | 84 sacspider
groundspider
stealthygroundspider
sheetwebspider
sheetwebspider
Meriolaarcifera
Urozelotesrusticus
Unknown
Erigonespp.
Lepthyphantestenuis
sanitation,pesticide
sanitation,pesticide
sanitation,pesticide
sanitation,pesticide
sanitation,pesticide
low
low
low
low
low
jumpingspider
cobwebweavers
spider
drugstorebeetle
groundbeetle
groundbeetle
groundbeetle
groundbeetle
redleggedhambeetle
ichneumonidwasp
inchneumonidwasp
hoverflyparasite
ichneumonidwasp
ichneumonidwasp
ichneumonidwasp
ichneumonidwasp
ichneumonidwasp
inchneumonidwasp
ichneumonidwasp
ichneumonidwasp
leafcuttingbee
ghostant
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Agonummuelleri
Laemostenuscomplanatus
Trechusobtusus
Unknown
Necrobiarufipes
Calliephialtesgrapholithae
Diadegmablackburni
Diplazonlaetatorius
Hyposoterexiguae
Ichneumoncupitus
Ichneumonlaetus
Ichneumonspp.
Meteoruspurpuripennis
Pristomerushawaiiensis
Trathalaflavoorbitalis
unknown
Megachiletimberlakei
Tapinomamelanocephalum
sanitation,pesticide
sanitation,pesticide
sanitation,pesticide
pesticides
pesticides
pesticides
pesticides
pesticides
pesticides
removehostplants
removehostplants
removehostplants
removehostplants
removehostplants
removehostplants
removehostplants
removehostplants
removehostplants
removehostplants
removehostplants
removehostplants
baits
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
high
white‐footedant
plagiolepisant
cardiocondylaant
Technomyrmexalbipes
Plagiolepisalluaudi
Cardiocondylakagutsuchi
pesticideorbaits
pesticideorbaits
pesticideorbaits
high
high
high
HIGH‐PRIORITY ARTHROPOD THREATS Three high‐priority arthropod pest species (all ants) have been detected within the Management
Area: Tapinoma melanocephalum, Technomyrmex albipes, Plagiolepis alluaudi, and Cardiocondyla
kagutsuchi.ThelocationsthesespecieshavebeendetectedatareshowninFigure4.2.T.albipes
has recently been reclassified, and most taxonomists now believe “albipes” is a group of four
distinct,closelyrelatedspecies(vitiensis,albipes,difficilusandpallipes).Themostcommonofthese
onHawai‘iislandisT.vitiensis.TheonlyestablishedantintheManagementAreaisCardiocondyla
kagutsuchiatHalepōhaku,allotherantspecieshaveonlybeendetectedinsingleinstancesandnot
foundinestablishedpopulations.
P a g e 59 | 84 Figure4.2.AntdetectionsintheManagementArea.
P a g e 60 | 84 Each established species will require a separate management plan as control methods differ
substantially between species. Tapinoma melanocephalum a tropical structural pest, attracted to
baitscontainingcarbohydrateattractants,whileCkagutsuchiandT“albipes”arenotattractedtoa
particularbaittype.
P a g e 61 | 84 Section5.RapidResponse
Background
TheMaunaKeaScienceReserveandHalepōhakuare11,288‐acreand19‐acre(respectively)areas
oflandleasedbytheUniversityofHawai‘ifromtheStateofHawai‘iforuseasascientificcomplex.
Management is guided by the 2009 Mauna Kea Comprehensive Management Plan (2009) which
provides the policy framework for the responsible stewardship and use of University‐managed
landsonMaunakeathroughto2020.TheComprehensiveManagementPlanaddressestheoverall
managementofcultural,natural,researchandrecreationalvaluesoftheprecinct.Themanagement
policies for the natural values of the Mauna Kea Science Reserve are outlined in the Mauna Kea
NaturalResourcesManagementPlan(2009)whichformsacomponentplanoftheComprehensive
ManagementPlan.
The following agencies have jurisdiction, responsibility or roles relating to the detection and
managementofinvasivespeciesintheMaunaKeaScienceReserveandHalepōhaku:






TheOfficeofMaunaKeaManagementhasoverallresponsibilityformanagingtheMaunaKea
ScienceReservesubjecttoapprovalbyHawai‘iDepartmentofLandandNaturalResources,
The University of Hawai‘i leases the Management Areas from the State of Hawai‘i (or holds
easements), identifies policy through the Master Plan (2000), and provides institutional
supporttoOMKM,
TheDepartmentofLandsandNaturalResourcesisthelandownerandreviewsalllanduse
proposalstodeterminetheappropriatelevelofpermitting,approveplansorpermits,orrefer
theproposaltotheBoardofLandandNaturalResourcesforaction,
Hawai‘i Division of Forests and Wildlife provides technical advice on issues, manages the
MaunaKeaIceAgeNaturalAreaReserve,andhasregulatoryauthorityforwildlife,
TheMaunaKeaManagementBoardisavolunteer,community‐basedentitywithasustained
directvoiceforthemanagement,andapproveOMKMprojectsandplans,and
Hawaiʻi Department of Agriculture Pesticides Branch administers the state pesticide
regulationswhichgoverntheuseofpesticidesinthestateofHawai‘i.
Outline
This section contains a detailed emergency response plan (ERP) for incursions of invasive
arthropodsorplantsdiscoveredintheMaunakeamanagementarea.Thedocumentisdividedinto
fivepartswhichcorrespondtothedifferentstagesofaresponse:
Pre‐incursionplanning–ThegenerallevelofpreparednessrecommendedfortheOfficeofMauna
KeaManagementisdescribedinthissection.Itincludesthetasksthatshouldbeundertakenbefore
anincursionisdetected.
P a g e 62 | 84 Initialdetectionandresponse–Thissectionoutlinesthelogicalstepsandlinesofauthorityfor
theinitialinvestigationandtheprocessfordecisionmaking.
Guidelinesfortheinitialdelimitingsurvey–Onceanincursionhasbeendetected,itisimportant
todeterminehowlargethepestpopulationis.Oftenasingledetectionisfollowedbydiscoveryof
otherpopulationsofthesamespecies.Theextentoftheinvasionisanimportantfactorindeciding
the best course of action and provides the basis for estimating budgets and resources needed to
managethesituation.
Elements of a management plan – This section describes the essential elements of a plan to
managethenewincursion.
Organizational structure and reporting – The organizational structure and reporting
relationshipsofstaffengagedinaresponsearelistedinthissection.
Thisdocumentshouldbereviewedbefore,duringandafteranincursion.
Pre‐IncursionPlanning
There are four important issues that need to be addressed before an exotic species incursion is
discovered:
LEGISLATIVE POWER TO ACT TheDLNR‐approvedMaunaKeaMasterPlan(2000)andMaunaKeaComprehensiveManagement
Plan(2009)identifytheUniversity’sresponsibilitiestoaddressinvasivespeciesissues,asdoesthe
1968 General Lease. Additional law and policy information is available at
http://dlnr.hawaii.gov/hisc/info/policy/ . In addition, Maunakea is specifically identified as not
exempt from State of Hawai‘i requirements to prepare an Environmental
Assessment.(http://oeqc.doh.hawaii.gov/Shared%20Documents/Environmental_Council/Exempti
on_Lists_By_Department/State_Agencies/University‐of‐Hawaii‐2001‐03‐14.pdf).
This
is
interpreted to mean the Science Reserve. Hawaii Administrative Rules for lands zoned as
Conservationidentifyrequirementsforobtainingplansorpermits.
TheOfficeofMaunaKeaManagementshouldensurethatithasthepowersneededtoactpromptly
on the discovery of a new invasive species, including use of appropriate pesticides or removal
methods,powertoenteranyinfestedarea,andappropriatecertificationsforapplicationpersonnel.
REGISTRATION AND PERMITS TO APPLY CONTROL CHEMICALS Registration of pesticides and applicators is the responsibility of the Hawai‘i Department of
Agriculture(HDOA)andthefederalEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA).Anypesticideusedin
the United States must be registered with the EPA under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and
Rodenticide Act. Any EPA registered product must also be registered under state regulations
before it can be legally used in Hawai‘i. Office of Mauna Kea Management field staff should be
properly trained in the safe and effective use of any pesticide likely to be used in an emergency
P a g e 63 | 84 response. Per the Mauna Kea Natural Resource Management Plan, pesticide application will be
donebyindividualspossessingapesticideapplicatorlicenseissuedbytheHawai‘iDepartmentof
AgriculturePesticidesBranch.
AVAILABILITY OF CHEMICALS AND APPLICATION EQUIPMENT Appropriate chemicals, application equipment and personal protective wear (gloves, masks etc.)
shouldbeon‐handinreadinessforarapidresponse.Theseitemsshouldbestoredinappropriate
conditionsandproductexpirydatescheckedregularlytoensuretheyarereadyforuse.Sufficient
stocksshouldbeonhandtotreataminimumof1‐acreinfestedbyanytargetspecies.Areasbelow
the Science Reserve boundary requiring treatment larger than 1‐acre require additional DLNR
approval,providingadditionaltimetoobtainresources(HAR§13‐5).
ACCESS TO EMERGENCY FUNDS In many cases, the discovery of a new invasive species will require a response and resources not
budgetedforinnormaloperatingfunds.TheOfficeofMaunaKeaManagementwillrequest,from
theUniversityofHawai‘i,additionalfundsandhumanresourcesintheeventofanewincursion.
InitialDetectionandResponse
Whenasuspectedinvasivespeciesisreported,thegenericresponsetothisdetectionisoutlinedin
Figure 1. During this part of the response, the Natural Resource Program (NRP) manager of the
OfficeofMaunaKeaManagementseekstoconfirmtheidentityofthespeciesandobtainaninitial
reportoftheextentoftheinfestation.Withthisinformation,theNRPmanagerwilldecidewhether
toinvolvetheEmergencyResponseManagementCommittee(ERMC).
BeforetheERMCmeetstodiscusstheincursiontheNRPmanagershouldbeginadelimitingsurvey
andrestrictmovementofforriskitemsleavingtheinfestedarea.Theseriskitemsincludepotted
plants,soilandaggregates,itemsthathavebeenincontactwiththeground,produce,hayorwood
shavings (a common spill containment berm material), mulch and building supplies, earthmoving
equipmentandothervehicles.Theriskitemslistmayneedtobereviseddependingonthespecies
that has been detected and/or other site‐related factors such as activities being conducted in the
infestedarea.
THE EMERGENCY RESPONSE MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE TheERMCisastandingcommitteewithoversightofinvasivespeciesdetectionsforMaunakea.The
committee advises and informs the Maunakea Management Board, has powers to authorize
temporaryresourcesforimmediateresponseactivitiesandmakesdecisionsonhowtoproceed.A
flowchart showing the flow of information on discovery of a new invasive species is shown in
Figure 5.1, and options that the ERMC will consider is shown in Figure 5.2. The ERMC shall be
comprisedofthefollowingpersons:
1. Chairperson,MaunaKeaManagementBoard
2. MembersoftheMaunakeaManagementBoardasrequired
P a g e 64 | 84 3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Delegate,OfficeofCoastalConservationLands(DepartmentofLandsandNaturalResources)
BranchManager,DivisionofForestryandWildlife(ordelegate)
Representative,KahuKūMauna
Coordinator,BigIslandInvasiveSpeciesCommittee(ordelegate)
OfficeofMaunaKeaManagementNaturalResourceManager[non‐voting]
Aspecialistorspecialistsofthenewinvasiveorganism[non‐voting]
Otherpersonsoradvisorsasdeemednecessarybythechair[non‐voting]
P a g e 65 | 84 Detectioninthefieldisreportedby
afieldofficer,memberofpublic.
InformationprovidedtoNRP
manager
NRPmanager, assignsappropriatestaff
togathermoreinformation,seeksadvice
fromaspecialist.
NRPmanagersendssamplesforexpert
(nationalandoverseas)taxonomic
identificationifdeemednecessary.
Assignedstaffreturn tositeofdetectionfor
preliminarysurvey,diagnosisofsituationand
collectionofsamples.Securethesiteandapply
localquarantineifrequired.ThenreporttoNRP
manager.
NoAction –
Noemergencyresponseaction
required.MaunaKeaManagement
Boardadvisedofincidentinregular
reporting
NRPmanagertakesappropriateaction
dependingonspeciesidentityandif
required,informsERMCchair.
Commencelocalquarantine,containment
activities,delimitingsurvey.Preparereport
forERMC
Action–
NRPmanagerinitiatesinitialresponse.
ERMCscheduletomeetatearliest
opportunity.
ERMCdecidesonappropriate
responseactionafterconsidering
technicaladvisor’sreport.
Figure5.1.Genericresponsetoasuspectedinvasivespeciesdetection.
P a g e 66 | 84 ERMCmeettoconsidermanagementoptions
Aggressivecontrol/containment
Highinputs(objectivesdetermine
budget)
eradication
Long‐termmanagement.Low
inputs,(budgetdetermines
objectives)
Donothing
Commenceactionsnecessary
forimmediatecontainment
anderadication.Conduct
feasibilitystudy,
Developmanagement
planandbudget
Developlongtermmanagement
planandbudget.Implement
plan
Monitorsituationand
reportanychangesto
distributionorimpacts
Notfeasible
feasible
Developeradication
planandbudget
Implementcontrolplan
Monitoroutcomes
againstobjectives
Monitoroutcomes
againstobjectives
Successful
Notsuccessful
implementeradicationplan
Successful
Notsuccessful
Monitoroutcomes
againstobjectives
Notsuccessful
Nochangein
status
Significantchange
instatus
END
standdownemergency
response
Continueplan
standdown
emergencyresponse
successful
Continueimplementation
Figure5.2.DecisionflowchartusedbyERMCtodecideappropriatecourseofactionandmonitoroutcomes
P a g e 67 | 84 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES Abriefoutlineofthefunctionsandresponsibilitiesofpersonsinvolvedinanemergencyresponseis
listedinthetablebelow.
Table5.1.Rolesandresponsibilitiesofpersonsinvolvedintheemergencyresponse
POSITION
ROLESANDRESPONSIBILITIES
UniversityofHawai‘i

ProvidesfundingfortheEmergencyResponsePlan.
MaunaKeaManagementBoard

Overallapprovaloftheprogram.


Discusses recommendations from the Technical
Adviser(TA)afterdelimitingsurveyanddecideson
furtheraction;
Recommends overall strategy to the Mauna Kea
ManagementBoard;
AppointsOperationsManagerandFieldController;
NaturalResourceProgrammanager


LiaisonforOfficeofMaunaKeaManagement;
TypicallyInitiatesresponseactions
Specialist

appointedbyandreportingtoERMC

Collects samples and organizes identification of
samples;
Collectsinformation.
EmergencyResponse
ManagementCommittee
(ERMC)



OperationsManager

appointed by Mauna Kea Management
BoardonrecommendationofERMC


ReportstoERMC;
Managesday‐to‐dayfinances;
Overseesfieldoperations;
Checksresourcerequirements;
Selectsandappointstheresponseteam(s);
Briefs and trains response team(s) and Field
ControllertogetherwithTechnicalAdviser.


Conductsdelimitingsurvey;
Submits report including response options,
recommendationsandtentativebudgetstoERMC;
Briefs and trains response team(s) and Field
ControllertogetherwithOperationsManager;
Provides technical advice to ERMC, Operations
Manager,FieldController,operationalteams;
TechnicalAdviser




appointedbyERMC;
reportstonobodytomakesurethat
adviceremainsobjective;
locatedasrequired;
hastobearecognizedexpertonthe


P a g e 68 | 84 particularspeciesortaxon.
FinanceOfficer



appointedbyERMCon
recommendationofOperations
Manager;
locatedonsitefulltime;
reportstoOperationsManager;
FieldTeams


Periodicallymonitorsoperations.

Responsibleforadministrationandfinance.



Logistics;
Day‐to‐daycontroloffieldoperations;
Liaiseswithdistrictstaffandstakeholders.

Fieldactivitiessuchassurveys.
reportstoOperationsManager.
FieldController


appointedbyOperationsManager;
reporttoFieldController.
The Specialist OMKMrangersareusuallythefirsttoinvestigateapossibleincursionafteritisreported.Itisthe
role of the specialist to collect specimens for identification, dispatch them to a recognized expert
andgatherinformationontheincursionandthespeciesdetectedfortheNRPmanager.
Before leaving to investigate the suspect incursion, the Specialist should seek confirmation of the
powersavailabletohimorher,specificallywhenitpertainstositeentry,quarantinedirectionsand
preventingthemovementofriskitems.
CollectingSpecimens
The first step in managing a possible invasive species incursion is to know exactly which species
hasbeendetected.Thismeansobtainingspecimensandhavingthemidentifiedbyanappropriate
taxonomistandconfirmedbyareliableinstitution.Guidestocollectingspecimensareappended.
SecuretheScene/Containment
Invasivespeciescanspreadquicklyfromonesitetoanotherbyhuman‐mediatedmeans.Insects,
plant seeds etc. can be concealed in produce, potted plants and other risk items which are
transportedbypeopletoanewlocation.Preventingfurtherspreadatthisstageofanincursionis
veryimportant.Ifitcanbeestablishedthatonlyasmallareaisinfested,preventingpublicaccessto
theentiresiteisaverygoodsolution.Iftheinfestedsiteislarger,theSpecialistshouldensurethat
peoplelivingorworkingwithintheinfested areadonot moveriskitemstootherlocations.Risk
itemsshouldincludethefollowing:



Soil,gravel,aggregatesorotherlandscapingmaterial,
Anyitemthathasbeenincontactwithsoilformorethan24hours,
Pottedplants,mulch,hay,firewood,thatchingandotherbuildingmaterials,
P a g e 69 | 84 
Earthmovingmachinery.
The risk items list may need to be revised depending the species that has been detected and/or
othersite‐relatedfactorssuchasindustriesoractivitiesbeingconductedintheinfestedarea.For
example, ant colonies will disperse if the colony is disturbed. The Specialist should ensure that
peoplelivingorworkinginorneartheinfestedareadonot,disturb,interfereorattempttotreat
the insects or plants. If the infested area is small, it may be demarcated with “caution” or
“quarantine”tape.
GatherInformation
Afterreturningfromtheinitialinvestigation,thespecialistshouldprepareashortsituationreport
fortheNRPManagerwhichshouldincludethefollowinginformationasaminimum:
 theresultoftheidentification,
 picture(s)oftheinvasivespecies,
 dateanddetailsoffirstreport,
 sizeandlocationcoordinatesoftheinfestedarea,
 ifpossible,anindicationastohowtheorganismmayhavereachedthearea,
Additionally, the specialist should compile available information (reports, journal articles, etc)
aboutthespeciesincluding:
 potentialimpactsintermsof:
o economicimpacts,
o social(includinghumanhealth)impacts,
o culturalimpacts,
o environmentalimpactsandbiodiversity.
 expectedcostofexporttreatments,
 knowncontrolmeasuresandinadvertentimpacts.
Oncethespeciesidentityhasbeenverified,adecisionneedstobemadeonhowtoprogress.The
final decision on further action lies with the ERMC. If the invasive species is likely to cause
unacceptableimpacts,theChairpersonappointsaTechnicalAdvisertoconductadelimitingsurvey
and mobilizes the necessary funds. (Please note that the Specialist could fulfill this function if
sufficientlyqualified).
TheNRPManager establishesquarantinerestrictionsasrequired,andinclosecollaborationwith
theERMCshouldbrieftheMaunaKeaManagementBoardontheincursion.Onceallpartieshave
beenbriefed,theERMCshouldnotifystaffworkingwithintheManagementAreaoftheoccurrence
ofthenewinvasivespeciesandwhattolookforandhow,whoandwheretoreportto.TheERMC
shouldalsoappointacommunicationspecialisttodevelopacommunicationstrategy.
P a g e 70 | 84 The Technical Advisor The NRP Manager, in consultation with the ERMC, may proceed with an emergency response or
decide to take no further action. If proceeding with a response, a Technical Advisor will be
appointedbytheERMCwithadvicefromNRPManager.TheTechnicalAdvisor’sroleistodelimit
theinfestation,advisetheNRPManagerontrace‐forwardandtrace‐backactivities,andpreparea
draft management plan. The Technical Advisor does not recommend a course of action as this
decision is made by the ERMC. Rather he or she advises on the technical merits of proposed
coursesofaction.
DelimitingSurvey
The immediate task of the Technical Advisor is to plan and implement a delimiting survey.
Standardizedsurveillancemethodshavebeendevelopedandareappended.Thedelimitingsurvey
is carried out by a survey team composed of the Technical Adviser, the Specialist, available field
officersfromtheOfficeofMaunaKeaManagementandtheFieldOfficerwhoinitiallyreportedthe
species.Thesizeofthesurveyteamswilldependontheexpectedareatobesurveyed.Additionally,
one or more staff from the appropriate quarantine agency should be on hand specifically to
coordinate and implement trace‐forward and trace‐back activities. The communication specialist
should be involved in the delimiting survey and oversee media and public communication when
necessary.
Theobjectivesofthedelimitingsurveyare:
 Establishthebordersoftheinfestedarea,
 Gatherinformationfordecidingwhatactionsshouldfollow,
 To advise staff on trace‐forward and trace‐back activities in order to determine if there are
moreinfestedareas,and
 Todetermineresourcesneeded.
TheTechnicalAdviserensuresthatallitemsrequiredforthesurveyareavailable,suchas:
 Emergencyresponseplan,
 Amapofthearea,
 Notebooks,pens,pencils,markers,
 Digitalcamera,GPSunits,radioswithenoughbatteries,
 Fieldrecordsheets,
 Equipment: brush, pocket knife, spade, hand lens, specimen bottles, plastic bags in various
sizes,70%alcoholsolution,torch,gloves;aspirator,forceps,and
 Firstaidkit.
Thesurveystartsfromtheareawheretheincursionwasreported.Actionsincludedareto:
 identifypotentialusersofthesite,informthemofthesituation,discussactionstotakeandseek
theircooperation,
P a g e 71 | 84 










establishexactlyhowandwhenthenewspeciesreachedthearea,
monitorthespeedofdispersal,
mapboundariesandestimatesizeoftheinfestedarea,
identifysoil,aggregates, machinery,plants,plantproducts,orotherarticleswhosemovement
outoftheinfestedareawouldneedtoberegulatedinthecontainmentofthespecies,
identifyandnotifytheownersofthesematerials,machinery,plantproducts,orotherarticles,
assessthepossibilityofcontainingthenewinvasivespeciesandpreventfurtherspread,
identifyhowandwhereinfesteditemsand/orproductscouldbetreatedordisposedof,
takepicturesofthenewspecies,includingaffectedplantsandareas,
throughthecommunicationsspecialist,informappropriateauthoritiesandstakeholders,
recommendlocalstaffwhowouldneedtobepartoffurtheractions,
assessthefeasibility,costsandpossibleproblemsofcontaining,eradicatingandmanagingthe
newspecies.
As soon as practical, and in consultation with the other team members, the Technical Adviser
completesasurveyreportwiththeaddressesofallstakeholdersasanannexanddistributesitto
both the survey team and the ERMC members. The survey report should include: names of areas
surveyed, area affected (extent of infestation), description of land use type, accessibility, include
maps,photographs,densityofinfestationsandlandtenure.
The survey report also includes response options, recommendations and tentative budgets. The
Reportshouldnotrecommendaparticularcourseofactionbutoutlineoptionsavailable.TheERMC
makesthedecisiononwhatoptionstotake.
TheERMCwill,basedontheReportdecidetheresponseactions:
1. If the species cannot be eradicated in the infested area: containment within the infested area
andsurveillanceinendangeredareas,
2. Ifthespeciescanpotentiallybeeradicatedintheinfestedarea:containmentwithintheinfested
area and surveillance in endangered areas, followed by eradication in the infested area if the
firststepwassuccessful.
DraftManagementPlan
TheTechnicalAdviserwilldevelopadraftmanagementplanandbudgetfortheresponsedecided
bytheERMC.TheChairpersonconvenesameetingoftheERMCtodiscusstheTechnicalAdviser’s
reportwithinaweekofreportsubmissionwhenthecommitteedecidesonacourseofaction.After
approval by ERMC,theTechnicalAdviserfinalizesthe managementplan andbudgetforapproval
bytheERMC,inconsultationwiththeFinanceOfficerandNRPManager.
Themanagementplanshouldincludethefollowingcomponents:
P a g e 72 | 84 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Asurveillanceplan,
Aplanfortreatmentanderadicationincludinganticipatedtimeframetoeradication(ifneeded),
Acommunicationsstrategy,
Specificationsformovementcontrolsofriskitemsoutoftheinfestedarea.
Themethodstobeusedformonitoringprogressanddeclarationofareafreedom,
Abudget,
Recommendationsforoperationalresearch(ifneeded);and
Anorganizationalplan,suggestedincludingtimetables.
SURVEILLANCE PLAN TheSurveillancePlanshouldincludethefollowing







Specificationofplants,plantproducts,andotherriskitemsthatcouldbehostsorcarrythe
invasivespecies,
AlistofsurveillancesitesselectedontheadviceoftheTechnicalAdviser,
Measuresthatachievecooperationfromusersoftheinfestedsite,
Instructionsonhowto:
o surveyanarea,
o recorddata,
Statewhowoulddotheactualsurveillance,
Listofrequiredsurveillanceequipment(preferablylocallyavailable),
Instructions for collecting and preserving suspect specimens for identification by a local
specialist,
Definefurtheractionifsuspiciousspecimensarefound,
Asurveillanceschedule,and
Startingdateformonthlyreviewsoftheoperation.



Thesurveillanceplanshouldhaveaninformationfileonthenewspeciesandtherelevantpartof
anylegalprovisionsattached.
TREATMENT Thetreatmentplanshouldcontainthefollowing:






A definition of the infested area: which plants, plant products, or other articles need to be
treated,destroyedordisinfested,
Measuresthatachievecooperationfromsiteusersandownersofpossiblyinfestedplants,plant
productsorotherarticlesintheinfestedarea,
A list of required equipment (preferably locally available). Stockpiles of pesticides for
treatmentsthatcanbeusedandreplaced,
Considerationshouldbegivenatanearlystagetotheregistrationofanypesticidesthatarenot
alreadyregisteredorusepatternsnotcoveredbyexistinglabels,
Containinstructionsonhowtotreat,disinfestordestroyriskitems,
Actionifsuspiciousspecimenarefound,
P a g e 73 | 84 



Specifyunderwhatconditionsrestitutionmayneedtobepaidfordestructionofinfesteditems
Establishworkschedules,
Indicatethedurationoftreatments,
Specifytheperiodoftimewithoutnewdetectionsthathastoelapsebeforethespeciescanbe
declared eradicated. (Usually this is two years, but may be longer for plants with long‐lived
seedbanks),
Establishmentofanoperationalcontrolcenteroruseanalreadyestablishedfacility;and
Startingdateformonthlyreviewsoftheoperation.


The eradication plan has the file on the new species and the relevant part of the legal provisions
attached.
COMMUNICATIONS A communications strategy will need to be developed by a communications specialist and should
addressthefollowingissues:





Linesofcommunicationforoperationalstaff,theMaunaKeaManagementBoard,Universityof
Hawai‘i,siteusersandotherkeystakeholders,
Reportingtoappropriateagencies,
Aplantoengageallsiteuserspotentiallyaffectedbythenewinvasivespecies,
Disseminationofmovementcontrolsastheyapplytoriskitems,
Apublicawarenessprogram.
MOVEMENT CONTROLS Themovementcontrolplanshouldspecifywhichitemscanorcannotbemovedfromtheinfested
area(s) as well as prescribed approved treatment for disinfestations where this is possible. The
costsofdisinfestationsandresponsibilityformeetingthesecostsalsoneedstobeestablished.
BUDGET Points to consider in the budget are, broadly speaking, expenses for human resources, transport,
materialandawarenessmeasuresor,inmoredetail:



Humanresources
o salariesandwages,
o overtimepayments,
o mealallowances,
o costsofaccommodationandperdiems.
Transport
o hireoftransport,
o fuel,
o spareparts,servicingandupkeep.
Materials
o Pesticides,
P a g e 74 | 84 

o inspectionequipment,
o treatmentequipment,
o firstaidkit,
o stationery.
PublicAwareness
o radioortelevisionannouncements,
o leaflets‐designcosts,numberofleaflets.
Restitution
o Appropriate restitution for destruction of risk items and possible loss of access to
infestedsites.
RESEARCH PRIORITIES Theplanshouldaddressanygapsinknowledgethatmightimpactonthesuccessofsurveillanceor
eradication. It is possible there may be unique issues that may need to be dealt with. Where
knowledgegaps,ortheneedformoreresearchortrialworkexists,theseshouldbeidentifiedinthe
plan.
OrganizationalStructure.
The control center should report to the ERMC, through the NRP Manager. The complexity of the
organizationalstructureshouldbeconsistentwiththesizeoftheresponse.Anorganizationalchart
(Figure5.3)showsthereportingrelationships.
P a g e 75 | 84 ERMC
OMKM
NRPmanager
technicaladvisor
operationsmanager
fieldcontroller
financeofficer
communication
officer
surveyteams
treatmentteams
Figure 5.3. Organizational chart of the response team showing lines of authority (solid) and
communication(dashed).
Thedutiesandresponsibilitiesofkeystaffareasfollows:
THE NRP MANAGER 
providesmonthlyreportstotheERMCandanswersqueries.
OPERATIONS MANAGER 


ReportstotheNRPmanager,
Isresponsiblefortheoverallimplementationofthesurveillanceanderadicationplans,
Isresponsibleforthepurchaseofalltherequiredequipment,
P a g e 76 | 84 









Ensuresthatequipmentisavailablewhenandwhereneeded,
Maintainsaninventoryofissuedequipment,
Organizestransportandaccommodation,
Selectsandappointsasurveillanceteamanderadicationteamofqualifiedstaff,
Together with the Technical Adviser, briefs and trains the surveillance and eradication teams
for their tasks. The trainers need to make sure that everybody knows their positions and
understandstheirresponsibilities,
Suppliesthesurveillanceteamwith:
o surveillanceplanandattachments,
o surveillanceequipment,
o appropriateinspectionandtreatmentdocumentation,
o safetyequipmentandfirstaidkit,
o datasheets,notebooks,pens,markers.
DecidesonimprovementstotheoperationthataresuggestedbytheTechnicalAdviserorField
Controller,
Managesoperationalfundsonaday‐to‐daybasis,
ReportsexpensestotheFinanceOfficer,and
RequestsnewfundsfromtheFinanceOfficer.
THE FIELD CONTROLLER Inalargeresponse,thiscouldbecometwopositions:onemanagingsurveillanceandonemanaging
treatment. For a smaller response, this position could be combined with that of the Operations
Manager.





Organizessurveillanceandtreatmentschedules,
Isresponsiblefordaytodayimplementationoftheoperation,
Ensuresthat:
o appropriateproceduresarefollowed,
o infestedproductsaredisposedofortreatedinthemostappropriateway,
o treatmentsareappliedcorrectly.
Decidesonimprovementstotheoperationsuggestedbythesurveillanceteam,and
SuggestsimprovementstotheOperationsManagerandTechnicalAdviser.
THE FINANCE OFFICER Insmalleroperations,thefinanceofficermaybeapersonworkingasanadministratorinthelead
departmentandhaveadditionalresponsibilitiesnotrelatedtotheresponse.Inalargeroperation,
theFinancialControllerwillbeadedicatedposition.





ReportstotheOperationsmanagerandERMC,
Isinchargeofadministrationandfinance,
Establishesproceduresthatallowfastprocessingofpayments,
Ensuresallappropriategovernancerequirementsarefollowed,and
MobilizesnewfundsrequestedbytheOperationsManager.
P a g e 77 | 84 COMMUNICATION OFFICER 






ReportstotheOperationsManagerandERMC,
Managestheflowofinformation,
Preparesbriefingnotestoseniormanagement,otherpoliticalentities,andensuresappropriate
persons are informed of developments. This includes communication with site users and the
media,
PreparesbriefingnotesandreportstoERMC,
Designsandimplementspublicoutreachstrategyincludingcontactwiththemedia,
Designs and implements outreach and engagement strategy to site users and other relevant
stakeholderslikelytovisitorworkwithintheareasbeingtreatedandsurveyed,and
Isthefirstpointofcontactforexternalagenciesregardingprogressanddevelopments.
THE TECHNICAL ADVISER: Briefsandtrainsthesurveillanceteamand,inthecaseofaneradication,alsotheFieldController,
on their tasks and targets. The briefing is conducted together with the Operations Manager. The
trainers need to make sure that everybody knows their positions and understands their
responsibilities;




Periodicallymonitorstheoperationtoassessprogress,
SuggestsimprovementstotheOperationsManager,
SourcesadditionaltechnicalinformationfortheERMC,and
Suggestsresearchprioritiesifrequired.
THE SURVEILLANCE AND TREATMENT TEAMS: 





ReporttotheFieldController,
Followtheproceduresoutlinedinthesurveillanceandtreatmentplans,
Treatandifnecessarydestroyhostmaterials,
Keeprecordsofinspected,treated,destroyedorreleasedriskitems,
Collectsuspectedsamplesandforwardsthemforidentification,and
SuggestimprovementstotheFieldControllerandTechnicalAdviser.
AreaFreedom/PestFreedom
Theacceptedstandardfordeclaringareafreedominaneradicationistheabsenceoftheinvasive
speciesfortwolifecyclesoftheorganismusingacceptedsurveillancemethods.Formostinsects,
thisperiodistwoyears,butforplantswithlong‐livedseedbanks,thisperiodmaybemuchlonger.
Thefrequencyandextentofsurveillanceneedstobesufficientlyrigoroustoensurethespeciesis
trulyeradicatedandnewdiscoveriestreatedbeforetheyareabletoreproduceanddisperse.
Thesuggestedfrequencyforpost‐eradicationsurveillancevarieswiththespeciesinquestion.For
insects,thisshouldbe a minimum oftwiceper year.Forplants,thefrequencyshouldbe atleast
twicewithintheperiodthespeciesisknowntogrowfromapropaguletoreproductivestages.The
P a g e 78 | 84 surveillance needs to cover all previously infested areas and the survey should be designed
followingmethodsacceptedbythescientificcommunity.
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P a g e 82 | 84 Appendices
ListofStandardOperatingProcedures
StandardOperatingProcedures(SOPs)willbeupdatedpertheadaptivemanagementprinciplesof
thisdocument.SOPswilltakeeffectonceapprovedbytheMaunaKeaManagementBoardand(as
required)bytheDLNROfficeofCoastal&ConservationLands(OCCL);withthestatusfieldbelow
updated to reflect the date of acceptance. This list of appendices is subject to change, the topics
listedwillallbeaddressed.
Plan
StandardOperatingProcedure(SOP)
Category
IntroductoryMaterial(Intro)
Intro
SOP‐A
Intro
SOP‐BMaunakeaVertebrateThreats,
Identification,Collection,&Processing
Guide
Intro
SOP‐CMaunakeaInvertebrateThreats,
Identification,Collection,&Processing
Guide
Intro
SOP‐DMaunakeaPlantThreats,
Identification,Collection&Processing
Guide
Prevention(Prevent)
Prevent
SOP01CleaningofVehiclesandPersonal
Belongings
Prevent
SOP02InspectionofVehicles,
ConstructionMaterials,Scientific
Equipment,&Supplies
Prevent
SOP03CafeteriaFoodShipments
(Receiving)
Prevent
SOP04NurseryPlantTreatment&
Inspection
Prevent
SOP05ProphylacticPesticideUse
EarlyDetection(EarlyD)
EarlyD
SOP10InvasiveInvertebrate Early
DetectionSurveysofFacilities
EarlyD
SOP11AnnualAlienInvertebrate Early
Detection&WēkiuBugMonitoring
EarlyD
SOP12MaunakeaScienceReserveEarly
DetectionofArthropod&Vegetation
Surveys
SOP13Roads,Trails,&HPEarly
DetectionofArthropod&Vegetation
Surveys
EarlyD
ContentNotes
Status
Reserved
IDguideforvertebrates
notstarted
IDguideforarthropods,
spiders
SubmittedJan.2015
IDguideforplants
Internalreview
draft
Cleaningprocedures
SubmittedJan.2015
Inspectionprocedures
SubmittedJan.2015
Cleaning&Inspection
Procedures
AdoptprovenState
methods
Preventativesite
treatment
SubmittedJan.2015
Adoptexisting
standard
Notstarted
a)Locations
b)Methods
c)Analysis/Report
a)Locations
b)Methods
c)Analysis/Report
a)Locations
b)Methods
c)Analysis/Report
a)Locations
b)Methods
c)Analysis/Report
SubmittedJan.2015
Internalreview
draft
Internalreview
draft
Notstarted
P a g e 83 | 84 RapidResponse(RapidR)
RapidR
SOP20ArthropodEmergencyResponse
RapidR
SOP21EmergencyResponseforTwo
TypesofWoodyPlants
RapidR
SOP22EmergencyResponsePlanfor
TwoTypesofGrasses
RapidR
SOP23EmergencyResponsePlanfor
TwoTypesofHerbaceousPlants
Control(Control)
Control
SOP30VertebrateMonitoring&Control,
IACUC
Control
SOP31
Control
SOP32ControlPlansforHigh‐Priority
InvertebratesSpecies
Control
SOP33ControlPlansforHigh‐Priority
PlantSpecies
Control
SOP34PesticideUseonEstablishedPlant
&ArthropodSpecies
RapidResponsefor
Arthropods.(incl.
ArgentineAntspecific
chapterasexample)
RapidResponsefor
Woodyplants
RapidResponsefor
grasses
RapidResponsefor
herbaceousplants
Internalreview
draft
Notstarted
Notstarted
Notstarted
Methods&IACUC
approval
reserved
PriorityArthropod
speciescontrolmethods
Plants
NotStarted
PesticideuseforPlant&
Arthropodcontrolin
designatedareas
Control
SOP35ControlPlanforHalepōhaku, Road Alltaxa
Corridor,MaunakeaScienceReserve,&
AstronomyPrecinct
Monitoring(Mon)
Mon
SOP40PlantMonitoring
PlantMonitoring.Maybe
cross‐referencewith
otherSOPs
Mon
SOP41VertebrateMonitoring
Emphasison
‘uncontrolled’species
suchasbirds.Other
speciesmonitoredvia
‘control’SOP.
Mon
InvertebrateMonitoring
SeeSOP10&SOP11
Education/Outreach(Edu)
Edu
SOP50
TBD
SOP51StaffTraining&Implementation
Stafftrainingand
proceduresfor
inspection,species
observations,etc.
OtherSOPs(Other)
Other
SOP‐ZRevisingtheInvasiveSpecies
Processtofollow
ManagementPlan
Other
SOP‐YTMT‐SpecificInstructions
Excerpts&Summaries
Notstarted
Notstarted
Notstarted
Notstarted
Notstarted
Notstarted
Cross‐reference
Inpreparation
Internalreview
draft
Updatedasneeded
P a g e 84 | 84