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Vale of Glamorgan
Local Biodiversity
Action Plan
Cynllun Gweithredu
Bioamrywiaeth
Bro Morgannwg
FOREWORD
Anyone who lives in or has visited the Vale will know that it supports a rich and varied
wildlife. Hedgerows and woodland provide cover for mammals and a food source for
many birds; wild flowers such as primroses and violets are a common sight in meadows,
woods and along our road side verges which provide food and shelter for butterflies and
other insects; brown hares inhabit our farmland; otter and water vole live, unseen, on our
rivers and water ways, and newts and other amphibians breed, often un-noticed, in our
ponds. This rich variety of living things is termed ‘biodiversity’ and, in common with
other parts of the UK, it is under threat from man’s activities.
An awareness of this rich resource and the need to look after it has provided the impetus
behind the production of a Local Biodiversity Action Plan (LBAP) for the Vale of
Glamorgan area. The document represents the culmination of three years’ work by the
Vale of Glamorgan Council and its biodiversity partners, including government and nongovernment wildlife organisations, voluntary groups, local companies, farmers and landowners.
However, the publication of the LBAP is not the end but just the beginning, a framework
for current and future action. It provides us with a basis on which to build and improve,
as the LBAP is a dynamic process which must evolve to meet the changing needs of the
area. We can now focus on implementation, the delivery of action on the ground, which
will build on existing projects already under way.
I would like to thank everyone who has been involved in the production of the LBAP for
all the time and effort they have put in over the last few years to make it happen. It is
very reassuring to know that such a project is now under way in the Vale to help
safeguard the future of our biodiversity locally. Significantly too, through the LBAP, the
Vale partnership is making a contribution to biodiversity conservation at the global level.
Cllr. Mike Harvey
Cabinet Member for Economic Development and Leisure
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Enormous thanks are due to all members of the Vale of Glamorgan biodiversity
partnership who have contributed to the production of this plan. The plan has only been
made possible as a result of the commitment of individuals and organisations, both
voluntary and professional, to devote precious time and effort towards its production.
Contributions have been made in various ways including the provision of wildlife records
and other data, the writing of plans, the provision of funds, attendance of meetings, and
the provision of advice and responses to consultation. All contributions, however large or
small, have been critical in making the plan happen.
For the provision of photographs reproduced on the front cover of the LBAP we are
grateful to Richard Smith for the images of the skylark and the song thrush and David
Carrington for the image of the great crested newt. All other photographs are copyright of
the Vale of Glamorgan Council.
The publication of the Vale of Glamorgan LBAP is an achievement of which we are
proud to be a part. It marks the first stage in the LBAP process, a starting point on which
we can build. We wish the partnership every success in moving the plan forward into the
next stage, implementation, and look forward to working in continued partnership with
all our members in the future to achieve this end.
CONTENTS
Part 1
Introduction
Biodiversity in the Vale of Glamorgan
Proposals/Implementation
Appendices
Part 2
Habitat Action Plans
Wetlands
Grassland/Heath
Woodland/Hedgerows
Coastal
Species Action Plans
Mammals
Birds
Amphibians
Butterflies and moths
Lichens
Vascular plants
VALE OF GLAMORGAN
LOCAL BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLAN
Part 1
The Plan and Appendices
Vale of Glamorgan Council
May 2002
PART 1
Contents
Introduction
• What is biodiversity?
• Why is biodiversity important?
• The global, national and regional context
• Vale of Glamorgan LBAP – objectives and targets
• Functions of the LBAP
• Progress to date
• Context with other plans and strategies
Biodiversity in the Vale of Glamorgan
• Current status - Habitats
• Habitat Action Plans for the Vale
• Current status - Species
• Species Action Plans for the Vale, Phases 1, 2 and 3
• Trends
• Problems and threats
• Benefits
• Current protection of habitats and species (legal status)
• Current management of habitats and species
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Proposals/Implementation
Information and data
Development of the partnership process
Identification of priority habitats and species
Protection of existing sites
Promotion of appropriate management
Restoration and recreation of habitats
Awareness, education and involvement
Appendices
1. UK Biodiversity Action Plan - key habitats
2. Habitats of nature conservation importance in the Vale of Glamorgan
3. UK Biodiversity Action Plan - short list species
4. Species of nature conservation importance in the Vale of Glamorgan
5. Sites protected for nature conservation in the Vale of Glamorgan
6. Protected species in the Vale of Glamorgan
7. Sites managed for nature conservation in the Vale of Glamorgan
8. Biodiversity Forum representatives
INTRODUCTION
This document explains why biodiversity is important at a local level, in the Vale of
Glamorgan, how it can be protected and improved and sets out a programme of action
which shows how everyone can help.
What is Biodiversity?
Short for ‘biological diversity’, biodiversity means the variety and richness of all
living things - animals, birds, insects, plants and even bacteria - that exist throughout
the world. It also refers to the wide range of habitats which plants and animal depend
upon. It is not just about rare or threatened species, it embraces all life, from the
commonplace to the most precarious. The UK Steering Group Report 1995 summed
this up as:
‘Biodiversity is all living things, from the tiny garden ant to the giant redwood tree.
You will find biodiversity everywhere, in window box and wild woods, roadsides and
rain forests, snow field and sea-shore’.
Why is Biodiversity important?
Biodiversity provides the living fabric of the planet. Without this framework, the
world as we know it could collapse. Biodiversity and its products provides most of
our food, medicine, clothing and building materials. Many of our leisure activities
(gardening, birdwatching, enjoying the countryside) are dependent upon biodiversity.
It also provides variety of place or local distinctiveness, helping to create unique local
character. Most important of all, it maintains the environmental good health of the
planet and therefore the systems which support human life, helping to maintain our
‘quality of life’.
The Global, National and Regional Context
The concept of biodiversity was first introduced at the United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 (the Earth Summit). The
United Kingdom, along with over 150 other nations, signed up there to the
Biodiversity Convention. Following this, the UK government published The UK
Biodiversity Action Plan with the aim of conserving and enhancing biological
diversity within the UK and contributing to global biodiversity. A steering group
identified key habitats and species considered to be in need of special protection for
which action plans have been, or are being prepared. These target habitats and species
are under review, and additional ones are added periodically.
A Wales Biodiversity Group was formed in 1996 to guide and inform the biodiversity
process in Wales. Action Plans for several key species and habitats in Wales, have
been produced by ‘lead partners’ at the national level, whilst at the regional level, the
Glamorgan Biodiversity Advisory Group is preparing action plans for this area of
South Wales. Part of the Vale also lies within the area for which a Severn Estuary
BAP is being prepared. This BAP will cover marine and coastal habitats and species.
Other biodiversity plans are being prepared by organisations with large land holdings
such as Railtrack, the Ministry of Defence, Innogy (formerly National Power) and the
motorway and trunk road network.
March 2001 saw the launch of Sustaining the Variety of Life – 5 Years of the UK
Biodiversity Action Plan (also known as ‘the Millennium Biodiversity Report’) which
sets out 76 recommendations for the future of the biodiversity process, including 7
directly targeted at LBAPs. Also launched on that date was the new Biodiversity
Website www.ukbap.org.uk including all UK HAPs and SAPs, information on
published and proposed LBAPs and where available, links to on-line LBAPs.
The requirement to promote the conservation, enhancement and restoration of priority
species and habitats is now also enshrined in the Countryside and Rights of Way Act
2000. The National Assembly for Wales has produced a draft list of Habitats and
Species of Principal Importance in Wales, in accordance with the requirements of
Section 74 of the CROW Act 2000, having regard to the purposes of conserving
biological diversity. This list is likely to be finalised in Spring, 2002, following
consultation. NAW is also required to take steps, to promote action by others, to further
the conservation of the listed species and habitats.
The identification of priority habitats is likely to follow that of the UK Action Plan,
although ‘cereal margins’ is likely to be expanded to ‘tillage fields’, to include the whole
field and root crops, as being more applicable to Welsh agriculture. Some scarce or
threatened Welsh marine habitats, additional to the UK list, are also proposed to be
added, following recent reviews of Welsh coastal and marine habitats. Several changes,
substitutions and additions to the UK list as regards species are proposed – including
additional species which are relevant to Wales; providing for a more balanced selection
of taxa; and ensuring that Action Plans are provided only for those species where such a
plan would make a positive contribution to its conservation in Wales
The Vale of Glamorgan LBAP
Objectives and Targets
The overall objective of the Vale of Glamorgan LBAP is to conserve and enhance the
biodiversity of the Vale by:
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Protecting all habitats and species important at a local as well as national
or international level for nature conservation;
Promoting optimum management for these sites;
Where appropriate, improving degraded habitats or creating new habitats;
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Creating a healthy environment in which the commoner species can thrive;
Creating public awareness of local biodiversity through education and
information to all sectors.
More specific action is likely to include:
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Developing networks and partnerships to implement objectives;
Researching all information and data sources;
Quantifying data and mapping on a GIS-type system;
Undertaking surveys to establish the extent and quality of the habitat or
status/range of species;
Monitoring key species;
Promoting advice and information to owners and managers of key habitats;
Encouraging the take-up of funding and other assistance for biodiversity
management;
Encouraging sustainable rural and urban land use and practices;
Establishing, promoting and protecting Sites of Nature Conservation
Interest (SINCs).
These over-arching objectives translate into specific objectives for the individual
habitats and species detailed in part 2, together with actions and biological targets to
achieve the objectives. Many of these targets remain to be defined at the local level,
awaiting guidance on all Wales and disaggregated habitat guidance. When these have
been agreed, the local contribution to these targets will be the subject of consultation
with LBAP partners.
Functions of the LBAP
The UK Steering Group Report summarises the purpose of Local Biodiversity Action
Plans as:
‘ (focussing) resources to conserve and enhance biodiversity by means of local
partnerships, taking account of both national and local priorities’.
More specifically, this requires the LBAP:
• To ensure that national targets for species and habitats, as specified in the
UK Action Plan are translated into effective action at the local level;
• To identify targets for species and habitats appropriate to the local area, and
reflecting the values of people locally;
• To develop effective local partnerships to ensure that programmes for
biodiversity conservation are maintained in the long run;
• To raise awareness of the need for biodiversity conservation in the local
context;
• To ensure that opportunities for conservation and enhancement of the whole
biodiversity resource are fully considered;
• To provide a basis for monitoring progress in biodiversity conservation, at
both the local and national level.
Progress to date
The production of the Vale of Glamorgan LBAP has relied on a variety of factors. In
part, it needs to interpret the national and regional BAPs and help implement action
and deliver targets included in those plans, where applicable, at the local level. Apart
from this ‘top-down’ approach though, it is also very much a local plan, depending on
the particular circumstances, character and needs of the area. The LBAP is a
therefore also a process, bringing together local interest groups, expertise and
communities in a partnership and forming networks with other relevant bodies.
Through these local partnerships, locally distinctive species and habitats, as well as
those valued by local communities, are being identified and targeted for action
through the LBAP.
As a first step, however, it was necessary to establish what was known about the
biodiversity of the Vale. This has included:
• Information about statutorily protected sites, and those areas deemed worthy
of protection through local planning policies was collated in ‘Sites of
Importance for Nature Conservation in the Vale of Glamorgan’ (VoG 1999);
• General information about Vale’s species and habitats are described in a
follow-up document ‘A Nature Conservation Strategy for the Vale of
Glamorgan’ (VoG 2000);
• A re-survey of the Vale’s Highway Verge Conservation Zones (VoG, 1997);
• Collation of species data for particular sites from a number of organisations
including: Countryside Council for Wales; Wildlife Trust of South & West
Wales; Glamorgan Bird Club; Glamorgan Heritage Coast; Butterfly
Conservation; Glamorgan Moth Recording Group;
• Analysis of available habitat data (primarily CCW Phase 1 Habitat Survey);
• Responses to questionnaires and consultation drafts circulated to partners.
A second step was to bring together key partners in a Biodiversity Forum. This was a
natural progression from the former Nature Conservation Forum, set up as part of the
Vale of Glamorgan Countryside Strategy. The forum enables partners to contribute
information and ideas and to form networks to put biodiversity initiatives into
practice.
The Glamorgan Heritage Coast includes some of the Vale’s most important habitats
and is being managed for its nature conservation interest. It is also one of the few
areas in the Vale where ecological monitoring has been undertaken for some years. It
was therefore decided to produce a ‘pilot’ LBAP for this area to guide future
management and also act as a model for the remainder of the Vale. (GHC 1999)
Context with other plans and strategies
The Vale LBAP links closely to a number of Vale of Glamorgan plans and strategies:
• The Vale of Glamorgan Unitary Development Plan includes policies to
protect and enhance statutory sites and other areas of importance for nature
conservation, together with wildlife species;
• Biodiversity is a central tenet of sustainable development which is promoted
through the Council’s Local Agenda 21 process. Biodiversity indicators will
be identified as part of a suite of sustainable development indicators;
• Incorporating sustainable development into Best Value ar part of LA 21 is a
prerequisite of the Best Value process;
• The Local Government Act 2000 requires local authorities to help prepare
Community Strategies for ‘the economic, social and environmental wellbeing of their areas’. LAs are expected to include ‘planning for local action
on biodiversity’ in their Community Strategies, which will draw on existing
plans such as Agenda 21 and LBAPs.
BIODIVERSITY IN THE VALE OF GLAMORGAN
This section is intended as a summary or overview of the detailed Habitat Action Plans
and Species Action Plans included in Part 2.
Current Status - Habitats
Despite its relatively small area, the geology, coastal location, and land management of
the Vale results in a great variety of habitats. Indeed, nineteen of the key UK BAP
habitats for which costed habitat action plans have been prepared can be found in the
Vale - probably the largest number of any authority in south Wales. Amongst these are
habitats which are relatively rare in Wales, such as mesotrophic lakes (as at Pysgodlyn
Mawr) and saline lagoons (such as at Aberthaw). Whilst the extent of most of the key
habitats (such as lowland heath, reedbeds, wet woodland) in the Vale is small, relative to
other authorities, it is likely that ancient and species-rich hedgerows in the area make up a
significant percentage of the all-Wales total. Similarly, as one of the main arable areas in
Wales, the extent of cereal field margins is potentially significant. The full list of costed
UK Habitat Action Plans (HAPs) is included at Appendix 1.
Habitats for which costed UK Habitat Action Plans have been prepared which occur
in the Vale of Glamorgan (see Part 2 HAPs)
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Coastal & floodplain grazing marsh
Purple moor grass and rush pasture
Ancient and/or species rich hedgerows
Reedbeds
Lowland heathland
Fens
Cereal field margins
Mesotrophic lakes
Eutrophic standing waters
Lowland calcareous grassland
Lowland hay meadow
Lowland wood pastures and parklands
Wet woodlands
Beech and yew woodland
Maritime cliff and slopes
Coastal sand dunes
Coastal vegetated shingle
Saltmarsh
Saline lagoons
Collating all the data and ideas gathered as part of the LBAP process, Local Action Plans
have been prepared for the key habitats listed above. These can be found in Part 2 of this
document.
The next stage of costed UK HAPs is now underway for key habitats in the marine
environment. Those which are known to occur in the Vale include mudflats, estuaries,
Sabellaria (a marine worm) reefs and caves. Consideration is also being given to adding
(amongst others which do not occur in the Vale) oligotrophic lakes and ponds of high
ecological quality to the list of priority habitats
Apart from these key habitats, there are other locally important habitats in the Vale
contributing to the characteristic local biodiversity, or supporting key biodiversity
species. These include former quarries, which provide habitats for birds of prey,
butterflies, plants and lichens; road verges with their relict grassland species and which,
like disused railway lines, can act as wildlife corridors; wasteground, such as former
dockland, which is attractive to some bird species for nesting, and may include rare
plants; parks and gardens.
Partners have suggested that the following additional HAPs be prepared:
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Ponds
Bracken habitats
Marine habitats
Details of all the main types of habitat in the Vale are included in Appendix 2.
Current Status - Species
The UK Action Plan identified 431 species - mammals, birds, insects and plants for
which costed action plans are to be prepared. Those species deemed to be most critical
are on a ‘short’ list, whilst a ‘long’ list includes those of less urgent conservation concern.
This short list is included at Appendix 3, together with details of those known to occur in
the Vale.
The progress on Species Action Plans (SAPs) at the UK and national level has inevitably
been slower than for HAPs, given the large number to be covered. Similarly, the
Glamorgan Biodiversity Advisory Group chose to concentrate on the production of
HAPs, and a limited number of SAPS (which are still unpublished). Accordingly,
preparation of SAPs for the Vale has been delayed, awaiting this guidance. Another
problem has been that species data for the Vale is fairly sparse and tends to concentrate
on certain species or areas, particularly mammals, birds, butterflies and moths.
Given these limitations, it is not intended to attempt to produce the full range of SAPs at
this stage. Instead, priority is being given to those species which are of particular
conservation concern or interest locally - for example those which are particularly
vulnerable, those where the area supports a significant percentage of the national
population and those where specific management is, or could be, reversing the decline. A
first phase of nine SAPs was included in Part 2 of the draft Vale LBAP which went out
to consultation in March 2001. A second phase of twelve SAPs were produced in
April/May and circulated to appropriate partners for comment. This second phase is now
included in Part 2 of this document. Further SAPs are proposed as information becomes
available. The list below (‘Phase 3’) includes SAPs suggested by partners through the
consultation process. It is hoped that later phases will include more invertebrates, lower
plants and marine species to redress the present imbalance.
Species Action Plans for the Vale of Glamorgan - first phase
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Water vole
Brown hare
European otter
Chough
Great crested newt
Marsh fritillary
High brown fritillary
Shore dock
Maidenhair fern
Species Action Plans for the Vale of Glamorgan - second phase
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Dormouse
Pipistrelle bat
Bats (other species)
Aquatic warbler
Skylark
Bittern
Song thrush
Lapwing
Grey Partridge
Nightjar
Chalk Carpet Moth
Staurothele (lichen)
Other locally important species suggested by partners for ‘Phase 3’ include:
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Grey Heron
Barn Owl
Tree Sparrow
Dartford Warbler
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Peregrine Falcon
Allis and Twaite Shad
Other Moths
Other Butterflies including Grizzled Skipper, Small Blue, Wood White, Dark
Green Fritillary, Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary, Dingy Skipper, Silverwashed Fritillary and Grayling
Downy Emerald dragonfly
Shepherds Needle
True Service Tree
Nettle-leaved bellflower
Hoary Stock
Horseshoe Vetch
Monkshood
Nitgrass
Red Hemp Nettle
Tuberous Thistle
Purple Gromwell
White hoarhound
Opposite-leaved pondweed
Stinking hellebore
Green-winged Orchid
Details of all species of conservation concern occurring in the Vale are attached at
Appendix 4. This includes not only BAP species, but also those with other nature
conservation status such as protection under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, EC
Habitats Directive and inclusion within Red Data Lists.
Trends
Most of the key habitats in the Vale have declined over the past few decades. Much of
this is due to changing farming practices, in response to agricultural policies, involving
larger and more powerful machines, chemical applications and new technologies. In
some cases, these have been quite dramatic - for example nearly all lowland hay
meadows have been ploughed and resown, wet grasslands have been drained, hedgerows
have also been removed or have deteriorated through neglect, and arable margins have
been ploughed. Farm woodlands, often neglected for decades, have further suffered lack
of natural regeneration from being treated as grazing land in order to benefit from
agricultural grants.
Other habitats, such as limestone grassland, are becoming increasingly fragmented,
which reduces their biodiversity interest, as sites become too small to encompass a ‘core’
of characteristic vegetation and species and there is less opportunity for species to
colonise adjacent sites.
Species dependant on traditional farming practices, such as many of the song birds, have
been seriously affected over the past twenty years, as a result of habitat loss, and
particularly the loss of food sources such as winter stubble, weed seeds and invertebrates.
Similarly the loss of hedgerows may have contributed to the dramatic decline in some
nesting species such as tree sparrows.
To a lesser extent, development and recreational pressures have accounted for the loss or
degradation of other habitats, particularly in or near the urban centres of Barry and
Penarth, such as the reedbeds at Cadoxton Ponds. The loss of ruderal habitats (such as
derelict dockland) may be particularly important as they can often include relict
limestone grassland communities and provide nesting sites for endangered bird species.
Some habitats have been lost through natural processes - such as scrub or bracken
encroachment, the drying out of small ponds or fen (as at Morfa Ystradowen) or from
diseases such as Dutch Elm disease.
Wetlands are another group of habitats which have declined rapidly in recent years as
more land has been brought into productive farmland. Water bodies and water courses
have also been adversely affected by chemical runoff from farms, from urban and
industrial pollution and sewage outfalls. Nutrient enrichment is a particular problem,
causing changes in biotic flora and fauna.
Woodland habitats have tended to be more resilient, with fewer losses, though some have
deteriorated through lack of appropriate management over many decades. Indeed, in
some cases, woodlands have expanded naturally, whilst others have been planted.
Conifer afforestation, as at Hensol, has added new habitats and species, although
sometimes at the expense of ancient woodland, or other priority habitats such as wet
pasture. More woodlands are now being managed, as a result of Forestry Commission
grant aid and advice from Coed Cymru, usually to the benefit of biodiversity.
More habitats are now being actively managed for nature conservation, often with the
benefit of grants (see below). New habitats have also been created - such as Cosmeston
Lakes (former limestone quarry), new ponds, hedgerows and woodlands.
Problems and Threats
The problems caused by modern farming practices are likely to continue, as the severe
hardships facing farmers mean that few can afford to farm in a way that does not
maximise profits, unless they are adequately compensated. Although the new agrienviromental grants such as ‘Tir Gofal’ and Organic Farming grants aim to redress this
problem and help farmers to farm in a more traditional and environmentally friendly way,
it is a voluntary and competitive scheme, so the actual numbers of Tir Gofal agreements
in the Vale will take several years to accumulate. Since agriculture at present is largely
determined by CAP funding, it is not possible to predict with any certainty how farming
will develop over the next few decades, but it is likely that the present trends of
increasing farm unit size and smaller labour inputs will continue, particularly if small
farmers go out of business as a result of the current farming crises. Some marginal land
may go out of production, reverting to more interesting habitat, but this is not likely to
constitute a significant area in the Vale.
Increasing demand for land for development to satisfy the needs of a growing urban
population will continue to cause loss and deterioration of habitats, whether ‘greenfield’
or, possibly equally important, from a biodiversity point of view, ‘brownfield’ sites.
Alongside this is an inevitable increase in traffic movements, creating air and often water
pollution. New industrial developments, or new industrial processes, whilst providing
essential economic benefits, may also add to deterioration of habitats. In the countryside,
recreational use is likely to increase, putting pressure on fragile habitats, particularly on
the coast, whilst the demand for facilities such as golf courses threatens further habitat
change.
A new threat to biodiversity is the possible impact of climate change. Some changes are
already apparent - the climate appears to be generally warmer and wetter and stormy
conditions much more frequent. Whilst some species may thrive in these conditions,
others, especially those which are near the limits of their range will undoubtedly suffer.
Of particular concern are those plants and animals which will have difficulty in moving
from an increasingly inhospitable habitat to a more suitable one. There are many
physical obstacles to translocation - urban development, improved farmland and the
limitations of the organism’s lifecycle and ability to extend its range. Unfortunately,
diseases, insect plagues and vermin are likely to thrive as there are fewer harsh winters to
kill them off, and this will adversely affect vulnerable habitats and species.
Land uses may change in response to these climatic conditions. This may introduce new
habitats if farmers are able to grow new crops, but on the other hand important habitats
may be lost at an increasing rate to coastal erosion and inland flooding.
Benefits
The benefits of biodiversity at a global level are well known. Biodiversity is essential for
the health of the planet - ensuring continued supplies of oxygen and water for life and
absorbing harmful substances through photosynthesis, the carbon and hydrological
cycles. It also provides the basic necessities of food, shelter and medicines for life.
At the local level, it may not be immediately obvious how the habitats and species of a
particular area contribute to the global picture. In the Vale, we do not have the variety of
habitats and species found in tropical rainforests for example, and it may be difficult for
some land owners and managers to appreciate the value of locally endangered species
and habitats when considering management or development proposals which would have
an adverse effect. Whilst we are all encouraged to ‘think globally and act locally’ and
see the Vale is part of the big picture where any losses or gains for biodiversity can
impact regionally, nationally and ultimately globally, we cannot always expect people to
behave altruistically, particularly where economic factors are involved.
Fortunately, there are many benefits from ‘thinking locally and acting locally’, and it is
now being realised that there is great potential for economic growth or savings,
particularly in rural areas, based on local biodiversity. This can include water filtration,
natural drainage, coastal and flood defence, soil stability and the natural protection of
food crops among many other natural systems which would be extremely expensive if not
impossible to mimic through technology.
In agriculture, the variety or diversity of vegetation is becoming increasingly appreciated
as fodder crops. Salt marsh grazing is prized for the flavour which it brings to the meat.
Lowland hay meadows produce hay which is especially prized - for example by racehorses. Even lichens and seaweeds are favoured by some grazing animals. Organic
farming, which allows much more diverse habitats to develop, also results in premium
prices for the farmer, and arguably, a better product for the consumer.
Biodiversity also tends to result in a more interesting landscape - meadows, hedgerows,
woodlands, ponds, heathland with its birds, butterflies and animals rather than featureless
monoculture agriculture devoid of wildlife. This not only makes the Vale an attractive
place to live and work, but it also defines its character - one which has developed over the
centuries and becomes part of the local culture. In turn, this makes the Vale an important
place for recreation and tourism, contributing to the local economy. In July 2001, the
National Trust launched a report ‘Valuing our Environment’ which demonstrates that the
quality of Wales’ natural environment is a key economic benefit.
The diversity of habitats represented in the Vale benefits both the species they support
and the human communities which live, work or spend their recreation time there.
Because of the number of different types of habitat (albeit some very small) there is the
potential for a wide variety and number of species. Proximity to a diverse wildlife and
attractive countryside is an important factor in well-being – both physical and spiritual for most people and the Vale thus has an important role to play not just for its own
population, but also for the adjoining urban areas. An interesting and attractive
environment can be a recreational resource in itself – for activities such as walking, horse
riding, bird watching, angling, visits to the sea-side, nature trails etc – or provide a scenic
backdrop to others.
Current protection of habitats and species (legal status)
Important nature conservation sites and species are legally protected in a number of ways
- specific legislation; statutory and non-statutory site protection; and through planning
policies. Full details of these are included in Appendices 5 and 6. There are two
internationally designated sites in the Vale. The Severn Estuary is a Special Protection
Area (SPA), Ramsar site and candidate Special Area of Conservation (cSAC). This last
designation is particularly important since it covers the marine environment where few
controls exist at present. The second internationally designated site is Dunraven Bay
cSAC.
There are 21 nationally designated sites in the Vale, all Sites of Special Scientific Interest
(SSSIs), though some of these are designated primarily for their geological interest, such
as quarries, and may not be so important for nature conservation and biodiversity. The
SSSIs are intended to be representative of habitats worthy of protection and do not cover
all sites which meet the criteria for designation. There are therefore examples of coastal,
woodland, heath, river, wetland and grassland habitats. There are no national nature
reserves in the Vale at present.
At the local level, some 170 candidate Sites of Importance for Nature Conservation have
been identified according to set criteria which are now being adopted throughout the
former counties of Glamorgan and Gwent. The SINC sites include two Local Nature
Reserves declared at Cwm Talwg Woodlands and Cliff Wood, Porthkerry, Barry and nine
county nature reserves managed by the Wildlife Trust of South and West Wales and the
Woodland Trust.
Trees and woodland in the Vale may be subject to Tree Preservation Orders (TPOs),
which requires the Council’s consent prior to any works to fell, lop, or in some cases,
remove ground cover. There are some 200 TPOs and the protection also extends to trees
within the Vale’s 36 Conservation Areas. Trees not covered by TPOs will still require a
felling licence from the Forestry Commission for proposals over a certain size. Ancient
and species-rich hedgerows are protected under the Hedgerow Regulations (see relevant
HAP)
Additionally, nature conservation sites are afforded specific protection through a series of
policies in the Vale of Glamorgan Unitary Development Plan, which also has policies to
protect the countryside generally.
Some species are protected by law, notably under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981
and subsequent amendments, including the Badgers Act 1992 and the Countryside and
Rights of Way Act 2000. Protection afforded to nesting birds and certain plants can have
the effect of protecting their habitats, even if they do not meet the criteria for local
designation as SINCs.
Current management of habitats and species
There are a variety of ways in which habitats and species in the Vale are managed
specifically for biodiversity. The local authority manages several important sites within
its ownership such as Leckwith Woods, Cliff Woods and Cosmeston Lakes SSSIs, Cliff
Woods, Porthkerry LNR, Stallingdown Common and some 40 stretches of highway verge
which have been designated as Highway Verge Conservation Zones, where there is
particularly diverse or interesting flora. Special mowing regimes allow for the flowering
and setting of seed before the verges are cut. Town and Community Councils may also
manage commons and village greens in their ownership.
Other sites are managed by Trusts, or groups of volunteers, such as the Wildlife Trust of
South and West Wales, National Trust, Woodland Trust and Cwm Talwg Woodland
Residents Group. Private land may also be managed for wildlife either as a result of
management agreements whereby the owner receives a payment from CCW in return for
habitat management; Section 106 agreement and planning conditions; initiatives such as
Tir Gofal, Organic Farming grants; and Woodland Grant Scheme or where owners
receive assistance or advice from projects such as the Glamorgan Heritage Coast and
Coed Cymru. 14.12 hectares in the Vale were in positive conservation management in
2001 under the National Assembly for Wales’ Agricultural Department’s Habitat
Scheme, though this scheme has now been discontinued. Some landowners have
developed nature areas or trails as part of commercial or other enterprises, such as
Amelia Trust Farm and Llanerch Vineyard.
Further details of these managed sites are included in Appendix 7
PROPOSALS / IMPLEMENTATION
The Vale of Glamorgan LBAP is not intended to be a prescriptive document. This draft
is a framework, setting out what are thought to be the key points and critical areas. It is
only part of the ongoing LBAP process involving partnerships working together to
conserve and enhance biodiversity in the Vale. For this reason, the LBAP will be a
developing, iterative process.
Information and data
Much of the existing known data about key BAP habitats and species in the Vale was
collated in a recently published document: The Vale of Glamorgan Nature Conservation
Strategy (2000). The main sources of habitat information were the CCW Phase 1 and 2
Habitat Surveys, carried out in the mid 1990s. These were extremely comprehensive
surveys providing a unique picture of most habitats in Wales. There are, however, some
gaps. The CCW surveys concentrated on grassland habitats (which was the main area of
conservation concern) whereas habitats such as woodland were not the subject of detailed
survey. Ancient woodland surveys were undertaken in the 1980s, but these were ‘desktop’ only and did not include small woodlands. The Environment Agency has undertaken
river habitat surveys, but there is little data relating to other water bodies. No recent
hedgerow surveys have been carried out. Relatively little is known about marine
habitats, although a marine atlas has recently been produced which will help identify the
marine biological resource.
As regards species data, the information is even sparser. There is no biological records
centre serving the Vale, but the Wildlife Trust of South and West Wales (WTSWW)
maintains a large computer database. Unfortunately, these only include recent records of
relatively few survey areas and species, as they are dependent on mainly volunteer
records. Certain species such as birds, moths, butterflies and some mammals are
relatively well recorded, but records for invertebrates, lower plants, fungi etc. are very
sparse. It is also likely that species records are being held by groups or individuals which
are not forwarded to the WTSWW’s database.
A basic requirement therefore, will be to attempt to rectify the information gaps,
particularly as regards the key habitats and species, by field survey, finding all sources of
data, collating these and inputting them centrally. This is a major, but essential, task and
in most cases requires a degree of expertise. Environmental groups and students (such as
Pencoed College) could perhaps undertake this role.
With regard to habitats, it will be necessary to survey for quality, as well as extent. This
could well tie in with the appraisal of the Vales candidate Sites of Importance for Nature
Conservation against agreed criteria (see above). This information is needed in order to
assess what management is needed to conserve or enhance the habitat, and may well
influence decisions as to which habitats to focus on and the priorities for allocating
resources.
In the Vale, it is proposed to input information on habitats on a Geographical Information
System (GIS) type computer programme, such as Map-Info. This facility is likely to be
available shortly, but the task of inputting information is likely to be lengthy, unless
additional resources are forthcoming. Once established, however, GIS will be an
invaluable tool for habitat managers, educationalists and decision-makers such as
planners, developers, infrastructure engineers etc.
Development of the partnership process
The Vale of Glamorgan Biodiversity Partnership grew out of a Nature Conservation
Forum set up to discuss issues arising from the Vale of Glamorgan Countryside Strategy.
It includes representatives of the main government agencies involved in biodiversity
issues, local wildlife and environmental groups, land-owning and farming interests, large
industrial companies and utilities, educationalists and countryside managers. A list of
members is attached at Appendix 8. It should be noted that some institutions are not
represented at the local level, because of staff/time constraints, but these contribute at the
regional level via the Glamorgan Biodiversity Advisory Group. Annual meetings of the
partnership have been held to discuss how the vale LBAP should be progressed and much
‘networking’ between partners has been engendered. A wider audience has been targeted
through questionnaires and direct contact.
Partners have also been consulted on the draft versions of the Vale of Glamorgan Nature
Conservation Strategy and Sites of Importance for Nature Conservation in the Vale of
Glamorgan. A meeting proposed to be held in spring 2001 to launch the draft Vale
LBAP had to be postponed because of the Foot and Mouth outbreak, although the
document was subsequently sent to key partners for consultation.
It is envisaged that the next stage will involve the setting up of sub-groups to look at
groups of habitats, such as woodland, grassland and coastal and revise the draft HAPs
and SAPs in the light of the consultation responses and other information. The same
groups could then look at how they could be implemented, or it may be decided to adopt
different groupings such as ‘agricultural land’, ‘public land’ etc.
Identification of priority habitats and species
The identification of key habitats and species has already been undertaken at the UK and
national level and the Vale is required prepare the relevant HAPs and SAPs to contribute
towards the achievement of national and UK targets. However, in the interests of local
biodiversity, it also has the option of identifying other habitats and species which are
considered to be a priority for the Vale. For example, a SAP has been prepared for the
maidenhair fern. Although this is not a short-list species, it is included as the Vale holds
a significant proportion of the national population and the colonies display apparently
unique characteristics. Another SAP has been prepared for the chough, which it is hoped
will become a resident breeding species on the Glamorgan Heritage Coast. Although no
additional HAPs have been prepared to date, it has been suggested that habitats which
feature strongly in the Vale - such as improved grassland, ruderal (wasteland) sites,
quarries and disused railway lines could be considered.
Protection of existing sites
There are several ways in which protection of existing habitats may be achieved. It is
understood that several sites within the Vale are under consideration for designation as
SSSIs, whilst others could be made the subject of management agreements. The
extension of the Tir Gofal or other agri-environment schemes will also provide protection
for key habitats within the relevant farms. Woodland Grant Schemes can also be used to
conserve important woodland habitats and are likely to increase.
Land-ownership, whether freehold or leasehold, is also a critical way of protecting sites.
The Woodland Trust is actively seeking sites for its ‘Woods on Your Doorstep’ initiative,
and it is possible that other organisations such as the National Trust and Wildlife Trusts
may extend their ownership of sites.
The confirmation of designations such as Site of Importance for Nature Conservation will
also afford particular protection to sites through the development control process. Other
sites are likely to be added to the present total as a result of field surveys. Consideration
may be given to designating yet a further tier of sites - such as ‘Community Habitat
Resource’, as detailed in the Vale of Glamorgan Nature Conservation Strategy. Planning
conditions and Section 106 agreements also provide a vehicle for achieving habitat
protection, as has occurred for example at Cog Moors (sewage treatment plant) and
Rhoose Point (residential development).
Promotion of appropriate management
Promotion of appropriate management will often coincide with the protective measures
detailed above. The agri-environmental grants require habitats to be managed
appropriately, not merely protected in a negative way. Similarly, the acquisition of sites
by environmental concerns usually involves the enhancement of habitats.
Promoting appropriate management on other sites, even those in public ownership, is
more difficult. It will be necessary to build up agencies which can advise, encourage and
where necessary undertake management tasks. This in turn implies developing expertise
and devoting resources to the task. The process of networking between partners has
begun this process, but it will be necessary to co-ordinate and develop existing initiatives
further. The Glamorgan Heritage Coast Project could provide a model for this in their
work with local landowners and environmental groups.
Restoration and recreation of habitats
Some degraded habitats can be restored or re-created through appropriate works - such
as the removal of blanket bracken or sea buckhorn cover; fencing to allow natural
regeneration of deciduous woodland, mowing or grazing of rank vegetation to allow
other species to recover; withdrawal of fertiliser application; even controlled burning.
Other habitats can be fairly quickly created - such as the creation of pools and wetland
scrapes, and the planting of reedbeds. There are already proposals to implement some of
these schemes, for example at Cosmeston Lakes (extension of reedbed). This type of
project can be a popular form of ‘recreation’ for conservation volunteers, student groups
and Community Programme groups.
Awareness, education and involvement
Awareness is a critical part of the biodiversity process. Initially, it is necessary to make
all those who can have a direct impact on key habitats and species aware of how their
actions (or lack of action) can affect the biodiversity of that site and ultimately of the
Vale as a whole. This means not just the land-owner or site manager, but those who have
rights over the land (public utilities such as electricity and water, walkers and public
officials). Adjoining land uses can also have an adverse effect beyond their boundaries,
for example on watercourses or air pollution.
Secondly, developing awareness in the general public is critical. LBAPs cannot succeed
unless they have the support and ‘ownership’ of the local community. Such support may
take practical form, such as getting directly involved with management tasks or
monitoring, raising funds for purchase of sites, or lobbying for legislative changes, or it
may just be passive support, acknowledging the benefit of the biodiversity process. This
can be achieved at an individual or group level. It is also important that all parts of the
community feel that they have a role to play, including those social and ethnic groups
who have not traditionally been involved in countryside activities. The work of
Valeways, the Amelia Farm Trust and the Black Environmental Network provides
examples of how this could be achieved. To engage the public and create this ‘shared
ownership’, it is also important to involve them in the decision-making process, through
means such as ballots, questionnaires, through targeting community councils and
through setting up LBAP sub-groups.
Education about biodiversity at the global level is already part of the school curriculum
and there is great scope for local issues to form part of this. Engendering awareness and
concern at this level will help ensure that there is a future commitment to local
biodiversity, and the expertise and manpower to carry it out. The Glamorgan Heritage
Coast, Cosmeston Lakes and Porthkerry Country Parks projects have provided an
educational service for many years to schools and colleges in the form of educational
packages, ranger-led field trips, liaison on curriculum projects and talks to schools as
well as a more informal service to the general public, in the form of guided walks, talks,
exhibitions, self-guided trails and explanatory literature. This has recently been extended
with the employment of an education officer at Cosmeston Lakes Country Park following
a Heritage Lottery Fund grant. Dwr Cymru/Welsh Water also propose employing a
teacher to run an environmental education centre at their Cog Moors Sewage Treatment
Plant, probably opening in early 2003.
APPENDIX 1
UK Biodiversity Action Plan key habitats
UK BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLAN KEY HABITATS
1st tranche habitats
Coastal & floodplain grazing marsh
Purple moor grass and rush pasture
Ancient and/or species rich hedgerows
Reedbeds
Limestone pavements
Lowland heathland
Upland oakwood
Chalk rivers
Fens
Cereal field margins
Mesotrophic lakes
Native pine woods
Occurs in VoG
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
2nd tranche habitats
Aquifer fed naturally fluctuating water bodies
Eutrophic standing waters
Lowland hay meadow
Upland hay meadow
Lowland dry acid grassland
Lowland calcareous grassland
Lowland wood pastures and parklands
Wet woodlands
Upland mixed ash woodland
Lowland beech and yew woodland
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
?
Y
3rd tranche habitats
Lowland raised bog
Blanket bog
Upland calcareous grassland
Upland heathland
Maritime cliff and slopes
Coastal sand dunes
Machair
Coastal vegetated shingle
Y
Y
Y
Chalk coasts (littoral and sub-littoral)
Sabellaria alvolata (honeycomb worm) reefs
Coastal saltmarsh
Mudflats
Sheltered muddy gravels
Sabellaria spinulosa reefs
Tidal rapids
Modiolus modiolus (horse mussel) beds
Seagrass beds
Maerl beds (open coast)
Saline Lagoons
Mud habitats in deep water
Serpulid (marine worm) reefs
Sublittoral sands and gravels
Lophelia pertusa (coral) reefs
Estuaries
Ascophyllum nodosum mackii beds
Caves
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
APPENDIX 2
Habitats of nature conservation importance in the Vale
HABITATS OF NATURE CONSERVATION IMPORTANCE IN THE
VALE OF GLAMORGAN
Important Habitats
There have been a number of studies of habitats and species in the Vale. Most recently,
these have included Phase 1 and Phase 2 Habitat Studies by the Countryside Council for
Wales in 1994/5; a LANDMAP-based study of the landscape prepared by White
Consultants (1999), which assessed the vegetation and habitats of the Vale as one of the
factors affecting landscape; a report on candidate SINC sites by David Clements Ecology
(DCE) (1999); and a Nature Conservation Strategy for the Vale (2000) also by DCE. The
main habitats and species are considered to be:
Coastal Habitats
The coastline is considered to represent the single most important nature conservation
feature of the Vale. The range of on-shore habitats is extensive, including high cliffs of
limestone and related strata, soft cliffs of clay and mud shales, rocky platforms, cobble,
shingle and sand beaches, mudflats, saltmarsh, sand dune, maritime grassland, pools,
seepages and freshwater streams, and coastal scrub and woodland. To seaward there is an
equally diverse range of habitats, including rocky sea beds, cobble and shingle substrates,
mud, sand and off-shore honeycomb tubeworm reefs (Sabellaria spp). At Aberthaw, there
is a rare example of a saline lagoon, one of only four in Wales.
The actual coastal topography is diverse, offering a wide range of gradients and aspects,
with numerous embayments, wooded coastal cwms, minor peninsulas, offshore rocks and
islets etc. There are also the large enclosed waters of Barry Docks and the numerous manmade, wasteground (‘ruderal’) and temporary habitats associated with the historic docklands
site and other industrial areas.
Apart from a degraded site at Aberthaw, sand dune habitats are restricted to the western end
of the Vale. They are fairly extensive around Ogmore-by–Sea, where about 10ha of fixed
dunes are present.
Unsympathetic industrial, residential and amenity developments have degraded some
sections of the coastline, and intensive agricultural activity generally means that nature
conservation interest declines rapidly inland, but overall the coastline is comparatively
unspoiled and undisturbed for much of its 45km length.
Examples of Notable Plant and Fauna Species Associated with Coastal Habitats in the Vale
of Glamorgan
Species
Habitats
True service tree (Sorbus domestica)
Purple gromwell (Lithospermum purpurocaerulea)
Cliffs
Coastal scrub and cliffs
Examples of Notable Plant and Fauna Species Associated with Coastal Habitats in the Vale
of Glamorgan
Species
Habitats
Coastal
cliffs
(soft
cliff and flush)
Shore dock (Rumex rupestris)
Coastal cliffs (flush sites)
Maidenhair fern (Adiantum capillus-veneris)
Sea-walls, brackish marsh
Marsh-mallow (Althea officinalis)
Shingle, brackish grassland
Sea clover (Trifolium squamosum)
Dunes
Ivy broomrape (Orobanche hederae)
Coastal grasslands
Tuberous thistle (Cirsium tuberosum)
Lichen: Caloplaca granulosa
Moss: Tortula vahliana
Coastal rocks
Coastal rocks
Raven (nesting)
Chough (foraging, possibly nesting)
Peregrine falcon (nesting)
Ringed-plover
Cliffs
Cliffs and headlands
Cliffs
Shingle, dockland wasteground
Sea lamprey
Atlantic salmon
Coastal fringe and estuaries
Coastal fringe and main rivers
Dark green fritillary butterfly
Dingy skipper butterfly
Crescent dart moth
Small chocolate-tip moth
Coastal woodlands/heaths; bracken slopes
Coastal grasslands/scrub
Coastal cliffs and dunes
Coastal scrub
Lesser marsh grasshopper
Coastal cliff, dunes, saltmarsh
Woodlands and Parklands
Woodland is not especially well represented in the Vale, particularly to the west where there
are comparatively few large areas of semi natural woodland. Nevertheless, there are
estimated to be about 50 individual sites which are in excess of 10ha in size and half a dozen
or so which are in excess of 25ha. A high proportion of these are ‘ancient woodland’ sites
either supporting semi-natural cover or which have been replanted with native broad-leaved
species. There are also a considerable number (in excess of 300) of smaller woodlands of
5-10 hectares or less.
The woodlands of the Vale are quite varied, with many lying on calcareous soils and
supporting a rich ground flora. Many of the smaller woods are believed to include
fragments of ancient semi-natural woodland which were too small (ie ≤ 2ha) to have been
included in the county Ancient Woodland Inventory of Sothern (1986). About 2.5-3% of the
Vale’s land area is estimated to lie under ancient woodland cover.
Ancient semi-natural woodland is considered to be the most important category of woodland
for nature conservation, supporting many rare and characteristic plant and fauna species (see
Kirby et al 1984). However, both broadleaved replanted ancient woodlands and non-ancient
semi-natural woodlands may also be very valuable for wildlife.
Key woodland sites in the Vale include the Leckwith Woods, the Woodland Trust Reserve
at Cwm George, the Nant Whitton woodlands, Porthkerry Country Park, Penllyne and the
woodlands of the Alun, Thaw and Kenson valley systems.
In addition to broadleaved replanted sites there are about a dozen large woodlands which are
dominated by conifers grown for timber, including two very large areas at Hensol Forest
(c200ha) and Coed Mynydd Coch/Tair Onen (c70ha). Conifer plantations are generally
considered to be of lesser nature conservation value. However, in some cases these were
established in part or wholly on former ancient woodlands and still retain some semi-natural
areas of habitat and many species of interest. Large secondary conifer plantations may
themselves have some intrinsic value, supporting specialised birds such as crossbill or
nightjar, for example.
There are records indicating the presence of at least ten historic deer parks in the Vale,
including Ewenny (two sites), Coed Marchan, Tal y Fan (near Pendoylan), St Donat’s (two
sites), Dunraven, Nash, Beaupre, Cottrell and Llantrithyd (see Appendix 3: Historic Deer
Parks). Some of these are apparently ‘lost’, but a number still support large old trees and all
are likely to be medieval or earlier in origin. Medieval deer parks were often created from
ancient woodlands and continue to support populations of specialised, characteristic plants,
lichens and invertebrates, especially those associated with very large, dead or moribund
trees (see Harding & Rose 1986; Alexander 1999).
More recent parks tend to be of lesser interest, often having been created from former
farmland and supporting introduced tree species. Nevertheless, they may still represent
large areas of unintensively farmed land with low levels of disturbance, and often contain
individual features of nature conservation value including large trees, lakes and garden
features.
Examples of Notable Plant and Fauna Species Associated with Woodland and Parkland
Habitats in the Vale of Glamorgan
Species
Habitats
Ancient semi-natural woodlands
Italian cuckoopint (Arum italicum neglectum)
Calcareous ancient woodlands
Goldilocks buttercup (Ranunculus auricomus)
Dormouse
Noctule bat
Lesser horseshoe bat
Lesser spotted woodpecker
Nightjar
Wood warbler
Spotted flycatcher
Hazel-rich ancient woods
Roosts in tree cavities, esp. in large trees
Feeds around old woodlands, sometimes
roosts
Mature woodlands, often ancient
Regenerating woods; heath, incl conifer
woods
Mature woods, often ancient
Examples of Notable Plant and Fauna Species Associated with Woodland and Parkland
Habitats in the Vale of Glamorgan
Species
Habitats
Woodlands and parks with large trees
Larvae feed on elm, woodland edges
White-letter hairstreak butterfly
Oak woodlands
Purple hairstreak butterfly
Larvae feed on dog-violets, woodland
Silver-washed fritillary
clearings
Woodlands
Argent & sable moth
Woodlands with elm
Blomer’s rivulet moth
Woodlands
Double-line moth
Hoverfly: Criorhina berberina
Large trees in ancient woodlands & parks
Riverine Habitats
The Vale contains almost the whole catchment of the Rivers Thaw and Kenson, as well as
sections of the Rivers Ogmore, Ewenny, Ely and Clun. In all there is at least 50km of main
river in the Vale. This represents a huge range of habitats which vary from brackish
estuaries at the coast, through wooded river valleys and marshy floodplains to tiny
freshwater tributaries and ditches well inland.
The waterways are especially important as linear features connecting numerous adjacent
habitats along their length, including wetlands, reedbeds, scrub communities, woodlands,
neutral grasslands and marshy grasslands.
Examples of Notable Plant and Fauna Species Associated with Riverine Habitats in the Vale
of Glamorgan
Species
Habitats
Riverside scrub and grassland, especially
Monk’s-hood (Aconitum napellus)
on the Ely
Undisturbed rivers with bankside cover
Otter
Ditto, where mink are absent
Water vole (no recent records)
Feeds over rivers; roosts in bridges,
Daubenton’s bat
culverts etc
Grass snake
River banks/wetlands
Sand martin (nesting)
Grey wagtail (nesting)
Undisturbed rivers; steep earthen banks
for nesting
Undisturbed rivers with incised meanders
Main rivers, with shallows and riffles
Grayling
Bullhead
Main rivers and streams
Small rivers and streams with shallows
Kingfisher (nesting)
Examples of Notable Plant and Fauna Species Associated with Riverine Habitats in the Vale
of Glamorgan
Species
Habitats
Demoiselle damselflies
Clean, flowing waters
White-clawed crayfish
Small, clean streams; silt/gravel substrates
Neutral Grasslands
Neutral lowland grasslands would have been the dominant agricultural land type in the Vale
until comparatively recently, but have been dramatically reduced in extent both locally and
nationally in the period since World War II. Wholly unimproved neutral grassland is now
extremely rare in the Vale, but there remains a comparatively extensive and widespread
resource of semi-improved neutral grasslands, many of which are rich in characteristic
native plant species.
There are estimated to be about 160 known semi-improved neutral grassland sites remaining
in the Vale, but the great majority of these are small, no larger than about 5ha, many
considerably less. There are about 20 larger sites comprising small series of adjacent semiimproved fields, the largest of which measures about 25ha in extent. Notable sites include
Cwm Col-huw, Ffynnon-y Drindod, Clawdd-y-Mynach Meadow, The Larks, Forest Fach,
the Aberthin Pastures, Llandough Hospital, Cog Moors and Sully Island. In addition, about
126ha of rather species-poor semi-improved neutral grassland occurs in and around the
Cardiff International Airport site.
The huge reduction in unimproved and semi-improved neutral grasslands in the Vale is
typical of much of lowland Britain, although it appears to have been rather less severe in the
Vale than elsewhere in the immediately surrounding region.
Examples of Notable Plant and Fauna Species Associated with Neutral Grassland Habitats
in the Vale of Glamorgan
Flora
Fauna
Chimney-sweeper moth
Tuberous thistle (Cirsium tuberosum)
European tortoise-bug
Pepper-saxifrage (Silaum silaus)
Short-winged conehead cricket (near
Pig-nut (Conopodium majus)
coast)
Burnet saxifrage (Pimpinella saxifraga)
Bees and wasps
Yellow-rattle (Rhinanthus minor)
Marshy Grasslands
Marshy grasslands, including rush-pastures, fen-meadows and purple moor-grass (Molinia
caerulea) mires, were also previously a common habitat in this part of Wales, being closely
associated with the drier neutral grasslands, whilst some specialised marshy grassland
communities are especially associated with the edge of the South Wales coalfields; these in
particular support a wide range of rare and characteristic species. As with neutral
grasslands, the recent decline in extent, both locally and nationally, has been both dramatic
and substantial.
A particular feature of the Vale is the presence of blunt-flowered rush – marsh thistle fenmeadow, a species-rich marshland type which is rare and restricted both nationally and
regionally. Several small patches of this rare marshland community have been identified in
the Vale, especially in the Cowbridge/Aberthin area.
There are about 50 identified species-rich marshy grasslands remaining in the Vale, most of
which are no larger than about 5ha, often substantially less. There are about 5 larger sites,
the largest up to about 10ha in extent. Key sites include the Stembridge Fields, Crynallt,
Pendoylan and Peterstone Moors, Mynydd y Fforest and the Aberthin Pastures, Little
Brynhill Fields and Cog Moors.
Examples of Notable Plant and Fauna Species Associated with Marshy Grassland Habitats
in the Vale of Glamorgan
Flora
Fauna
Snipe (nesting)
Viper’s-grass (Scorzoneura humilis)
Meadow thistle (Cirsium dissectum)
Common frog
Pepper-saxifrage (Silaum silaus)
Marsh lousewort (Pedicularis palustris)
Marsh fritillary butterfly
Devil’s-bit scabious (Succisa pratensis)
Small pearl-bordered fritillary
Southern marsh-orchid (Dactylorhiza praetermissa)
Narrow-bordered bee-hawkmoth
Heath spotted-orchid (Dactylorhiza maculata)
Slender ground-hopper
Common spotted-orchid (Dactylorhiza fuchsii)
Hoverfly: Cheilosia chrysocoma
Ragged robin (Lychnis flos-cuculi)
Bog asphodel (Narthecium ossifragum)
Limestone Grasslands
Although much of the Vale lies on limestone geology, this is typically at such depth that the
overlying clays give rise to chiefly neutral soil conditions. However, in one area of the
Vale, near Ogmore, the limestone lies sufficiently near to the surface to give rise to an
extensive area of limestone grassland (and limestone heath – see below). The Ogmore
Common and Old Castle Down area comprises about 112ha of unimproved and semiimproved limestone grassland, much of which is species-rich. This grassland forms a
mosaic with areas of limestone heath, dry neutral and acid grasslands, calcareous scrub and
woodland, forming a complex area of diverse and important habitats.
Small areas of limestone grassland also occur along the coastal fringe, associated with the
limestone cliff ledges and headlands, for example at Ogmore (13ha), Dunraven (1.5ha),
Cwm Nash (1.5ha), Summerhouse Point (2ha), Porthkerry Fort (4ha) and Cold Knap Point
(1ha).
Inland calcareous grassland sites are much rarer, but include small patches around Cardiff
International Airport and at Cosmeston Country Park.
Examples of Notable Plant and Fauna Species Associated with Limestone Grassland
Habitats in the Vale of Glamorgan
Flora
Fauna
Autumn lady’s-tresses (Spiranthes spiralis)
Brown argus butterfly
Bee orchid (Ophrys apifera)
Small blue butterfly
Green-winged orchid (Orchis morio)
Dingy skipper butterfly
Soft-leaved sedge (Carex montana)
Oblique striped moth
Chalk carpet moth
Hedgerows
There is almost no quantified information available concerning the hedgerow resource in the
Vale, apart from surveys undertaken in the Llancarfan area almost 30 years ago (Masters,
1973). Hedges remain abundant in the area and are often of a type which is likely to be of
high nature conservation value and which is suggestive of considerable age. Hedges are
important both as habitats in their own right and in forming corridors for movement and
colonisation by many plant and animal species. Recent national surveys have shown
continuing rapid declines in the extent and quality of hedges in Britain (eg Barr et al 1994).
Recent surveys in the adjacent Cardiff and Bridgend areas have indicated that hedges remain
an extensive and important habitat resource in those areas, comparing well with other parts
of South Wales for which data are available and being generally richer in species than the
average in Britain (Lewis et al 1999; White et al 2000). It is very likely that a similar
situation exists in the Vale.
Map evidence and aerial surveys of the Vale indicate that in many areas field sizes remain
comparatively small, following historic field patterns with abundant traditionally-managed
hedgerows. Key areas include the parishes of Sully, Peterstone, Pendoylan, Penmark,
Cowbridge, Ystradowen, Llanblethian, St Donat’s, Wick, Llangan and Colwinston.
Examples of Notable Plant and Fauna Species Associated with Hedgerows in the Vale of
Glamorgan
Flora
Fauna
Spindle (Euonymus europaeus)
Dormouse
Buckthorn (Rhamnus catharticus)
Many birds, including dunnock, tree
Bluebell (Hyacinthoides non-scriptus)
sparrow, yellowhammer, lesser
whitethroat
White letter hairstreak butterfly
Other Habitats
Other key habitats are generally more restricted in extent and occurrence, but are
nevertheless significant to the biodiversity of the Vale. These include:
Acid Grasslands
These are comparatively scarce in the Vale. The only extensive site of unimproved and
semi-improved acid grassland occurs at Ogmore Common, where about 29ha occurs, often
associated with bracken slopes. Small patches also occur around Stalling Down and in the
St Hilary area, where Old Red Sandstone geology is locally prominent.
Acid grassland has not declined nationally to quite the same extent as other grassland types,
being particularly well-represented in the upland areas to the north of the Vale, although
lowland acid grasslands have become very scarce. There has also been a general decline in
habitat quality in recent years, with many upland areas becoming increasingly encroached
by bracken and scrub, or suffering from neglect or overgrazing.
Lowland Heathland
Lowland heathlands are now a very threatened habitat in Britain and are declining markedly
in the South Wales Region. As with acid grasslands, there is only one extensive area of
heathland in the Vale. This has, remarkably, developed on the calcareous soils of the
Ogmore Common/Old Castle Down area, where leaching has resulted in very nutrient-poor
conditions. This so-called ‘limestone heath’ is an especially rare and unusual form of
heathland. About 98ha of limestone heath are present at this site.
Small patches of heathland, usually no more than 2ha in extent or scattered amongst other
habitats, occur elsewhere in the Vale, for example at Mynydd Ruthin Common.
Mire Habitats
Peat-based wetland habitats have a complex classification and are variously known by a
range of inter-related and overlapping terms (including ‘bog’, ‘mire’ and ‘fen’) which are
defined in differing ways by differing authorities. In general, however, they are a feature of
the uplands in South Wales and are consequently rare in the Vale, which is entirely lowland
in nature.
Only one extensive area of peat-based mire is known in the Vale, an area of modified
valley-mire measuring about 20ha in extent at Morfa Ystradowen. This area, a former SSSI,
has become somewhat dried-out and degraded but still supports active areas of Sphagnum
bog and extensive purple moor-grass mire. Smaller areas of mire habitat (all less than 2ha)
occur at nearby Mynydd-y-Fforest, around Pysgodlyn Mawr and locally elsewhere.
Swamp, including Reed Beds
Reed beds and other similar tall, emergent wetlands are another group of habitats which
have seriously declined in numbers and extent both locally and nationally. A recent Habitat
Action Plan by the Glamorgan Biodiversity Advisory Group (GlamBAG 1999) indicates
that there are only about 40 identified swamp sites in the whole of Glamorgan, totalling no
more than about 120ha, and that most of these occur in the lowland coastal belt south of the
M4 motorway.
About 30 individual sites have been identified supporting swamp communities in the Vale,
but most of these are less than 2ha. Key sites include the Llancadle Fields (6ha), Cadoxton
Ponds (5ha), Cosmeston Country Park (4-5ha), Rhoose Quarry Nature Reserve (5ha) and
Forest Fach (3ha).
Lakes and Ponds
There are about 7 large areas of open water of 3-5ha or more in extent, excluding the main
dock lagoons. Some of these larger sites are of industrial origin and may have
comparatively limited ecological value although most are probably of at least some value for
wintering and passage migrant birds, amphibians and dragonflies. There are also several
ornamental and fishing lakes which support more diverse marginal and aquatic habitats.
Larger waterbodies include the Cosmeston Park lakes (17ha), Hensol Lake (6ha) and
industrial lagoons at Aberthaw (5ha).
In addition there are an unknown number of smaller ponds and lakes, most of which are
smaller than 0.5ha in size. The extent of this resource is virtually unknown in the Vale, but
recent studies in the adjacent Cardiff county area have shown that small ponds form a large
and important source of biodiversity in the area (Carey et al 1999). The resource in the Vale
is likely to be of a similar kind to that in Cardiff, where small ponds were found to be
slightly fewer than in comparable areas of Britain but generally of average or higher-thanaverage habitat quality.
Bracken
Bracken is widespread but seldom forms dense stands in the Vale. In contrast to many areas
of Britain, bracken slopes in the Vale tend to support quite a light cover and may be of high
nature conservation interest for populations of rare butterflies. Where soil conditions are
more acidic, denser stands may occur but, as in the western Vale, these can be of high
conservation interest in supporting the high brown fritillary butterfly as well as characteristic
nesting bird faunas (Tyler 1988).
Significant sites for bracken habitats in the Vale include Stalling Down (40ha), Mynydd
Ruthin Common (25ha), Ewenny Down (15ha), Ogmore Common (9ha), Old Castle Down
(8ha) and St Lythan’s Down Common (5ha).
Quarries
There are about a dozen major quarries in the Vale, over half of which are larger than 15ha
in extent and reaching a maximum of about 60ha (East Aberthaw). There are also disused
gravel pits and former cement works. Where active these features may have limited nature
conservation interest, although in some cases they are nevertheless occupied by important
species such as peregrine falcon and raven. Where disused, old quarries may develop
species-rich limestone grassland communities, as well as other valuable features such as
lagoons, reedbeds and scrub communities. Some former disused quarry habitats in the
western part of the Vale have recently been lost as mineral working has been re-established,
though in one case, operating conditions include measures to conserve its Small Blue
butterfly colony, at one of only two sites in the Vale for that species.
Disused Railway Lines
There are estimated to be about 30km of disused railway line remaining in the Vale, mostly
in the central and eastern areas. Where unmodified these can provide important linear
corridors of semi-natural habitats linking series of smaller sites which might otherwise be
isolated. They may also be of interest in themselves, supporting unusual plants, reptiles and
invertebrates.
Road Verges
Surveys of highway verges in the Vale (SGCC 1990; Dean 1995; GWT, 1997) have resulted
in the identification of 39 Highway Verge Conservation Zones (HVCZs), which include a
range of species-rich grassland types with associated ditches and hedgerows. These are
managed by means of sympathetic mowing regimes and minimum pesticide application, so
as to maintain their floristic diversity. Further surveys have been recommended to identify
other sites. Some of the HVCZs are likely to qualify as SINCs in the future, with the
remainder forming part of the Vale Community Habitat Resource (see Vale of Glamorgan
Nature Conservation Strategy, 2000).
Ruderal Habitats and Buildings
Ruderal, or 'wasteground' habitats, are moderately frequent in the Vale, especially around
the docks area of Barry and at Aberthaw. These include the sites of former industrial
buildings and yards which have been cleared and allowed to revegetate naturally, often by
thin, skeletal swards of ephemeral or pioneer plant species. Other habitats include walls and
buildings, tunnels and caves. Such sites can offer habitat niches which are normally rare
elsewhere in the wild, allowing colonisation by specialised, non-competitive species which
require bare ground, exposed conditions or low levels of soil nutrients.
Such sites are seldom accorded high nature conservation value and are often prioritised for
redevelopment. This may be appropriate where the alternatives involve the loss of
threatened semi-natural habitats elsewhere, but there may be circumstances where the loss
of ruderal habitats is not desirable. Several species of rare plants may be present, often in
numbers, on ruderal sites, especially near the coast. Some bird species, including ringed
plover, curlew and lapwing, may chose recently revegetated, disturbed ground for nesting.
In the 1980s, the Vale was a prime areas for breeding lapwing in Glamorgan, but numbers
have declined dramatically, in line with national trends. Ringed plover have bred
successfully on wasteground sites in Barry, but these areas are being lost to development.
Recent research has indicated that wastegrounds sites can support very high diversities and
numbers of invertebrates, including Red Data Book (ie nationally rare) species (Gibson
1998). Buildings may support uncommon nesting birds such as black redstart and kestrel,
whilst underground structures may be of value to roosting bats.
Comparatively little information is presently available for such habitats in the Vale, but it is
likely that sites in the docks area especially are of value as habitats for specialised species.
A large number of rare plant species have been recorded in the past as ‘casuals’ from Barry
Docks, and it is likely that some of these persist (see Wade et al 1994).
Improved Pasture, Amenity Grasslands and Arable
The Vale of Glamorgan has a very large resource of these habitats, the former constituting
the single largest category of agricultural land-use in the area. These habitats are not usually
accorded high nature conservation value. They are ubiquitous and therefore largely
interchangeable. Nevertheless, whilst intrinsically species-poor such grasslands do play a
role in supporting many common plants and animals, and may be important for some rarer
species as well. Declining wintering bird species such as lapwing may accumulate in large
numbers on improved pasture, which also provide foraging habitats for badgers and some
bats species. Common grassland invertebrates such as craneflies (Diptera, Tipuloidea) and
dung-beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) are often supported in huge numbers and form an
important prey item for many vertebrates such as birds and small mammals, including bats.
Amenity grasslands usually occur in suburban situations and are frequently highly managed
and disturbed. Nevertheless they may form important reservoirs of open habitat in built-up
areas and can play a role in supporting common animals such as birds and small mammals,
especially where there are also mature trees present.
Arable habitats are also typically of limited nature conservation value, especially where
subject to modern, intensive management. However, some areas near the coast in particular
support rare and declining ‘arable weeds’, and the crops may be used by declining fauna
species such as skylark and brown hare.
Gardens, Golf Courses and Orchards
There are at least five major golf courses located in the Vale, mostly concentrated at the
eastern end of the borough and also on Ogmore Down. These include numerous fragments
of semi-improved and unimproved grassland as well as features such as small ponds,
streams, large trees and blocks of woodland and scrub. Managed sympathetically these may
add significantly to the local nature conservation resource.
It is not known how many orchards remain in the Vale, but the number is thought to be
small and any sites are likely to be in a neglected state. Orchards may nevertheless be of
value to a range of fauna, including small mammals, birds and invertebrates, the latter
including a number of declining species which are characteristic of old orchards. Orchards
may also support populations of mistletoe (Viscum alba) and uncommon lichens, as well as
containing grasslands of interest. The fruit trees themselves may be of scientific interest if
they include old-fashioned varieties which have now become scarce.
Gardens (as opposed to landscaped parks) are a similarly unknown resource in the Vale, but
there are clearly a very large number of domestic gardens present. Whilst these only rarely
support rare species, they may nevertheless be significant for many common species,
especially of birds and invertebrates. An example of a larger garden is Dyffryn Gardens, St
Nicholas. This contains numerous ponds, formal garden features and follies etc, and is
known to support a range of roosting bats as well as breeding great crested newt.
A wide range of amphibians, reptiles, small mammals and invertebrates make use of
gardens for foraging and breeding. Common frog, toad and smooth newt all occur in garden
ponds, and the much rarer great crested newt may even occur in domestic garden ponds on
occasion. Gardens are an essential feeding resource for many birds in winter.
Examples of Notable Plant and Fauna Species Associated with Other Habitats in the Vale of
Glamorgan
Species
Habitats
Acid grasslands, heathland
Early hair-grass (Aira praecox)
Road verges, ditches (eastern Vale)
Monk’s-hood (Aconitum napellus)
Arable margins, ruderal
Small-flowered catchfly (Silene gallica)
Road verges
Small teasel (Dipsacus pilosus)
Arable margins, ruderal
Shepherd’s-needle (Scandix pecten-veneris)
Ruderal
Dittander (Lepidium latifolium)
Arable margins, rough grassland, ruderal
Yellow vetchling (Lathyrus aphaca)
Ditches, streamsides, ponds
Tasteless water-pepper (Persicaria laxiflora)
Calcareous grassland, verges
Bee orchid (Ophrys apifera)
Quarries, verges
Green-winged orchid (Orchis morio)
Mire ponds, lakes
Pillwort (Pilularia globifera)
Reedbeds, swamps
Tufted sedge (Carex elata)
Acid grasslands, heathland
Lichens: Cladonia spp
Badger
Brown hare
Water vole (possibly extinct)
Improved grassland, gardens, arable
Improved grasslands, rough field margins
Lakes, wetlands, reedbeds
Examples of Notable Plant and Fauna Species Associated with Other Habitats in the Vale of
Glamorgan
Species
Habitats
Quarries,
buildings,
caves, mines
Bats (roosting)
All habitats (incl improved grasslands)
Bats (feeding)
Great crested newt
Slow-worm
Common lizard
Birds of prey (foraging)
Peregrine falcon
Lapwing (breeding/wintering)
Fieldfare & redstart (wintering)
Stonechat
Wheatear
Reed bunting
Bittern
Nightjar
Ponds (farmland and some in gardens)
Quarries, verges, acid grasslands,
heathland
Quarries, verges, acid grasslands,
heathland
Verges, linear features
Quarries, inland cliffs
Arable/Improved
grassland,
marshy
grassland
Improved grassland, arable
Acid grasslands, heathlands
Acid grasslands, heathlands
Reedbeds
Reedbeds
Heathland
High brown fritillary butterfly
Twin-spotted wainscot moth
Wormwood shark moth
Acid grasslands, heathland
Acid grasslands, heathlands, open ground,
ruderal
Bracken slopes, woodland edges
Reedbeds
Ruderal, verges, linear features
Scarce blue-tailed damselfly
Emerald dragonfly
Hairy dragonfly
Springs, flushes, marsh pools, acid ditches
Mire ponds
Lakes, ponds, ditches
Reed beetle (Plateumaris braccata)
Reedbeds, lakeside swamps
Mining bees and wasps
Quarries, inland cliffs, open ground,
ruderal
Green hairstreak butterfly
Grayling butterfly
APPENDIX 3
UK Biodiversity Action Plan - Short list species
X
X
Vale of Glamorgan
Rhondda Cynon Taff
X
Swansea
Neath /Port Talbot
X
Merhtyr Tydfil
X
Cardiff
X
Caerphilly
Bridgend
Glamorgan LBAP Summary - October 2001
TERRESTRIAL SPECIES ACTION PLANS [SAPs]
MAMMALS
Badger [Meles meles ]
Barbastelle bat [Barbarellus barbastellus ]
Bats (Chiroptera : all species)
Bechstein’s bat [Myotis bechsteinii]
*Brown hare [Lepus europaeus ]
Dormouse [Muscardinus avellanarius ]
*Greater horseshoe bat [Rhinolophus ferrumequinum ]
Hedgehog
*Lesser horseshoe bat [Rhinolophus hipposideros ]
Otter [Lutra lutra ]
Pine Marten [Martes martes ]
Pipistrelle bat [Pipistellus pipistellus ]
Polecat [Mustela putorius ]
Red squirrel [Sciurus vulgaris ]
Water vole [Arvicola terrestris ]
Yellow-necked mouse [Apodemus flavicollis]
BIRDS
*Aquatic warbler [Acrocephalus paludicola ]
Barn owl [Tyto alba]
Bittern [Botaurus stellaris ]
Black grouse [Tetrao tetrix ]
Bullfinch [Pyrrhula pyrrhula]
Buzzard [Buteo buteo]
Chough [Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax ]
Common scoter [Melanitta nigra ]
Corn bunting [Miliaria calandra ]
Corncrake [Crex crex ]
Curlew [Numenius arquata ]
Dartford Warbler [Sylvia undata ]
Dipper [Cinclus cinclus ]
Golden plover [Pluvialis apricaria ]
Green Woodpecker [Picus viridis ]
Grey partridge [Perdix perdix ]
Goshawk [Accipiter gentilis ]
House martin [Delichon urbica ]
House sparrow [Passer domestica ]
Hen harrier [Circus cyaneus ]
Heron [Ardea cinerea ]
Kestrel [Falco tinnunculus]
Kingfisher [Alcedo atthis ]
Lapwing [Vanellus vanellus ]
Linnet [Carduellis cannabina ]
Little owl [Athena noctua ]
Long-eared owl [Asio otus]
Nightjar [Caprimulgus europaeus ]
Peregrine falcon [Falco peregrinus ]
Pied Flycatcher [Ficedula hypoleuca ]
Red kite [Milvus milvus ]
Redstart [Phoenicurus phoenicurus ]
Reed bunting [Emberiza schoeniclus ]
Ring ousel [Turdus torquatus ]
Roseate tern [Sterna dougalii ]
Skylark [Alauda arvensis ]
Song thrush [Turdus philomelos ]
Spotted flycatcher [Muscicapa striata ]
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
P
X
X
P
P
Stonechat [Saxicola torquata ]
Swift [Apus apus ]
Tree sparrow [Passer montanus ]
Turtle dove [Streptopelia turtur ]
Twite [Carduelis flavirostris ]
Whinchat [Saxicola rubreta ]
Wood Warbler [Phyloscopus sibilatrix ]
Yellowhammer [Emberiza citrinella ]
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
P
X
X
INSECTS
BEETLES [COLEOPTERA ]
Anostirus castaneus, a click beetle
Bembidion testaceum, a ground beetle
Cicindela hXbrida a tiger beetle
Donacia bicolora a reed beetle
Elater ferrugineus a click beetle
Malachius aeneus a false soldier beetle
Melanolius punctolineatus ground beetle*
RhXnchaenus testaceus a jumping weevil
SXnaptus filiformis
a click beetle
a beetle [Halacritus punctum ]
a click beetle [Dicronychus equiseti ]
a diving beetle [Hydroporus rufifrons ]
a ground beetle [Lionychus quadrillium ]
a ground beetle [Nebria complanata ]
a ground beetle [Panagaeus crux-major ]
X
P
INVERTEBRATES
BEES, WASPS, & ANTS [HXMENOPTERA]
a mason bee [Osmia parietina ]
a mason bee [Osmia xanthomelana ]
Black bog ant [Formica candida ]
Brown banded carder bee [Bombus humilis ]
Red Wood Ant [Formica rufa ]
Shrill carder bee [Bombus sylvarum ]
Bumblebees (Bombus and Psithyrus : all species)
P
X
FISH
Arctic Charr [Salvelinus alpinus]
Allis Shad* [Alosa alosa ]
Brown Trout [Salmo trutta ]
Gwyniad [Coregonus lavaretus]
Twaite Shad* [Alosa fallax ]
Native Wild Fish SAP [6 species :Eel, Bullhead, 3-spinded stickleback,
Brook lamprey, Stone loach, native Brown trout]
Migratory Fish SAP [Salmon, Sea trout]
TRUE FLIES [DIPTERA ]
*a cranefly [Lipsothrix nervosa ]
a cranefly [Lipsothrix nigristigma ]
Dotted bee-fly [Bombylius discolor ]
*Hornet robber-flX (Asilus crabroniformis )
*a soldier fly [Odontomyia hydroleon ]
*a stiletto-fly [Cliorismia rustica ]
a stiletto-fly [Spiriverpa (Thereva ) lunulata ]
X
X
X
Wetland Birds SAP [Kingfisher, Dipper, Grey Wagtail]
AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES
Great crested newt [Triturus cristatus ]
Local amphibian SAP [excluding Great crested newt]
Natterjack Toad [Bufo calamita ]
Sand Lizard [Lacerta agilis ]
Lizard SAP [Slow worm and Viviparous lizard]
Grass Snake [Natrix natrix ]
Adder [Viper berus ]
Local reptile SAP [4 species]
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
a ground beetle [Perileptus areolatus ]
a ground beetle [Pterostichus kugelanni ]
a reed beetle [Donacia aquatica ]
a rove beetle [Meotica anglica ]
a rove beetle [Thinobius newberyi ]
Snowdon beetle [Chrysolina cerealis ]
a stag beetle [Lucanus cervus ]
a tiger beetle [Cicindela germanica ]
a tiger beetle [Cicindela maritima ]
a water beetle [Bidessus minutissimus ]
a weevil [Melanapion minimum ]
a weevil [Procas granulicollis ]
X
X
P
X
BUTTERFLIES & MOTHS [LEPIDOPTERA ]
Argent and sable [Rheumaptera hastata ]
*Belted beauty moth [Lycia zonaria britannica ]
Bordered gothic [Heliophobus reticulata ]
X X
Buttoned snout [Hypena rostralis ]
X
Chestnut coloured carpet [Thera cognata ]
Common fan-foot [Pechipogo strigilata ]
Dingy mocha [Cyclophora pendularia ]
Double line [Mythimna turca ]
X X
Grayling [Hipparchia semele ]
High brown fritillary [Argynne adippe ]
X X
Lunar Yellow underwing [Noctua orbona ]
*Marsh fritillary [Eurodryas aurinia ]
X X
*Narrow-bordered bee hawk moth [Hemaris tityus ]
Netted carpet moth [Eustroma reticulata ]
Orange upperwing [Jodia croceago ]
Pale shining brown [Polia bombycina ]
Pearl-bordered fritillary [Boloria euphrosyne ]
X
Scarce burnished brass [Diachrysia chryson ]
*Silky wave moth [Idaea dilutaria ]
Silver studded blue [Plebejus argus ]
Small blue [Cupido minimus ]
X
Small pearl-bordered fritillary [Boloria selene ]
Square spotted clay [Xestia rhomboidea ]
Sword grass [Xylena exsoleta ]
Waved carpet [Hydrelia sylvata ]
X X
Welsh clearwing [Synanthedon scoliaeformis ]
White-line Snout [Schrankia taenialis ]
White spotted pinion [Cosmia diffinis ]
Local Moth SAP [12 species]
X
Chalk Carpet Moth
Other butterflies (Wood White, Grizzled Skipper, Dark Green Fritillary, Silverwashed frit
CRICKETS & GRASSHOPPER [ORTHOPTERA ]
Bog bush cricket [Metrioptera brachyptera ]
DRAGONFLIES [ODONATA ]
Hairy Dragonfly [Brachytrons pratense ]
*Southern damselfly [Coenagrion mercuriale ]
Scarce Blue-tailed Damselfly [Ischnura pumilio ]
Local Dragonfly SAP [23 species]
Downy Emerald
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
P
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
SPIDERS & HARVESTMEN [ARACHNIDA ]
a jumping spider [Marpissa radiata ]
SNAILS [MOLLUSCA ]
Depressed river mussel [Psuedanodonta complanata ]
Desmoulin’s whorl snail [Vertigo mousilinsiana ]
*Narrow-mouth whorl snail [Vertigo angustior ]
Freshwater pea mussel [Pisidium tenuilineatum ]
X
X
X
X
STONEFLIES [Plecoptera]
*a stonefly [Brachyptera putata ]
CRABS & SHRIMPS [CRUSTACEA ]
White clawed Crayfish [Austropotamobius pallipes ]
X
X
X
X
Freshwater pearl mussel [Margaritifera margaritifera ]
*Geyeri’s whorl snail [Vertigo geyeri ]
Glutinous snail [Myxas glutinosa ]
Sandbowl snail [Catinella arenaria ]
Segmentina nitida, Shining ramshorn snail
WORMS [ANNELIDA ]
Medicinal Leech [Hirudo medicinalis ]
FLOWERING PLANTS
Arable Weed Species (Group Plan)
Beautiful Hawkweed [Hieracium rholosericeum ]
Black Knapweed [Centaurea nigra ]
Bluebell (Hyacinthoides non-scripta ]
Broad-fruited corn salad
Common Reed [Phragmites australis ]
Common Wintergreen [Pyrola minor ]
Cornflower
Cornish MoneXwort [Sibthorpia europaea]
Corn Marigold [Chrysanthemum segetum ]
Cowslip [Primula veris ]
Deptford Pink [Dianthus armeria ]
Dune Gentian [Gentianella uliginosa ]
Early Gentian
Eight-stamened waterwort [Elatine hydropiper ]
*an Eyebright [Euphrasia cambrica ]
*an Eyebright [Euphrasia rivularis ]
Large-flowered Eyebright [Euphrasia rostkoviana subsp. rostkoviana ]
*Fen Orchid [Liparis loeselii ]
Field Wormwood [Stachys arvensis ]
*Floating water-plantain [Luronium natans ]
Globe Flower [Trollius europaeus ]
Golden samphire [Inula crithmoides ]
Goldilocks aster [Aster linosyris ]
Grass wrack pondweed [Potamogeton compressus ]
Green winged orchid [Orchis morio ]
Heath Spotted Orchid [Dactylorhiza maculata ]
Ivy-leaved bellflower [Wahlenbergia hederacea ]
Juniper [Juniperus communis ]
Large-flowered hemp-nettle [Galeopsis speciosa )
Least Bur-reed [Sparganium natans ]
*Ley’s Whitebeam [Sorbus leyana ]
Nettle-leaved bellflower [Campanula trachellum ]
Orchid [Orchidaceae ] Local SAP [7 species]
Pennyroyal [Mentha pulegium ]
Prickly sedge [Carex muricata spp. muricata ]
Purple ramping-fumitory [Fumaria purpurea ]
Radyr Hawkweed [Hieracium radyrense ]
Red hemp-nettle [Galeopsis angustifolia ]
Rock Cinquefoil [Potentilla rupestris ]
Round-headed club rush [Scirpoides holoschoenus ]
Round-leaved wintergreen [Pyrola rotundifolia ]
*Sea Lavenders (endemic Limonium taxa, 5 sps.)
Sea Stock [ Mattriola sinuata ]
Shepherd’s needle [Scandix pecten-veneris ]
Sharp Sedge [Juncus acutus ]
Shore Dock [Rumex rupestris ]
Slender cotton grass [Eriophorum gracile ]
Small flowered catchfly [Silene gallica ]
Snowdon Lily [Lloydia serotina ]
Soft leaved sedge [Carex montana ]
Spotted Rockrose [Tuberaria guttata ]
Spreading Bellflower [ Campanula patula ]
Stone Bramble [Rumex saxatile ]
Three-lobed water crowfoot [Ranunculus tripartitus ]
Tuberous Pea [Lathyrus tuberosus ]
Tufted Saxifrage [Saxifraga cespitosa ]
Viper's-grass [Scorozonera humilis ]
Water lobelia [Lobelia dortmanna ]
Wavy St.John's-wort [Hypericum undulatum ]
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
P
X
P
P
X
X
X
X
P
P
P
X
X
P
X
X
X
P
X
X
P
P
X
X
Welsh mudwort [Limosella australis ]
Welsh Poppy [Meconopsis cambrica ]
Western Gorse [Ulex gallii ]
*Wild asparagus [Asparagus officinalis ]
Wild Chamomile [ Chamaemelum nobile ]
*Wild cotoneaster [Cotoneaster integerrimus (cambricus )]
Wild service tree [Sorbus torminalis ]
Wood Bitter-vetch [Vicia orobus ]
Wood Fescue [Festuca altissima ]
Whorled carawaX [Carum verticillatum]
Whorled water-milfoil [Myriophyllum verticillatum ]
Xellow Bartsia [Parentucellia viscosa]
Xellow Rattle [Rhianthus minor]
True Service Tree
Hoary Stock
Horseshoe Vetch
Monkshood
Nitgrass
Tuberous Thistle
Purple Gromwell
White Hoarhound
Opposite-leaved pondweed
Stinking Hellebore
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
FERNS & CLUB MOSSES
Alpine Woodsia [Woodsia alpina ]
Fir Clubmoss [Hyperzia selago ]
HaX-scented Buckler Fern [Dryopteris aemula ]
Killarney fern [Trichomanes speciosum ]
Maidenhair Fern [Adiantum capillus-veneris ]
*Marsh clubmoss [Lycopiella inundata ]
Mountain male fern
Oak fern
Oblong woodsia [Woodsia ilvensis ]
Parsley Fern [Cryptogramma crispa]
Pillwort [Pilularia globulifera ]
Rough horsetail
Tonbridge filmy-fern [Hymenophyllum tunbridgense ]
Wilson's filmy-fern [Hymenophyllum wilsonii ]
X
X
X
X
P
P
X
X
X
X
FUNGI
Tooth fungi
a fairy club [Clavaria zollingeri ]
a hedgehog fungus [Hericium erinaceum ]
*an earth-tongue [Microglossum olivaceum ]
Arched earthstar [Geastrum fornicatum ]
Date coloured waxcap [Hygrocybe spadicea ]
Hydnoid fungi [3 spp. in Wales]
Nail Fungus [Poronia punctata ]
Pink meadow cap [Hygrocybe calyptriformis ]
LICHENS
Arthothelium dictysporum
Biatoridium monasteriense
Cladonia mediterranea
Graphina pauciloculata
GXalideopsis scotica
a lichen [Bacidia incompta ]
a lichen [Bryoria smithii ]
*a lichen [Chaenotheca phaeocephala ]
a lichen [Cladonia peziziformis ]
*a lichen [Opegrapha paraxanthoidea ]
a lichen [Parmelia robusta ]
a lichen [Psuedocyphellaria norvegica ]
a lichen [Schistmatoomma graphidiodes ]
Ciliate strap-lichen [Heterodermia leucomelos ]
Golden hair-lichen [Teloschistes flavicans ]
Orange-fruited elm lichen [Caloplaca luteoalba ]
River-jelly lichen [Collema dichotomum ]
X
Tarn lecanora [Lecanora achariana ]
Tree catapyrenium [Catapyrenium psoromoides ]
Tree Lungworts [Lobaria species]
Staurothele sp.
MOSSES & LIVERWORTS
a moss [Ditrichum plumbicola ]
a moss [Fissidens exiguus ]
a moss [Weissia multicapsularis ]
a moss [Weissia rostellata ]
Baltic bog moss [Sphagnum balticum ]
Compact sphagnum moss [Sphagnum compactum]
Greater Copperwort [Cephaloziella nicholsonii ]
Long-leaved thread moss [Bryum neodamense ]
Multi-fruited river moss [Cryphaea lamyana ]
Petalwort [Petalophyllum ralfsii ]
Prostrate feather moss [Sematophyllum demissum ]
Rigid apple-moss [Bartramia stricta ]
Sea bryum [Bryum warmeum ]
Slender green feather moss [Drepanocladus vernicosus ]
Slender thread moss [Orthodontium gracile ]
Veilwort [Pallavicinia lyelli ]
Violet crystalwort [Riccia huebeneriana ]
X
X
X
STONEWORTS
Dwarf stonewort [Nitella tenuissima ]
Lesser bearded stonewort [Chara curta ]
Slender stonewort [Nitella gracilis ]
MARINE SPECIES ACTION PLANS [SAPs]
MAMMALS
Baleen whales [Mysticeti ]
Harbour porpoise [Phocaena phocaena ]
Small dolphins
Toothed whales [Odontoceti ]
REPTILES
Marine Turtles [Cheloniidae ]
X
X
X
X
X
FISH
Basking Shark [Cetorhinus maximus ]
Common Skate [Raja batis ]
Selected Commercial Marine Fish: cod; plaice; sole
INVERTEBRATES
CRABS & SHRIMPS [CRUSTACEA ]
Mantis shrimp [Meiosquilla desmaresti ]
WORMS [ANNELIDA ]
a polXchaete worm [Ophelia bicornis]
Pink sea fan [Eunicella verrucosa ]
SNAILS [MOLLUSCA ]
Fan Mussel [Atrina fragilis ]
Native OXster [Ostrea edulis]
a mud snail [Ventrosa ventrosa ]
SEA AMENONES & CORALS [COELENTERATA ]
an amenone [Aiptasia mutabilis ]
a colonial coral [Hoplangia durotrix ]
a hydroid [Hartaubella gelatinosa ]
a solitary coral [Caryophyllia inornata ]
Leptosammia pruvoti Solitary cup coral
SPONGES [PORIFERA ]
a sponge [Tethyspira spinosa ]
X
MARINE ALGAE
*A red algae [Anotrichium barbatum ]
A red algae [Gelidiella calcicola ]
A red algae [Schmitzia hiscockiana ]
APPENDIX 4
Species of nature conservation importance in the Vale of Glamorgan
SPECIES OF NATURE CONSERVATION IMPORTANCE IN THE
VALE OF GLAMORGAN
Some important species in the Vale of Glamorgan
The following section deals with some examples of important species which are either
known to occur, or which are likely to occur, in the Vale. These are primarily rare and/or
protected species.
For each species a brief account is given of the main elements of statutory protection or
other conservation status. The known or likely distribution in the Vale is briefly described,
although in most cases detailed information is lacking. However, the main sources of local
and regional distribution data, and other useful information, are referred to and may also be
consulted.
Very many sources of information and guidance are available, and no attempt is made to list
them all in this strategy. However, the EN Species Conservation Handbook provides a good
introduction to all protected species in the UK, and many others which are of conservation
concern, and also lists many relevant publications and other sources of information.
Mammals
The following table sets out a list of mammals which are of special significance in the Vale.
This table is based on Arnold (1993). The list is not definitive but covers those species
which have occurred regularly in the past, or which might be expected to do so in the future.
Highlighted species are considered to be of national significance. Non-highlighted species
are of local or regional significance. Most British mammals are accorded some level of
protection under the Wildlife & Countryside Act, except for certain specified game and pest
species. This normally confers protection against cruelty, unlicensed capture etc. Certain of
the rarer species (including all species of bat) are additionally listed on Schedule 5 of the
Act, which confers ‘full protection’ against harm and which extends to places used for
nesting and shelter.
Exceptions to this include water vole, which is afforded partial protection under Section 9(4)
of the Wildlife & Countryside Act 1981. This section gives protection to the animal’s
'places of shelter or protection' and against its disturbance whilst using such a place.
However, it does not directly protect the animal itself, and provides only limited protection
against harm arising as a result of 'lawful operations that could not otherwise be avoided
(such as ditch clearance or waterway maintenance, for example).
Badger is another special case. Although not rare in either the national or regional context,
this species has historically been subject to widespread cruelty and abuse. It is therefore
accorded full protection under its own specific legislation, the Protection of Badgers Act,
1992. This prohibits harm to the animal itself and its nesting or sheltering places (ie its
burrows or ‘setts’). In some locations, setts may be very long-established or historic,
having been in constant use over several centuries.
Species
W&C
A
Status
EC
Occurrence in the Vale
BAP
Lesser horseshoe bat
Noctule bat
Whiskered bat
Brandt’s bat
Natterer’s bat
Daubenton’s bat
Pipistrelle bat agg
Brown long-eared bat
Brown hare
1
1
1
1
1
1
A2/4
A4
A4
A4
A4
A4
X
1
1
A4
A4
X
X
X
Water vole
Yellow-necked mouse
Harvest mouse
Black rat
2
Dormouse
Polecat
Otter
1
A4
X
1
3
A2/4
X
Badger
W&CA:
1:
2:
3:
EC:
A2:
A4:
BAP:
Key
Rare; known roosts in large old country
houses on coast
Scarce; roosts in tree cavities
Scarce
Scarce
Scarce
Scarce; associated with open water
Frequent and widespread; numerous
roosts in urban/suburban areas
Scarce
Formerly frequent and widespread in
rural parts, now rare
Rare
Rare
Scarce but widespread
Probably extinct; used to occur in docks
area
Rare
Scarce
Scarce; Levels, main rivers and other
watercourses; re-colonising slowly
Widespread and frequent on drier
ground
Wildlife & Countryside Act, Sch 5 (‘Protected Animals’)
Fully protected (including places of shelter)
Partially protected (see text)
Fully protected under separate legislation (Protection of Badgers Act 992)
EC Habitats Directive
Annex 2: protected species requiring the designation of specially protected
sites
Annex 4: species requiring protection
UK Biodiversity Action Plan ‘Priority Species’
Birds
The following table sets out a list of regular nesting birds in the Vale which are either of
national or local significance. This table is based on the East Glamorgan Bird Reports
published by the Glamorgan Bird Club (1996-1998) and Hurford & Lansdown (1995). The
list in the table is not definitive, but covers those species which occur with some regularity,
or which are considered likely to occur in the near future.
Highlighted species are considered to be of national significance. Non-highlighted species
are considered to be of interest either because they are of localised or declining occurrence
in Britain, or because they are scarce in the Glamorgan region. Most species of birds are
accorded some level of protection in Britain under the Wildlife & Countryside Act, except
for certain specified game and pest species. This normally prohibits harm to either the
adults, their nests or their eggs. Certain rare species are additionally listed on Schedule 1 of
the Act, which accords special protection with enhanced penalties for infringement.
Species
National Status
W&C Red/Am
BAP
A
b
Little grebe
Great crested grebe
Fulmar
Grey heron
Mute swan
Shelduck
Tufted duck
Goshawk
Kestrel
Peregrine falcon
Grey partridge
Water rail
Coot
Oystercatcher
Green Sandpiper
Lapwing
Snipe
Woodcock
Curlew
Redshank
Herring gull
A
X
A
X
A
R
A
A
X
A
A
A
A
A
A
X
Occurrence in the Vale
Rare; Cosmeston Lakes, Ogmore
Scarce; Cosmeston Lakes, Aberthaw,
Hensol
Scarce; on west Vale coast
Rare; Hensol
Scarce; Cosmeston, Aberthaw. Large
wintering flock at Knap, Barry.
Rare; Ogmore
Rare; Hensol, Aberthaw
Rare (?absent)
Widespread in woods, but declining;
coast
Rare; cliffs and quarries; coast
Uncommon; west Vale
Rare; Cosmeston, Aberthaw
Scarce; pond & lakes; Cosmeston
Rare; west Vale coast
Scarce; R Ely floodplain
Uncommon; much declined
Rare; marshy grasslands
Rare (?absent); woodlands
Rare in north; R Ely floodplain
Rare in north; R Ely floodplain, R.
Ogmore
Frequent; coastal cliffs (Barry)
Species
Stock dove
Barn owl
Nightjar
Kingfisher
National Status
W&C Red/Am
BAP
A
b
A
X
A
R
X
X
A
Green woodpecker
Lesser spottedwoodpecker
Skylark
A
Sand martin
Swallow
Tree pipit
Rock pipit
A
A
R
Yellow wagtail
Grey wagtail
Dunnock
Black redstart
Redstart
Stonechat
X
A
X
A
A
A
Wheatear
Blackbird
A
Song thrush
R
A
Grasshopper warbler
Sedge warbler
Reed warbler
Garden warbler
Lesser whitethroat
Wood warbler
Dartford warbler
Spotted flycatcher
X
R
R
Pied flycatcher
Marsh tit
X
A
X
Occurrence in the Vale
Uncommon but widespread
Rare
Rare; Hensol Forest
Scarce; Rivers Thaw, Ely, Kenson etc;
Cwm Col-huw, Ogmore
Widespread and still quite common
Rare; lowland woodlands
Still widespread, but much declined;
coastal heaths, rough grasslands, field
edges
Rare; River Ely, Ewenny area
Widespread; still quite common
Scarce; central Vale
Frequent; coastal cliffs, Heritage Coast,
Barry
Rare; River Thaw
Uncommon; main rivers
Still widespread in woods, scrub and
hedges
Rare; Dunraven, Aberthaw
Absent or very rare
Frequent; Dunraven, Aberthaw,
Ogmore Common
Rare; Ely Valley (coastal migrant)
Some decline, but still widespread in
woods and hedges
Some decline, but still widespread in
woods, hedges & parklands
Rare; occasionally breeds on coast
Scarce; reedbeds; Cosmeston
Rare; reedbeds; Cosmeston, Aberthaw
Scarce; woodlands and scrub
Scarce and declining; scarce regionally;
woods
Rare; woodlands
Rare; Ogmore Common
Uncommon, declining; scattered in
woods and parks with large trees; coast
Rare; woodlands
Uncommon; widespread in scrub and
woods
Species
National Status
W&C Red/Am
BAP
A
b
A
X
A
Willow tit
Chough
Raven
Starling
Tree sparrow
A
R
X
Siskin
Linnet
R
X
Redpoll
Goldfinch
A
Common crossbill
Bullfinch
Yellowhammer
X
Reed bunting
R
X
R
X
Occurrence in the Vale
Uncommon; carr woodlands; Hensol
Visitor; possibly breeding on coast
Scarce; coastal cliffs and quarries
Still widespread and common
Uncommon in Vale, scarce regionally;
declining
Rare; north of Vale
Still frequent and widespread, but
declining
Rare; woodlands
Frequent and widespread; probably
declining
Rare; in woods on higher ground?
Widespread but probably declining
Widespread, but uncommon and
declining
Uncommon; reedbeds; Cadoxton Ponds
Key
W&CA:
Red/Amb:
BAP:
Wildlife & Countryside Act 1981, Sch 1 (‘Specially Protected’)
Red List (High Concern); Amber List (Medium Concern) – RSPB
et al 1996
UK Biodiversity Action Plan ‘Priority Species’
Rare:
Scarce:
Uncommon:
Frequent:
breeding in ≤5 tetrads
breeding in ≤10 tetrads
breeding in ≤20 tetrads
breeding in >20 tetrads
Amphibians and Reptiles
The following table sets out a list of amphibians which are of special significance in the
Vale of Glamorgan. This table is based primarily on Arnold (1995). Nine species of
amphibian and reptile occur in the Vale, three of which (smooth newt, common frog and
common toad) remain reasonably common and widespread, although all are showing signs
of decline nationally.
Highlighted species are considered to be of national significance. Non-highlighted species
are of local or regional significance. All British reptiles are accorded some level of
protection under the Wildlife & Countryside Act, the four commoner species being
protected under section 9(1) of the Act which confers protection against killing and direct
harm. No fully protected reptile species occur in the region. Of the amphibians which
occur, most are protected only against sale (i.e. commercial exploitation). However, great
crested newt is additionally listed on Schedule 5 of the Act, which confers ‘full protection’
against harm and which extends to places used for nesting and shelter.
Species
Slow-worm
National Status
W&C
EC
BAP
A
2
Common lizard
2
Adder
2
Grass snake
2
Great crested newt
1
Palmate newt
Key
W&CA:
1:
2:
EC:
A2:
A4:
BAP:
A2/4
X
Occurrence in the Vale
Scarce but widespread in the Vale and
regionally; heathland, woodland,
grassland habitats
Scarce in the Vale and regionally; heathy
ground, woodland, tall grassland habitats
Scarce in the Vale and regionally; heathy
ground, acid woodlands, bracken stands
Scarce in the Vale and regionally;
woodland, heathland, marshland, usually
near water
Scarce but widespread in the Vale and
regionally, in farm and other small ponds;
fails to succeed in colonising due to
predation in waterbodies with fish
Widespread in region, fairly scarce in the
Vale; in small ponds and lakes; declining
nationally
Wildlife & Countryside Act, Sch 5 (‘Protected Animals’)
Fully protected
Partially protected (part 9(1) - see text)
EC Habitats Directive
Annex 2: protected species requiring the designation of specially protected sites
Annex 4: species requiring protection
UK Biodiversity Action Plan ‘Priority Species’
Fish
About 38 native non-marine fish species occur in Britain, including estuarine and inshore
species, two of which (burbot and houting) are probably now extinct. Of these about 30
species occur, or are likely to occur, in the Vale of Glamorgan area, although many of
these are estuarine or inshore species chiefly associated with the adjacent Severn Estuary.
Knowledge of distribution and population sizes of freshwater species is imprecise due to
the difficulty and patchiness of sampling, and the activities of anglers who have
translocated species and artificially reinforced populations in many waters.
The table below sets out a list of species in the Vale which are considered either
nationally or regionally significant, based on Grice (1994) and Maitland & Campbell
(1992). Nationally significant species are highlighted.
Species
Sea lamprey
River lamprey
Brook lamprey
Sturgeon
Allis shad
National Status
W&C
EC
BAP
A
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Atlantic salmon
Brown trout
X
X
Grayling
Smelt
Bleak
Chub
Common goby
Bullhead
Key
Type:
W&CA:
EC:
BAP:
X
X
Occurrence in the Vale
Ea; coastal fringe and river mouths
Ea; coastal fringe and river mouths
E; main rivers and upper tributaries
Ea; coastal fringe and river mouths
Ea; Severn Estuary; may be in main
rivers but probably not breeding
Ea; coastal fringe and main rivers
Ea; Scarce in the Vale; small clean fast
rivers and streams
S; in main rivers and streams
Ea; Restricted distribution nationally;
coastal fringes, river mouths
S; Scarce in the eastern Vale, possibly
absent; rivers near coast
S; at edge of UK range in eastern Vale;
rivers and lakes
E; coastal fringe only
S; small, clean rivers and streams
E = Euryhaline (lives in both salt and freshwater)
S = Stenohaline (freshwater only)
a = Anadromous (matures in sea, migrates into freshwater to spawn)
Wildlife & Countryside Act Sch 5 (Protected Animals) - Fully protected
EC Habitats Directive Sch II or IV; Species requiring conservation
UK Biodiversity Action Plan ‘Priority Species’
Other rare or regionally uncommon species may also occur. Species which would be
regionally significant if found as a naturally occurring population include barbel, silver
bream and 10-spined stickleback. Dace may also be of interest in some locations.
Invertebrates
With the exception of lepidoptera, recent information concerning invertebrates in the
Vale is somewhat scant and incomplete, especially for the lesser known
groups. Individual recorders and specialists have compiled records for some groups and
particular sites, but generally there has been no concerted effort to centralize the
recording of invertebrates except in the cases of a few of the more ‘popular’ groups, such
as butterflies, larger moths, dragonflies, grasshoppers and crickets. Some of these are
dealt with below. Other invertebrate groups are known to be of interest, however. The
problem with documenting and assessing such groups lies in the specialized nature of
their study and the large numbers of species involved. Assessment of the Vale’s
significance for invertebrates generally must therefore await more organized study and
centralized recording in the future.
Butterfly Conservation undertook a major five year recording project (1995-1999)
‘Butterflies for the New Millenium’, culminating in publication of an atlas in 2001. In
Wales, it also published its National Action Plan in 1998 which identifies the important
butterfly species and key sites in Wales. The Vale of Glamorgan is considered to have
the richest lepidoptera fauna in Wales, including a number of threatened species. It is
therefore likely that this also applies to other insect groups. The Glamorgan Moth
Recording Group holds a database of all records for 1391 moth species in Glamorgan
which indicates that over 100 species have been recorded at several sites in the Vale; 137
at Lavernock Point. The Group has produced a provisional atlas of macro moths of
Glamorgan (1999).
The table below sets out some details for the ‘popular’ groups where this is known. This
information is by no means comprehensive, but gives some idea of the scope of interest
for these groups. The information in the table is based the following sources: for
butterflies and moths, Gilmore & Stewart (1999) and Emmett & Heath (1989); for
dragonflies, Merritt et al (1996); for grasshoppers and crickets, Haes & Harding (1997).
Species
National Status
W&C
Nat
BAP
A
Butterflies
Dingy skipper
(Erynnis tages)
Grizzled skipper
(Pyrgus malvae)
L
Wood white
(Leptidae sinapis)
L
Brimstone
(Gonepteryx rhamni)
Green hairstreak
(Callophrys rubi)
Occurrence in the Vale
Uncommon; chiefly coastal grasslands
L
Rare; chiefly coastal; short flowery turf at
woodland edges, rides, sheltered slopes
etc
Rare; Not recorded since 1899 until
single recorded at Hensol, 2001;
woodland rides & clearings, disused
railways
Frequent; scrub, hedges, woodland edges
L
Scarce, preferring higher ground to north
L
Species
National Status
W&C
Nat
BAP
A
Purple hairstreak
(Quercusia quercus)
White-letter hairstreak
(Satyria w-album)
Silver-studded blue
(Plebejus argus)
Small blue
(Cupido minimus)
Brown argus
(Aricia agestis)
Chalkhill blue
(Lysandra coridon)
Duke of Burgundy
(Haemaris lucina)
Small pearl-bordered
fritillary
(Boloria selene)
Pearl-bordered fritillary
(Boloria euphrosyne)
High brown fritillary
(Argynnis adippe)
Dark green fritillary
(Argynnis aglaja)
Silver-washed fritillary
(Argynnis paphia)
Marsh fritillary
(Eurodryas aurinia)
Marbled white
(Melanargia galathea)
Grayling
(Hipparchia semele)
Ringlet
(Aphantopus hyperantus)
Larger moths
Orange-tailed clearwing
(Synanthedon
anthraciniformis)
Oblique striped
(Philabapteryx virgata)
Occurrence in the Vale
Rare; in eastern Vale; oak woodlands
L
L
N
X
L
L
L
N
L
1
L
X
R
X
L
Rare, near coast; woodland clearings,
coastal grasslands
Rare; 2 colonies known – Dinas Powis
and Alun Valley; in woodlands
Scarce; species-rich marshy grassland
with devil’s-bit scabious
Rare; tall calcareous grasslands, near
coast
Scarce; open, broken ground, e.g
.quarries, screes, skeletal acid grasslands
Frequent: sheltered woodland edges,
hedges, verges, limestone grassland
N
Rare; coastal; scrub and woodland edges
on Viburnum spp
L
L
1
Rare; in woodlands to west with wych
elm
Probably extinct; calcareous grasslands
on coast
Rare; taller calcareous grasslands;
Longlands Quarry
Scarce; calcareous grasslands, especially
near coast
Probably extinct: calcareous grasslands,
especially near coast
Probably extinct; calcareous grassland
with light scrub, especially near coast
Scarce; formerly in coppice woods, now
in marshy grasslands, scrub edges,
bracken slopes
Now probably extinct; formerly coppice
woods, open woodlands after felling,
bracken slopes
Rare; occurs under light bracken cover
N
L
L
X
Rare; coastal; limestone grassland
N
Species
Chalk carpet
(Scotopteryx
bipunctaria)
Ruddy carpet
(Catarhoe rubidata)
Argent & sable
(Rheumaptera hastata)
Thyme pug
(Eupithecia distinctaria)
Blomer’s rivulet
(Discoloxia blomeri)
Waved carpet
(Hydrelia sylvata)
Little thorn
(Cepphis advenaria)
Narrow-bordered beehawk
(Haemaris tityus)
Small chocolate-tip
(Clostera pigra)
Crescent dart
(Agrotis trux lunigera)
White colon
(Sideridis albicolon)
Bordered gothic
(Heliophobus reticulata)
Double line
(Mythimna turca)
Wormwood shark
(Cucullia absinthiii)
Dotted chestnut
(Conistra rubiginea)
National Status
W&C
Nat
BAP
A
Rare; limestone grasslands; Ogmore area
N
Rare; coastal; sea cliffs, downland,
hedges
Rare; birch woods
N
N
X
Rare; SE Vale; coastal cliffs
N
Scarce; woods with wych elm
N
Scarce; woodlands
N
X
N
N
X
Rare; SE Vale; open woodland, on
bilberry
Rare; no recent records; marshy
grasslands with devil’s-bit scabious
Rare; coastal scrub
N
Rare; coastal cliffs
N
N
N
X
N
X
N
Rare; Ogmore area; dunes and maritime
grassland
Scarce; coastal cliffs, grassland and
dunes
Scarce; woodland
Rare; SE Vale; various habitats,
including wasteground
Rare; woodland and scrub on fruit trees
N
Dragonflies
Beautiful demoiselle
(Calopteryx virgo)
Banded demoiselle
(Calopteryx splendens)
Scarce blue-tailed
damselfly
(Ischnura pumilio)
Occurrence in the Vale
L
Scarce but widespread; usually needs
fast-moving clean water but locally found
on canals etc.
Scarce but widespread; slower flowing
clean waters, lakes
Rare; slow mineral-rich waters; newly
created ponds; poached areas, springs and
flushes
Species
Hairy dragonfly
(Brachytron pratense)
Migrant hawker
(Aeshna mixta)
Downy emerald
(Cordulia aenea)
Ruddy darter
(Sympetrum
sanguineum)
Black-tailed skimmer
(Orthetrum cancellatum)
Grasshoppers &
Crickets
Cepero’s groundhopper
(Tetrix ceperoi)
Slender ground-hopper
(Tetrix subulata)
Grey bush cricket
(Platycleis albopunctata)
Lesser marshgrasshopper
(Chorthippus
albomarginatus
Short-winged cone-head
(Conocephalus dorsalis)
Speckled bush-cricket
(Leptophyes
punctatissima)
Oak bush cricket
(Meconema thallasinum)
Lesne’s earwig
Harvestman
Sabacon viscayanum ssp
ramblaianum
National Status
W&C
Nat
BAP
A
L
N
L
Occurrence in the Vale
Reasonably frequent in the Vale in a
variety of still or slow mesotrophic
waters
Uncommon in Vale and regionally; wellvegetated slow waters, non-acidic
Rare; sheltered acid-tending slow waters;
Pysgodlyn Mawr
Scarce; prefers marshy pool and ditch
margins with tall vegetation
Scarce; often prefers newly-made pools
in open land
Probably extinct; coastal fringes, dunes
N
N
Scarce regionally and in Vale; marshy
grasslands and wetlands
Probably extinct; coastal cliffs and
grassland, dunes
Scarce regionally; rare in Vale on coastal
fringes
Scarce regionally, possible in Vale on
coastal fringes
Scarce; various habitats
Scarce: woodland, hedgerows and
gardens
Rare: in coastal scrub (East Aberthaw,
2000)
R
Rare; moist cool situations, woods, carr,
tall marshy grasslands
Species
Crustacea
White-clawed crayfish
(Austropotamobius
pallipes)
Key
W&CA:
1:
Nat:
R:
N:
L:
BAP:
National Status
W&C
Nat
BAP
A
Occurrence in the Vale
Rare; clean waters with gravel substrates
1
R
X
Wildlife & Countryside Act, Sch 5 (‘Protected Animals’)
Fully protected
Nationally Rare and Scarce species
Red Data Book
Nationally Scarce
Local in Britain
UK Biodiversity Action Plan ‘Priority Species’
Plants
The following table sets out a list of species which are considered to be significant in the
Vale, and is based primarily on Wade et al (1994) and consultation with the local recorder (J
Woodman, pers comm). As with the other groups in this section, the table is not
comprehensive. Highlighted species are considered to be of national conservation
significance (Wigginton 1999; Stewart et al 1994).
There are a large number of rare and notable species which have been
recorded as casuals or
established introductions associated with Barry docks and surrounding
warehouses and
storage yards. For the most part these are of sporadic or short-term
occurrence only, and
have therefore largely been excluded. Rare native species which have been
recorded
historically, but not recently, have also been excluded.
Species
Southern polypody
(Polypodium cambricum)
Maidenhair fern
(Adiantum capillus-veneris)
National Status
WCA Nat
BAP
N
Occurrence in the Vale
Scarce; shaded limestone cliffs and crags;
Cwm George
Scarce on limestone cliffs, near seepages;
Dunraven to Porthkerry
Species
National Status
WCA Nat
BAP
Pillwort
(Pilularia globifera)
Goldilocks buttercup
(Ranunculus auricomus)
Small-flowered buttercup
(Ranunculus parviflorus)
Brackish water-crowfoot
(Ranunculus baudotii)
Monk’s-hood
(Aconitum napellus)
Shepherd’s needle
(Scandix pecten-veneris)
Dittander
(Lepidium latifolium)
N
N
N
X
N
Wild cabbage
(Brassica oleracea oleracea)
Pale St John’s-wort
(Hypericum montanum)
Small-flowered catchfly
(Silene gallica)
Fine-leaved sandwort
(Minuartia hybrida)
Marsh-mallow
(Althaea officinalis)
Narrow-leaved bird’s-foot
trefoil (Lotus glaber)
Sea clover
(Trifolium squamosum)
Yellow vetchling
(Lathyrus aphaca)
True service-tree
(Sorbus domestica)
Sea spurge
(Euphorbia paralias)
Tasteless water-pepper
(Persicaria laxiflora)
Shore dock
(Rumex rupestris)
Slender hare’s-ear
(Bupleurum tenuissimum)
X
Rare (possibly extinct); peaty lakes and
pond margins; Pysgodlyn Mawr
Scarce; limestone woodlands
Scarce; shallow limestone soils near
coast; Aberthaw, Dunraven, Ogmore
Scarce; brackish ditches; Aberthaw area,
Barry
Scarce; floodplain of the R Ely and
elsewhere
Rare; shallow soils, arable field edges,
waste ground; central Vale
Rare; persistent introduction around
Barry Docks
Frequent on coastal cliffs between
Southerndown and Barry
Scarce in region; coastal scrub on
limestone; western Vale
Rare; arable field edges, waste ground,
N
N
Occurrence in the Vale
X
Rare; rocky slopes on coast; eastern Vale
N
N
N
N
R
N
X
R
N
X
Rare; along coastal fringe, sea walls;
upper parts of brackish marshes;
Aberthaw
Scarce; dry rough grassy places on coast;
Barry, Sully Island
Scarce along coastal fringe; skeletal
maritime or brackish ground
Rare; arable, rough grassland; St
Nicholas area
Rare on coastal limestone cliffs;
Aberthaw-Porthkerry area
Scarce in region; coastal fringe;
Aberthaw-Porthkerry
Rare; ditches and streamsides; central
Vale
Rare; on limestone coast; Dunraven and
elsewhere
Rare; salt-marshes; Aberthaw, Ely
Estuary
Species
National Status
WCA Nat
BAP
Rock sea-lavender
(Limonium procerum)
Fringed waterlily
(Nymphoides peltata)
Marsh lousewort
(Pedicularis palustris)
Red hemp-nettle
(Galeopsis angustifolia)
Purple gromwell
(Lithospermum
purpureocaeruleum)
Ivy broomrape
(Orobanche hederae)
Scarce in coastal spray-zone; saltmarsh
N
Compact brome
(Anisantha madritensis)
Bulbous foxtail
(Alopecurus bulbosus)
Scarce; introduced to a number of pond
sites; Pysgodlyn Mawr
Regionally scarce; wet heath, bog,
marshy grassland
Rare; on coastal shingle; Aberthaw
N
N
R
N
Hen-bane
(Hyoscyamus niger)
Tuberous thistle
(Cirsium tuberosum)
Meadow thistle
(Cirsium dissectum)
Viper’s grass
(Scorzonera humilis)
Small teasel
(Dipsacus pilosus)
Italian cuckoopint
(Arum italicum neglectum)
Green-winged orchid
(Orchis morio)
Greater butterfly-orchid
(Platanthera chlorantha)
Fragrant orchid
(Gymnadenia conopsea)
Pyramidal orchid
(Anacamptis pyramidalis)
Early marsh-orchid
(Dactylorhiza incarnata)
Occurrence in the Vale
R
X
X
Scarce amongst coastal scrub on
limestone; Porthkerry, Dunraven, Cwmmawr, Whitmore-Stairs
Rare; coastal cliffs and dunes; ruderal
sites in Penarth and Barry; parasite of
ivy
Regionally scarce; maritime sandy
ground, ruderal
Rare; coastal grasslands on limestone
between Southerdown and St Donat’s,
Nash Point
Uncommon in region; indicates good
marshy grassland;
Rare in marshy grasslands near Bridgend
R
Rare; roadside verges, woodland edges;
Aberthaw, central Vale
Rare; in ancient woodland; Cwm George
N
R
N
Scarce; limestone grassland, formerly
widespread; verges, quarries
Regionally scarce; open calcareous
grasslands and woods in SE Vale
Regionally scarce; dry calcareous
grassland along coastal fringe of Vale
Regionally scarce; calcareous grassland,
dunes; coastal fringe of Vale
Regionally scarce; basic marshy
grasslands, fens and swamp; Ogmore,
Ystradowen
Rare on coast and waste ground, much
introduced; possibly native at Porthkerry
Scarce along coastal fringe; Porthkerry,
Aberthaw, Sully, Cog Moors, Llandough
Species
National Status
WCA Nat
BAP
Nit-grass
(Gastridium ventricosum)
Bulbous meadow-grass
(Poa bulbosa)
Sea barley
(Hordeum marinum)
Blunt-flowered rush
(Juncus subnodulosus)
Soft-leaved sedge
(Carex montana)
Tufted sedge
(Carex elata)
Key
W&CA:
Nat:
Occurrence in the Vale
Rare in coastal grassland on limestone
R
Rare; coastal grasslands on shingle; Bull
Cliff, Cold Knap area
Rare on coastal fringe; open maritime
grassland and upper saltmarsh; Aberthaw
Regionally scarce; indicates rare marshy
grassland type; Cowbridge area
Scarce; limestone downland; Old Castle
Down and Ogmore Common
Rare; fen and swamps; Flemingstone
N
N
N
Wildlife & Countryside Act, Sch 8 (‘Protected Plants’)
National Status:
R:
Red Data Book
N:
Nationally Scarce
UK Biodiversity Action Plan ‘Priority Species’
BAP:
Lower Plants
Information on lower plants was not readily available to the present study. The following
table sets out a list of a few known species of interest which have been recorded in the Vale,
but is indicative only. An account of the lichens and mosses of Glamorgan is provided in
Wade et al (1994). Other sources include Church et al (1996) and CCW records.
Species
National Status
W&C
Nat
BAP
A
Occurrence in the Vale
Lichens
Endocarpon pusillum
R
Bacidia incompta
R
Caloplaca granulosa
Mosses
Tortula vahliana
R
Rare; compacted limestone soils; railway
cutting near Old Castle Down
Rare; usually on elm bark; formerly at
Dyffryn Gardens, now probably extinct
in the Vale
Rare; open limestone rocks; Sully
N
Rare; coastal limestone; Sully
X
APPENDIX 5
Sites protected for nature conservation in the Vale of Glamorgan
SITES OF NATURE CONSERVATION IMPORTANCE IN THE VALE OF
GLAMORGAN
Internationally Designated Sites
Internationally designated sites in the UK are all required to be notified as SSSIs and
therefore receive the highest level of statutory protection against potential damage or harm.
The Severn Estuary
The Severn Estuary comprises a large, classic, funnel-shaped estuary of a type which is
unique in Britain and very rare world-wide. It lies at the mouth of four major lowland rivers
and innumerable lesser rivers and streams, and has the second largest tidal range in the
world. It lies in a diverse geological context exhibiting a wide range of geomorphological
features, especially sedimentary deposits. It supports a very wide range of habitats and
species, including numerous national and international rarities.
The estuary is internationally important for its wintering wildfowl and waders, and lies on a
major migrationary bird route. The estuary also supports nationally important populations
of migratory fish, including the rare and declining allis shad, twaite shad and river and sea
lampreys. Otters occupy many parts of the estuary.
The range of habitats represented includes intertidal mud-flats, sand banks, rocky platforms
and saltmarsh, as well as sea cliffs and coastal grasslands. Large beds of eel-grass (Zostera
spp) and tubeworm reefs occur offshore, and there are a wide range of benthic communities.
The international significance of the Severn Estuary is recognised through its designation as
a Ramsar Site and as an SPA under the EC Birds Directive. The estuary is also a Possible
SAC under the EC Habitats Directive, which covers the whole marine environment, not just
the coastal strip. Only a comparatively small length of the Vale coastline falls within the
designated parts of the estuary, comprising the section of coast between the mouth of the
River Ely and Lavernock Point. This section falls within the Severn Estuary SSSI, SPA,
Ramsar Site and Possible SAC.
Dunraven Bay
Part of the Southerndown Coast SSSI, Dunraven Bay has been recommended as a possible
Special Area of Conservation as one best areas in the UK for rumex rupestris, shore dock,
thought to be one of the rarest docks, and one of the rarest plants in Europe. There are only
a few other sites in the UK, in Wales or south-west England.
Nationally Designated Sites
These sites comprise SSSIs and NNRs designated under the Wildlife & Countryside Act
1981. They are afforded the highest level of statutory protection against potential damage
and harm. In addition to the Severn Estuary SSSI mentioned above the Vale contains
a further 21 SSSIs, either wholly or in part, although some of these are notified for
their geological interest rather than for nature conservation reasons. These comprise:
Southerndown Coast
This comprises a 5km stretch of coastline running more-or-less continuously between
Ogmore-by-Sea and Traeth Bach. It is notified in part for its geological interest, but also for
its rock habitats and maritime vegetation which includes species-rich neutral, calcareous and
maritime grasslands, as well as scrub and woodland habitats. Rare and scarce species
include tuberous thistle (Cirsium tubersosum), purple gromwell (Lithospermum
purpurocaeruleum), shore dock (Rumex rupestris), maidenhair fern (Adiantum capillus
veneris), wild cabbage (Brassica oleracea), sea stork’s-bill (Erodium maritimum) and
stinking hellebore (Helleborus foetidus). The cliffs are also used by a wide range of nesting
and wintering birds.
Monknash Coast
A section of coastline some 4.5km in length running continuously from Traeth Mawr to St
Donat’s Point. As with the previous site a substantial part of the interest lies in its
geological interest, but it is also notified for its seepage zone habitats, calcareous and
maritime grasslands, scrub and woodlands. Rare and scarce species include tuberous thistle,
nit-grass (Gastridium ventricosum), hoary stock (Matthiola incana), maidenhair fern and
wild cabbage.
Nash Lighthouse Meadow
A small SSSI lying immediately adjacent to the Monknash Coast SSSI (see above). It
comprises limestone pasture supporting tuberous thistle and other scarce plant species.
East Aberthaw Coast
A section of coastal habitats between the mouth of the River Thaw and Font-y-gary Bay,
supporting a diverse range of sandy coast, shingle and saltmarsh. Rare and scarce species
include maidenhair fern and purple gromwell, as well as a range of invertebrates.
Cliff Wood – Golden Stairs
Comprises mixed woodland slopes on the side of a small wooded valley or ‘cwm’ running
down to the coast at Porthkerry, together with a short section of Bull Cliff. The woodland is
diverse and comparatively unmodified, supporting numerous scarce and uncommon species.
Purple gromwell occurs amongst the coastal cliff scrub.
Barry Island
Two short sections of coastal cliff lying either side of Whitmore Bay at Barry, notified for
their geological interest.
Hayes Point to Bendrick Rock
A section of coastline some 1.8km long lying south-east of Barry, notified for its geological
interest.
Sully Island
This comprises a small island lying offshore near Barry. In addition to having geological
interest the site is notified as a major wintering roost for dunlin, grey plover, ringed plover,
redshank and knot. The numbers of wintering dunlin and redshank are of national
importance, supporting over 1% of the British wintering population of these species.
Penarth Coast
A section of coast about 3.5km long running between St Mary’s Well Bay and Penarth.
This SSSI is notified for its geological interest, and also for supporting species-rich
calcareous grassland and maritime scrub. Scarce and local plant species include dyer’s
greenweed (Genista tinctoria), butterfly orchid (Platanthera chlorantha), bee orchid
(Ophrys apifera) and adder’s-tongue fern (Ophioglossum vulgatum). Lavernock Point is a
well known observation point for migratory birds.
Old Castle Down
This comprises a large area (about 80ha) of limestone heath and calcareous grassland
habitats near Ogmore-by-Sea. Besides the intrinsic rarity of the habitats themselves, a wide
range of rare and scarce species are present, including soft-leaved sedge (Carex montana)
and many invertebrates.
Coed y Bwl
An area of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) and ash (Fraxinus excelsior) woodland with a
rich calcareous ground flora, lying near to Old Castle Down (see above). Notable for its
large population of wild daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus) and for its numerous
uncommon invertebrates.
Nant Whitton Woodlands
A narrow strip of limestone woodland near Llancarfan supporting a diverse canopy of oak,
ash, hazel (Corylus avellanus), field maple (Acer campestre) and spindle (Euonymus
europaeus) etc, and a species rich ground flora which includes the uncommon herb Paris
(Paris quadrifolia) and adder’s-tongue fern.
Ely Valley
This comprises a 9.5km section of the River Ely which runs through the north-eastern part
of the Vale near Cardiff. The Ely Valley supports the largest known population of the
nationally scarce plant monk’s-hood (Aconitum napellus).
Cwm Cydfin, Leckwith
Cwm Cydfin comprises an area of brackish woodland at the junction a small stream (Nant
Cydfin) with the River Ely at Leckwith, Cardiff. The future of this diverse tidal site is no
longer assured, however, following completion of the Cardiff Bay Barrage and the cessation
of tidal influences in the lower River Ely.
Clemenstone Meadows, Wick
Comprises two small, traditionally-managed meadows on either side of a brook, supporting
fen-meadow and unimproved neutral grassland. The species-rich plant communities are
unusual in the region and include a variety of uncommon species including pepper-saxifrage
(Silaum silaus), saw-wort (Serratula tinctoria) and meadow thistle (Cirsium dissectum).
Pysgodlyn Mawr
A small area of wetland which supports a wide range of habitats ranging from open water,
through reed swamp, to heath and bog, which are very unusual in the lowland Vale area. It
was the only site in the former county of Glamorgan for the nationally scarce plant pillwort
(Pilularia globifera), a plant which is declining throughout Europe. Unfortunately, the site
no longer supports a pillwort population . There is an excellent dragonfly fauna which
includes the nationally scarce downy emerald dragonfly (Cordulia aenea).
Cosmeston Park
A diverse area of open water, fen, woodland and remnant limestone grassland, in part on
former mineral workings. Some thirteen species of dragonfly and 45 species of bird are
known to breed at the site, and there is a rich plant fauna which includes uncommon species
such as everlasting pea (Lathyrus sylvestris), dyer’s greenweed and bee orchid.
Cog Moors
This comprises a series of fields adjacent to Sully Brook near Barry. These support a large
area of unimproved neutral grassland, which is traditionally managed for hay cutting,
together with areas of species-rich marshy grassland. Rare and scarce plant species include
brown sedge (Carex disticha), adder’s-tongue fern, green-winged orchid (Orchis morio),
bulbous foxtail (Alopecurus bulbosus) and pepper-saxifrage.
Ewenny and Pant Quarries
This site comprises two quarries near Old Castle Down notified for their geological interest.
Cnap Twt
Another small quarry near Old Castle Down notified for its geological interest.
Taff/Ely Estuary
A small part of this important tidal mudflat SSSI used to occur within the VGC boundary
near the mouth of the River Ely. However, the site has been destroyed following the
completion of the Cardiff Bay Barrage and its permanent flooding by fresh water.
Locally Designated Sites
Local Nature Reserves (LNRs)
LNRs are statutory sites which are designated and protected under the National Parks &
Access to the Countryside Acts 1949 for a combination of nature conservation, amenity and
recreational reasons, especially where they occur in situations which can be readily accessed
and enjoyed by the local community. LNRs must lie within the jurisdiction of the local
authority, either through ownership, lease or a legal agreement with the landowner.
Only two LNRs have been declared in the Vale:
Cliff Wood, Porthkerry: contained within the Cliff Wood – Golden Stairs SSSI
(see above)
Cwm Talwg Woodlands, Barry: two small areas of semi-natural woodland within
the recently developed urban edge of Barry.
Sites of Importance for Nature Conservation (SINCs)
SINCs (also known as ‘Wildlife Sites’) are non-statutory sites which are designated purely
on nature conservation grounds and are considered to be significant in the county or regional
context either because of the habitats present or the species they support.
The emerging UDP will explicitly recognise the existence of SINCs in the Vale and will
afford them some degree of protection from inappropriate development or changes in land
use.
Following a project commissioned by VGC in 1998, some 170 sites have been identified as
Candidate SINCs, mostly on habitat grounds . These include long sections of the coast not
identified as biological SSSIs, many areas of semi-improved neutral grassland and marshy
grassland, ancient semi-natural woodlands, small areas of heathland, bog, duneland and
maritime grasslands, as well as ponds, lakes and river systems. Interim criteria have been
prepared for the assessment of these sites.
Very few sites in the Vale have been identified to date on species grounds, but it is
anticipated that others will be identified in the future.
APPENDIX 6
Protected species in the Vale of Glamorgan
PROTECTION OF SPECIES OF NATURE CONSERVATION IMPORTANCE IN
THE VALE OF GLAMORGAN
Protected species
The principle mechanism conferring legal protection on species in the UK is the Wildlife
and Countryside Act 1981, the protective action of which was given effect by SI 1217 (C 39,
The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (Commencement No.5) Order) in 1982. The 1981
Act replaced the pre-existing Protection of Birds Acts of 1954, 1964 and 1967, and the
Conservation of Wild Creatures and Plants Act 1975. It is the primary means by which the
UK Government's obligations under the various international directives, conventions and
agreements (listed in Part 1: Section 3.0 above) are implemented.
The protective measures of the 1981 Act have subsequently been amended through:
•
•
•
•
The Wildlife & Countryside (Amendment) Act 1985
The Wildlife & Countryside (Service of Notices) Act 1985
The Wildlife & Countryside (Amendment) Act 1991
The Wildlife & Countryside Act 1981 (Amendment) Regulations 1995
The 1981 Act contains several schedules of protected species, the main ones comprising:
Sch 1:
i)
ii)
Birds protected by special penalties
At all times
During the close season
Sch 5:
Animals (other than birds) which are protected
Sch 8:
Plants which are protected
Other schedules cover birds which may be taken or killed (Sch 2); birds which must be
registered and ringed if kept in captivity (Sch 4); animals which may not be killed or taken
by certain methods (Sch 6); protection of certain mammals (Sch 7); animals which may not
be released into the wild (Sch 9); and animals subject to measures relating to export and
import (Sch 10).
It should be noted that nearly all species of bird (except for a few specified pest species) are
protected individually against killing and injury, and that protection extends to their nests
and eggs. Reckless destruction of the nests and eggs of common birds (such as might occur
during routine scrub clearance, tree felling or tree surgery) is therefore likely to constitute an
offence under the Act. For this reason, such operations should avoid the main bird-nesting
period which runs approximately from early March to late August.
Schedules 5 and 8 are subject to five-yearly ('quinquiennial') review and amendment (or
'variation'), and the other schedules may also be amended periodically by Statutory
Instrument. Nine such amendments have been published to date. The effects of the 1981
Act with respect to badgers has been completely replaced by the Badgers Act 1992.
In most cases the protection provided by the Act covers the prohibition of killing or
destroying, injuring, 'taking' (ie capture) of animals, uprooting of plants, possession of or
trading in individuals of the species listed in the various schedules. Many of the listed birds
and animals are also protected against intentional disturbance of individuals, or the
disturbance or destruction of their nests and 'other places used for shelter and protection'.
Although probably not the original intention, the latter has led effectively to the protection
of the habitats used by some of the species concerned.
Full details of the 1981 Act, together with amended schedules, are provided by the English
Nature Species Conservation Handbook (EN 1994 et seq). This handbook is an excellent
source of information concerning all aspects of species conservation in the UK and is
regularly updated, currently through the EN web-site (www.english-nature.org.uk).
Following the recent implementation of the Conservation (Natural Habitats etc)
Regulations 2000, it should be noted that the issue of licences for operations which cause
adverse impacts to species which are listed on Annex IV of the EC Habitats Directive (Sch 2
of the Habitats Regulations) is now the responsibility of the Welsh National Assembly, not
CCW. Species likely to be affected in the Vale include all bats, dormouse, great crested
newt, otter and (possibly) sturgeon.
Other categories of importance
In addition to protected species, a range of other flora and fauna are recognised as being of
conservation concern at varying levels and in varying contexts in the UK. Several systems
of listing and classification are used. The main ones are as follows:
UK Red Data Book Species (RDB)
The Red Data Books are published by the statutory conservation agencies and provide lists
of the most threatened and declining species in the UK. A range of categories are used to
classify the species included. Up until 1994, the main ones were:
RDB 1 - Endangered
Taxa in immediate danger of extinction and whose survival is unlikely if the
present situation continues. Generally this refers to species which are believed to
occur within 1-5 10km squares of the OS national grid.
RDB 2 - Vulnerable
Taxa likely to move into RDB 1 category in the near future if the present
situation continues. Generally refers to species present in between 5-10 10km
squares of the national grid.
RDB 3 - Rare
Taxa with small populations at low densities, typically occurring in 15 or fewer
10km squares.
Other categories include UK endemic species (RDB 5); species extinct in the UK (RDB
Appendix); species with insufficient information available to determine their present status
(RDB K); species recently in categories 1-3 above, but now considered out of danger (RDB
4); and species believed to be in categories 1-3 above, but for which insufficient data exists
to be sure (RDB I).
In 1994, the Red Data Book categories were revised by the International Union for the
Conservation of Nature (IUCN, now the World Conservation Union, WCU) and replaced
with a more objective and quantitative framework for the classification of species according
to their extinction risk. This more complex system is detailed in Wigginton (1999), and is
used in both this work and Church et al (1996).
Red Data Books have been published for the following groups:
•
•
•
•
•
•
vascular plants (Wigginton 1999)
mammals other than whales (Morris 1993)
insects (Shirt 1987)
invertebrates other than insects (Bratton 1991)
stoneworts (Stewart & Church 1992)
lichens (Church et al 1996)
A provisional Red Data Book has also been published for birds (Batten et al 1990)
UK National Review Species
National Reviews have been published by the statutory conservation agencies which provide
a rarity classification for the next tier of species down from the RDBs. The reviews rely
primarily on information gathered by the UK National Recording Schemes coordinated by
the ITE Biological Records Centre at Monks Wood.
The reviews for different species groups sometimes use slightly differing terms in
classifying species, but generally they can be summarised as comprising:
Nationally Scarce (or 'Notable') - N
Taxa believed to occur within 16-100 10 km squares of the OS national grid. The
term 'Nationally Scarce' is now preferred, and is beginning to replace the earlier
use of the term 'Notable'.
Where information about UK distribution is sufficiently well-known, this category may be
further divided into:
Nationally Scarce (or 'Notable') - Na
Taxa which are considered rare and localised, occurring in 30 or fewer 10km
squares of the OS national grid.
Nationally Scarce (or 'Notable') - Nb
Uncommon and local taxa occurring in between 30-100 10km squares.
Some of the reviews also include use of the term:
Regionally Scarce (or 'Notable') - Nr
Taxa believed to occur in 5 or less 10km squares in an area equating to one of the
'regions' used by the former Nature Conservancy Council (ie equivalent to about
one eighth of the total land area of England).
Published National Reviews are currently available for the following groups. Others are in
preparation.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
vascular plants (Stewart et al 1994)
mammals (Harris et al 1995)
Insects: mayflies and Stoneflies (Bratton 1990)
Insects: bugs (Kirby 1992)
Insects: lacewings etc (Kirby 1991)
Insects: caddisflies (Wallace 1991)
Insects: micromoths (Parsons 1993, 1995)
Insects: beetles (Hyman & Parsons 1992, 1994)
Insects: flies (Falk 1991)
Insects: bees, wasps and ants (Falk 1992)
For some groups there exist unpublished reviews which were prepared in-house by the
former Nature Conservancy Council. These are now considered out of date and were, in
some cases, confidential. Bibliographical details are contained in the EN Species
Conservation Handbook.
Biodiversity Action Plan Species (BAP)
As part of its response to the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, the Government set
up the UK Steering Group (and its successor body, the UK Biodiversity Group) to prepare
the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (UK BAP).
The overall aim of the UK BAP is to provide quantifiable targets for the conservation of
biodiversity as a whole, including all species, but it would be impractical to prepare action
plan targets for all of the species occurring in the UK (presently estimated to be in the region
of 88,000 species). The approach has therefore been to draw up a list of 'flagship' species,
from all groups, the in-situ conservation of which should also ensure the parallel
conservation of many (or most) other species which occur in similar habitats or situations.
The UK Steering Group/Biodiversity Group (UKSG/BG) identified some 1250 of these
'flagship' species, taking examples which:
- have populations or ranges which have declined substantially in recent years; or
- are endemic; or
- are under a high degree of international threat; or
- are covered by relevant Conventions, Directives or legislation.
This list is not intended to be comprehensive, although most of the species included are
either protected, or are of RDB or Nationally Scarce status in the UK. The conservation
status of these species is to be reviewed and measures taken wherever possible to enhance
their numbers and range.
From within this so-called 'Long List', the UKSG/BG have selected about 500 species which
are of the greatest conservation concern, and for which detailed, targeted and costed Species
Action Plans have been prepared. These are the so-called BAP 'Priority Species', and
represent species which are considered to be suffering from global, international threat of
extinction, or which have declined most rapidly in the UK in recent years. Examples
include otter, skylark, nightjar, great crested newt, allis shad, red wood-ant (Formica rufa),
white-clawed crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes), red hemp-nettle (Galeopsis
angustifolia) and Pillwort (Pilularia globulifera). The remaining species of the 'Long List'
are now referred to as 'Species of Conservation Concern'.
The lists of 'Priority Species' and 'Species of Conservation Concern' are published in the
UKSG report of 1995, and the UKBG reports of 1998-1999.
Birds of Conservation Concern
In 1996, the main bird conservation bodies published a new listing based on a review of the
status of all species of birds occurring naturally in the UK, channel Isles and the Isle of Man
(RSPB et al 1996). The new listing is based on the RDB recommendations made by Batten
et al (1990) but also takes into account other factors such as the global and European
conservation status and recent rates of population change. The listing provides a broad
assessment of the whole of the British bird fauna, and is more in line with the approach
taken by the UK BAP initiative. The lists are intended to be frequently updated.
The categories used are:
Red List Birds
Birds of high conservation concern; birds showing declines in the UK breeding
population of ≥50% in the previous 25 years; birds showing historic population
declines; or birds of global conservation concern.
Amber List Birds
Birds of medium conservation concern; birds showing declines in the UK
breeding population of between 25-49% in the previous 25 years, or occurring in
10 or fewer sites; birds for which the UK holds a significant proportion of the
European or global population; or birds with an unfavourable conservation status
in Europe.
Green List Birds
Birds of low conservation concern at present.
The breeding status and population trends of British birds has been monitored over a long
period of time, providing a database of information which is probably unrivalled anywhere
in the world. Formalised and statistically replaceable monitoring has been carried out since
the 1970's and will continue for the foreseeable future. Any changes in status will be
reflected by movement of species between the three lists.
Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 Section 74
A draft list of Habitats and Species of Principal Importance in Wales in accordance with
Section 74 of the above Act was awaiting confirmation at time of publication of this
document.
APPENDIX 7
Sites managed for nature conservation in the Vale of Glamorgan
SITES MANAGED FOR NATURE CONSERVATION IN THE VALE OF
GLAMORGAN
Local Nature Reserves (LNRs)
LNRs are statutory sites which are designated and protected under the National Parks &
Access to the Countryside Acts 1949 for a combination of nature conservation, amenity and
recreational reasons, especially where they occur in situations which can be readily accessed
and enjoyed by the local community. LNRs must lie within the jurisdiction of the local
authority, either through ownership, lease or a legal agreement with the landowner.
Only two LNRs have been declared in the Vale:
Cliff Wood, Porthkerry: contained within the Cliff Wood – Golden Stairs SSSI
(see above)
Cwm Talwg Woodlands, Barry: two small areas of semi-natural woodland within
the recently developed urban edge of Barry.
Non-statutory Nature Reserves
Nature reserves and conservation sites may also be designated by a range of statutory
agencies, volunteer organisations and private individuals, usually on land which is either
owned or leased by the body concerned. Examples in the Vale include:
Wildlife Trusts of South and West Wales Reserves
Coed y Bwl
Cwm Colhuw
Coed Llwyn Rhyddid
Aberthaw Saltmarsh
Gwern Rhyd, St Georges
Lavernock Point
Coed Garnllwyd
Woodland Trust Reserves
Cwm George, Dinas Powys
Casehill Wood, Dinas Powis
Wick
VGC Highway Verge Conservation Zones
Parcau Farm road verge
Ton Ty-du road verge, Llangan
RectoryRoad verge, Llandow
Pant-Llywydd Road verge
Llanmihangel to Llanblethian road verges
Llandough to the Herberts road verge
Mynydd y Fforest road verge
St Athan Road verge, St Mary Church
Road verge west of Gigman Bridge
A48 road verge, Stalling Down
Cross Barn Road verge, St Hilary
Tre-aubrey road verge
Treguff road verge
Llancadle road verge
Middlecross Road verge, Llancadle
Lower Greenway to Llancarfan Road verge
Pant-y-Ffynnon road verges
Tair Onen road verges, Bonvilston
Welsh St Donats road verges (extended summer 2000)
Hensol Park road verge
Ty-fry road verge
Clawdd-coch, Dyffryn Mawr road verge, Pont Sarn
Warren Mill Farm to Llancarfan Road verges
Walterston to Dyffryn road verge
Penmark road verge
Kenson Hill verge
B4265 Cutting verge, Fonmon
A4226 Welford Road verge
Coedarhydyglyn road verge
Palmerston Bypass road verge
Beauville, St Andrews Major, road verge
Michaelston le Pit road verge
Cog Road verge, Sully
Lavernock Road verge, Swanbridge
Lavernock Cutting road verge, Sully
Cogan Cutting road verge
Tair Croes Down road verge, Ewenny (added spring 2000)
Ewenny Cross road verge (added spring 2000)
Country Parks, Parks and Gardens
Country Parks are primarily designated on amenity, recreation and landscape grounds, rather
than for nature conservation, although this may also be a reason for designation.. Two such
sites occur in the Vale:
Porthkerry Country Park (includes SSSI & LNR)
Cosmeston Lakes Country Park (includes SSSI)
Parks and gardens, which may retain remnants of historic landscape features and their
ecological characteristics include:
Dyffryn Gardens
Dunraven Park and Gardens
Heritage Coast
Heritage Coasts are a non-statutory designation applied by local planning authorities in
liaison with CCW, in order to protect and preserve the best remaining stretches of
undeveloped coastline in Britain.
The Glamorgan Heritage Coast was designated in 1973. Almost all of it lies within the
Vale, comprising about 20km of the western part of the Vale coastline extending
approximately from Ogmore to Aberthaw. The designation extends from the MLWM
inland for a distance of about 1-1.5km, covering a land area of about 30km 2 in total.
Common Land
Common lands represent an historical class of land use dating from previous centuries.
They originally comprised areas of land where all villagers could jointly graze their
livestock, or use products from the land (eg timber, peat, turf etc) ‘in common’ and
irrespective of land-ownership.
The use of common land is acknowledged to have changed greatly from its original purpose
and they are now broadly recognised as an important resource for amenity and recreation,
nature conservation and landscape issues.
There are 25 registered commons in the Vale of Glamorgan (although one of these is now
considered void), plus 16 areas registered as village greens. Together these comprise some
527ha of land. Most are concentrated in the west of the Vale and include large areas such as
Ogmore Common/Old Castle Down (372ha) and Stalling Down/St Hilary Commons (81ha).
With the exception of Mynydd Ruthin (29ha) and Dinas Powys Common (11ha), all of the
others are smaller than 5ha in extent. Some are owned by VGC but others are owned by
private estates and/or individuals. All of the village greens are owned by the appropriate
town or community council.
The habitats represented on common lands are very varied, but include some important
areas of limestone heath and grassland, marshy grasslands and parkland. Many of the more
significant habitats are additionally designated as SSSIs, whilst others are being considered
as SINCs
Woodland and Tree Preservation Orders
TPOs are normally designated primarily for landscape or amenity reasons, but may also
secondarily include reasons of nature conservation interest. There are over 200 Tree
Preservation Orders in the Vale covering large tracts of woodland as well as individual
and groups of trees. Additionally, trees within the Vale’s 36 Conservation Areas have
statutory protection
Other VoG landholdings
The Vale of Glamorgan owns many sites such as informal recreation areas and school
grounds which may contain wildlife habitats. The larger sites which are managed, at
least in part, for nature conservation, include:
Leckwith Woods
Orchid Field, Wenvoe
Friars Point
National Trust land
The National Trust owns an area of water meadows at Peterston super Ely
Woodlands/Coed Cymru
Throughout the Vale there are woodlands with Woodland Grant Scheme approvals for
which management plans have been prepared. These include existing, often neglected
woodland, and new planting sites. The Vale of Glamorgan Coed Cymru Woodland
Officer works with land owners and managers to prepare and implement these
management plans ensuring that local nature conservation interests are protected,
managed and where possible enhanced.
Tir Gofal:
This agri-environment scheme ensures that habitats on the whole farm unit are protected,
managed and where appropriate, enhanced, extended and recreated. Durval Farm,
Southerndown is currently implementing an agreed scheme. Other landowners are
known to have made successful applications for Tir Gofal, but it is not known at this
stage which schemes will proceed.
Nature Areas/Trails:
Known nature trails include:
Amelia Farm Trust
Llanerch Vineyard, Hensol
Warren Mill Farm, Welsh St Donats
Cog Moors Sewage Treatment Works
Wick Beacon
APPENDIX 8
Biodiversity Forum representatives
BIODIVERSITY FORUM REPRESENTATIVES
Aberthaw Cement - Chris Down
Amelia Trust Farm - Peter Draper
Bosch - Des Owen and Edward Mayle
Bridgend County Borough Council - Steve Moon
British Trust for Ornithology – Rob Nottage
Butterfly Conservation - Richard Smith
Campaign for the Protection of Rural Wales - Jeffrey & Joan Raum
Cardiff County Council – Graham Vaughan
Cardiff Naturalists - Linda Nottage
Cardiff University - Dr Madeleine Havard (now Wildlife Trusts)
Coedarhydyglyn Estate - Rhodri Traherne
Coed Cymru - Ian Nicholas
Cosmeston Lakes Country Park - Steve Pickering
Country Landowners Association - Heather March
Countryside Council for Wales – Gill Barter, Scott Hand
Cwm Talwg Woodlands Residents’ Association - Dr Anne Bryan
Dunraven Estates
Environment Agency - Teg Jones
Farmers’ Union of Wales - Angela Giddings
Farming and Wildlife Group – Rebecca Morgan
Forest Enterprise
Forestry Authority (non-attending)
Friends of the Earth - Cymru - Gordon James
Glamorgan Badger Group – Dewi Northway
Glamorgan Bat Group - John Galvin
Glamorgan Bird Group - Richard Smith
Glamorgan Heritage Coast - Paul Dunn
Glamorgan Moth Recording Group - Dave Gilmore
National Assembly for Wales - Agricultural Division National Farmers’ Union - Scott Bell
National Museum of Wales - Tim Rich
National Trust – Joe Dagger
Pencoed College - Countryside Management Dept - Greg Chamberlain
Penllyn Estates - John Homfray
Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council - Richard Wistow
Royal Society for the Protection of Birds - Ceri Evans
Vale of Glamorgan - Countryside and Environmental Projects Section - Frank Coleman/
Margaret Humphreys/Kate Pryor
Valeways - Claire Davies
Rivers and Otter Project – Dyfrig Jones
Welsh Development Agency (non attending)
Welsh Water - Fiona Jehu
Wildlife Trusts of South and West Wales - Nigel Ajax-Lewis
Woodland Trust - Paula Keene (non attending)
n.b. Some organisations such as Welsh Development Agency and Forestry Authority
have to restrict their attendance to meetings of the Glamorgan Biodiversity
Advisory Group only. These organisations receive papers for information.
VALE OF GLAMORGAN
LOCAL BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLAN
Part 2
Habitat Action Plans
and
Species Action Plans
Vale of Glamorgan Council
May 2002
Part 2
Habitat Action Plans
Wetlands
• Reedbeds
• Fen
• Mesotrophic lakes
• Eutrophic standing waters
Grassland/Heath
• Lowland dry acid grassland
• Lowland calcareous grassland
• Lowland hay meadow
• Coastal & floodplain grazing marsh
• Purple moor grass and rush pasture
• Lowland heathland
• Cereal field margins
Woodland/Hedgerows
• Lowland wood pastures and parklands
• Wet woodlands
• Beech and yew woodland
• Ancient and/or species rich hedgerows
Coastal
• Maritime cliff and slopes
• Coastal sand dunes
• Coastal vegetated shingle
• Saltmarsh
• Saline lagoons
Species Action Plans
Mammals
• Water vole
• Brown hare
• European otter
• Dormouse
• Pipistrelle bat
• Bats (Other species)
Birds
• Chough
• Aquatic warbler
• Skylark
• Bittern
• Song thrush
• Lapwing
• Grey Partridge
• Nightjar
Amphibians
• Great crested newt
Butterflies and moths
• Marsh fritillary
• High brown fritillary
• Chalk Carpet moth
Lichens
• Staurothele
Vascular plants
• Shore dock
• Maidenhair fern
WETLANDS
Habitat Action Plans
Page
Reedbeds
Fen
Mesotrophic lakes
Eutrophic standing waters
3
7
11
15
REEDBEDS
HABITAT ACTION PLAN
Current Status
Description
Reedbeds occur around ponds and lakes in the Vale, and in situations where the water
table lies at or above ground level for much of the year. The Cadoxton Ponds reedbed is
artificial in origin, being formed from diversion of the former river The dominant
vegetation is the common reed which forms dense stands, providing important cover for
several scarce birds, including migratory species. Reedbeds also support many rare
plants and insects. Although reedbeds are a common feature throughout the UK, the total
area is small and it remains a rare habitat. The Vale is typical in that the reedbeds are
small (most under 1 hectare), with consequently critically small populations.
Notwithstanding this, a male bittern has spent the last three winters at Cosmeston Lakes
reedbed, and was briefly joined last year by a second male.
Trends
The serious national decline in this habitat is reflected in the Vale of Glamorgan.
Data
The CCW Phase 1 and 2 Habitat Surveys and RSPB: Reedbeds in Wales (1990)
identified areas of reedbed in the Vale. In respect of the main sites, vegetation surveys of
Cadoxton Ponds, were undertaken by CCW in 1979, by Friends of the Earth in 1981, and
by David Clements Ecology for VoG in 1999. Historic bird records, going back several
decades also exist for this site (VoG and Glamorgan Bird Club). There are several recent
surveys relating to the vegetation and species at Cosmeston Lakes.
Area
It is estimated that there are approximately 550 hectaresof reed-bed in Wales, of which
the Vale contribution is some 6-7 hectares (excluding recent plantings). This is
approximately 6% of the Glamorgan total, 75% of which is located at Oxwich and
Crymlyn Bog.
Distribution
The known areas are at Ely Estuary (part of 3 ha site) Cadoxton Moors (1.8 ha); Thaw
estuary (1 ha); Cosmeston (0.8 ha); Hensol (0.6ha); Llancadle Farm (0.5ha); Aberthaw
(0.5ha); Hensol forest (0.2 ha); Gwern Rhyd (0.1ha) and Rhoose Quarry (0.1ha)
Associated species
Notable: Bittern
Local Indicators: Otter, Water rail, Reed warbler, Sedge warbler, Reed bunting
Retrievables: Water vole, Aquatic Warbler
Current factors affecting the habitat
• Land drainage and water abstraction, causing drying out and succession
• Urban and industrial development pressure
• Water pollution - eutrophication may cause reed death; toxic chemicals kill off insects
and amphibians which provide food source for birds
• Neglect, as a result of lack of, or inappropriate management, causing drying out and
succession
• Conversion to agricultural production
• Rarity and fragmented nature of the habitat and critically small populations of
dependent species
Current action
Legal status
• Cosmeston Lakes has SSSI status
• Cadoxton Ponds is a candidate Site of Importance for Nature Conservation
Management, guidance and research
• The reedbeds at Cosmeston Lakes are managed as part of the Country Park
• A 2ha extension to the reedbeds at Cosmeston was planted in spring 2002, with the
benefit of a CCW grant and a further extension is proposed for the autumn
• The Environment Agency’s water-level management plans include reedbeds
Benefits
• Important wildlife site
• Provides opportunities for informal recreation (walking, birdwatching, fishing)
• Potential use for sustainable water treatment/pollution control
• Potential supply of reed for thatching
• Important landscape feature
• Derelict land reclamation -fairly easily created habitat on former industrial sites
Action Plan Objectives and Proposed Targets
• Protect all existing areas of reedbed
• Rehabilitate priority areas of existing reedbed and maintain by appropriate
management
• Create new areas of reedbed on land of low nature conservation interest
Specific Action
Site safeguard and management
• Confirm SINC status on Cadoxton Ponds reedbeds
• Continue to actively manage reedbeds at Cosmeston for nature conservation, and as
habitat for bitterns
Advice and information
• Continue the educational/information service to school and other groups and the
general public about the reedbeds at Cosmeston, via the VoG Countryside Service
Surveying/Monitoring
• Identify all examples of the resource and map on a GIS-type system
• Identify sites with potential for rehabilitation, extension or creation or reedbed habitat
• Monitor key species at Cosmeston and Cadoxton ponds
Lead Agencies
VoG, EAW,
Potential partners
CCW, WTSWW, Dow Corning, ABP and other landowners, Glamorgan Bird Club,
Glamorgan Moth Recording Group, FWAG
References
CCW Phase 1 and 2 Habitat Surveys and earlier survey data
VoG surveys of Cadoxton Ponds and Cosmeston Lakes
RSPB: Reedbeds in Wales (1990)
Glamorgan Bird Club records
Various records for Cadoxton Ponds, held by VoG
Notes
This habitat often overlaps with swamp and fen habitats
FEN
HABITAT ACTION PLAN
Current Status
Description
Fens occur where lack of drainage, together with the inflow of water, results in the
development of peat-forming vegetation. These may be acid or alkali, resulting in a
diverse range of habitat types, which provide habitat for a very wide range of plant and
invertebrate species. Thus this is an important, albeit scarce, habitat for the Vale.
The main type of fen found in the Vale is valley mire, the largest of which comprises an
alluvium and peat-filled depression in a predominantly Carboniferous Limestone
catchment at Morfa Ystradowen. Fens such as this are vulnerable to drying out and
natural succession unless careful management of the water table and grazing regimes are
followed.
Trends
Most of the fenland in the Vale has been lost either from deliberate drainage for
agriculture and other development, changes to the water-table, or through neglect of the
habitat.
Data
CCW Phase 1 and Phase 2 Habitat Surveys undertaken
Area
The CCW Phase 1 Habitat Survey found approximately 18 hectares of valley mire, 20
hectares of rank fen and flush and 22 hectares of swamp. Whilst the valley mire area is
locally important - 10% of the Glamorgan total, the contribution to the national total of
all types of this habitat is very small.
Distribution
The largest area of fen is the valley mire at Morfa Ystradowen (which extends over the
border into Rhondda Cynon Taf), with small areas at nearby Mynydd-y-Fforest around
Pysgodlyn Mawr, and elsewhere.
Associated species
Grasses, sedges, sphagnum mosses, aquatic invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles and birds
Notabl: Otter, Bittern, Reed Bunting , Great Crested Newt, Marsh Fritillary
Local Indicators: Reed Warbler, Sedge Warbler, Water Rail
Retrievables: Water Vole
Current factors affecting the habitat
• Loss or degradation of the habitat through agricultural improvement/intensification
• Neglect - mainly due to lack of grazing - resulting in drying out, scrub invasion and
succession to woodland
• Eutrophication (often as a consequence of run off from adjacent improved farmland or
afforestation)
• Water abstraction from aquifers, reduction in flow from spring lines, lowering of the
water table and changes in water quality as a result of drainage in connection with
agricultural, urban or industrial development
Current action
Legal status
• Small areas of fen may occur within Sites of Special Scientific Interest (e.g.
Cosmeston Lakes and Pysgodlyn Mawr)
• The former SSSI site of Morfa Ystradowen is a candidate Site of Importance for
Nature Conservation
Management, guidance and research
• A small area of fen is managed as part of Cosmeston Lakes Country Park
Benefits
• Important wildlife site
• Provides agricultural grazing land
Action Plan Objectives and Proposed Targets
• Protect all remaining fen habitats in the Vale
• Maintain and improve the resource through appropriate management Encourage the
recreation of fen communities where feasible and appropriate
Specific Action
Site safeguard and management
• Confirm SINC status at Morfa Ystradowen site
Advice and information
• (None at present)
Surveying/Monitoring
• Identify all examples of the resource and map on a GIS-type system
Lead Agencies
VoG
Potential partners
WTSWW, CCW, EAW, landowners, CLA, NFU, FUW, FWAG
References
CCW Phase 1 and Phase 2 Habitat Surveys (1994/5)
MESOTROPHIC LAKES
HABITAT ACTION PLAN
Current Status
Description
Mesotrophic lakes are standing freshwaters which have moderate amounts of nutrients,
being midway between oligotrophic and eutrophic waters. There is a range of
characteristic plants and animals associated with this habitat, and dependent upon its
water chemistry properties.
Mesotrophic waters are vulnerable to increased nutrient enrichment, usually from
adjoining agricultural, urban or industrial activities. This stimulates the growth of algae
which rapidly use up the excess phosphorus and nitrogen dissolved in the water column.
Algal growths (known as ‘blooms’) reduce light penetration and restrict or eliminate the
submerged plant communities. As algae die and fall to the bottom, they also enrich the
sediments with organic matter, reducing oxygen levels and altering the animal
populations of the lake.
Trends
Most UK lakes have suffered from eutrophication, at least to some degree, and there are
now very few examples of mesotrophic lakes.
Data
CCW surveys
Area
Pysgodlyn Mawr SSSI comprises 4.1 hectares, including the surrounding reed swamp
and bog.
Distribution
Pysgodlyn Mawr is the only example in the Vale of Glamorgan. Throughout Wales,
there are 3 ‘flagship’ sites and some 30 other waters which display characteristic flora or
water chemistry.
Associated species
Notable Downy Emerald dragonfly, Pillwort
Local Indicators Fringed water lily ( introduced); pondweeds; dragonflies
Retrievables Pillwort
Current factors affecting the habitat
• Nutrient enrichment (usually phosphorus) leading to changes in water chemistry and
change in associated species (eutrophication), mainly from surrounding activities
• Introduction or invasion of other plant and animal species e.g. predatory terrapins and
pondweeds, ducks etc. which lead to eutrophication
• Unusual weather patterns in combination with enhanced nutrient loading
Current action
Legal status
• Pysgodlyn Mawr is a Site of Special Scientific Interest
Management, guidance and research
• Pysgodlyn Mawr is managed by Forest Enterprise under a management plan agreed
with CCW
• Glamorgan Anglers, who lease the site, are understood to undertake some
management to maintain the fishing resource
Benefits
• Local example of a rare and declining habitat
• Landscape feature
• Recreational fishing lake
• Resource for informal recreation
Action Plan Objectives and Proposed Targets
• Protect the site from potentially damaging activities
• Ensure optimal management of the site
• Consider restoration of sites where characteristic animal and plant communities still
exist (if any)
Specific Action
Site safeguard and management
• Continue management to maintain the appropriate water chemistry and ecology
• Consider action to remove the predatory introduced alien terrapins from the lake
Advice and information
• Advise adjoining land-managers and users of the site of the need to conserve the
unique characteristics of this habitat
Surveying/Monitoring
• Survey other water areas to establish whether there is potential for restoration to
mesotrophic conditions
• Monitor the water chemistry and animal/plant communities at Pysgodlyn Mawr to
ensure mesotrohpic conditions continue
Lead Agencies
EAW
Potential partners
VoG , WTSWW, FA, Forest Enterprise, Landowners, Glamorgan Anglers,
EUTROPHIC STANDING WATER
HABITAT ACTION PLAN
Current Status
Description
Eutrophic standing waters are still waters which have a high level of nutrients in the
water, and hence are highly productive. They are often conspicuous because of the
plentiful plant and algal growth that they support, often producing algal ‘blooms’ in
summer. Typically, eutrophic waters contain at least 0.035mg total phosphorus and
0.5mg L-1 or more total inorganic nitrogen (mainly in the form of dissolved nitrogen),
but some waters in the Vale which receive runoff from nearby farmland or urban areas
are heavily polluted with much higher concentrations.
With the exception of Pysgodlyn Mawr, all the standing water bodies in the Vale of
Glamorgan are eutrophic. The UK Action Plan includes natural and man-made waters,
but excludes small pools, field ponds and brackish waters. Within the Glamorgan area,
however, small ponds are of great importance for biodiversity, so all such water bodies
over 0.01ha are included for the regional and local HAPs.
Trends
Historically, nutrient enrichment has resulted in former mesotrophic waters becoming
eutrophic, adding to the total resource of this resource, but at the same time, many small
areas of still water have either silted up as a result of natural processes, or been filled in,
particularly on agricultural land. Other waters will have become less fertile over time as
they fill up with silt and vegetation, while others have become heavily polluted.
Data
The 1996 UK Lowland Pond Survey extrapolated data on pond numbers for Wales. In
the Vale, there are only limited surveys have been undertaken. . VoG holds records for
individual waters, notably Cadoxton Ponds (including historic data), and Cosmeston
Lakes and CCW has surveyed water bodies in part of the western Vale The findings of
the 1997/8 Cardiff Pond Survey are likely to be applicable to the Vale in many respects.
Area
There are no accurate assessments of eutrophic standing waters in the UK. The total area
of still inland water in GB is estimated as 675 km 2 of which about 125 km 2 is in Wales.
Current research suggests that about 40% of this is eutrophic.
Distribution
There are small ponds throughout the Vale. The largest water bodies are in the eastern
Vale (Cosmeston, Barry, Hensol, Welsh St Donats, Aberthaw and Rhoose).
Associated species
Many birds, coarse fish, amphibians, dragonflies, water beetles, snails, waterlilies,
pondweeds, reeds
Notable: Great crested newt
Local Indicators: Palmate newt
Retrievables: Freshwater crayfish
Current factors affecting the habitat
• Pollution or other nutrient enrichment, mainly from surrounding activities leading to
changes in water chemistry and growth in algae (blanket weeds) at the expense of
other aquatic organisms, depressing biodiversity
• Natural siltation, drying out and succession to other habitats
• Introduction of fish, removal of predators and/or manipulation of existing fish stocks
for recreational fishing leads to loss of amphibians and natural fish populations and
may affect plant and invertebrate communities
• Introduction or invasion of other plant and animal species e.g. pondweeds, crayfish,
ducks, which destabilise the biota, lead to turbidity, eutrophication, or cause disease
• Unusual weather patterns in combination with enhanced nutrient loading resulting in
blue-green algal blooms
• Filling in of ponds to increase land for agriculture or development
• Water abstraction, either directly or from surface feeders
• Disturbance from recreational activities to birds and marginal vegetation
Current action
Legal status
• The western lake at Cosmeston is included within a Site of Special Scientific Interest
• Many other water bodies are candidate Sites of Importance for Nature Conservation
Management, guidance and research
• Cosmeston Lakes are managed by the Vale of Glamorgan Countryside Service
Regular surveys of water chemistry, aquatic vegetation, ordonata and birds are
undertaken
• Pitcot pond, St. Brides Major is owned by the Community Council. Monitoring and
some management work is undertaken by the Glamorgan Heritage Coast Project
• Historically, renovation work on ponds has been undertaken at Corntown and Fonmon
• Water bodies resulting from former industrial activity have been incorporated into a
large new housing development at Rhoose Point
• Some small farm ponds are included in management schemes with Tir Gofal funding
Benefits
• Important landscape feature
• Important wildlife habitat
• Recreational facility - fishing, walking, picnicking
• Drinking water for livestock
• Reservoirs may be resource for drinking water, fire-fighting or industrial processes
• Useful environmental education resource
• Easily created habitat/landscape feature, so useful for schools and new developments
Action Plan Objectives and Proposed Targets
• Ensure the protection and continuation of optimal conditions of all waters eligible for
SINC status
• Promote the restoration of favourable conditions in waters that have been damaged by
human activity
• Create new standing waters where appropriate, particularly on farmland, brownfield
sites, educational establishments and community resources
Specific Action
Site safeguard and management
• Confirm SINC status on appropriate eutrophic water habitats following evaluation of
candidate sites
• Encourage owners of water bodies to manage them for biodiversity and wildlife
interest
• Support Environment Agency and other bodies in actions to prevent pollution of water
bodies (e.g. from agricultural run-off)
Advice and information
• Continue advisory and information service to land owners through Glamorgan
Heritage Coast and VoG Countryside Service
Surveying/Monitoring
• Continue surveys at Comeston Lakes
• Survey and evaluate the existing resource and input to a GIS format data base together
with existing data
Lead Agencies
EAW
Potential partners
VoG, CCW, GHC, WTSWW, FA, Landowners, NFU, FAW, CLA, FWAG, Dwr
Cymru/Welsh Water, Glamorgan Anglers, CPRW
GRASSLANDS AND HEATHLAND
Habitat Action Plan
Lowland calcareous grassland
Purple moor-grass and rush pasture
Lowland hay meadow
Coastal and floodplain grazing marsh
Cereal field margins
Lowland heathland
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LOWLAND CALCAREOUS GRASSLAND
HABITAT ACTION PLAN
Description
Lowland calcareous grasslands usually occur on shallow soils overlying limestone or
other lime-rich rocks. Although the underlying geology of the Vale is limestone, it is at a
depth such that the overlying clay soils result in neutral soils. Only in a few, mainly
coastal, locations, is the carboniferous limestone sufficiently near the surface to produce
this habitat. Limestone grasslands are relatively uncommon in Wales, which only has
about 3% of the UK resource, but they are important as a representation of the habitat in
western Britain and include rare forms. The vegetation of lowland calcareous grasslands
is typically very species-rich and distinctive.
Trends
In line with national trends, there has been an overall loss of this habitat due to
agricultural intensification and scrub development. Active management has improved
some areas.
Data
The CCW Phase 1 and 2 Habitat Surveys identified the main occurrences
Area
There are approximately 1,000 hectares of this habitat recorded in Wales, about 3% of the
UK resource. Individual areas for Vale sites are detailed below.
Distribution
The most extensive area is at Ogmore Common/Old Castle Down (112 hectares).
Smaller sites occur throughout the Vale, particularly in coastal locations, including,
Ogmore (13 ha), Dunraven Park (1.5ha), Cwm Nash (1.5ha). Summerhouse Point (2ha),
Porthkerry Fort (4ha), and Knap Point (1ha). Inland sites are much rarer and include
small patches around Cardiff International Airport and Cosmeston Lakes Country Park.
Associated species
Notable: oblique striped moth, Chalk carpet moth, Soft-leaved sedge, Wild cabbage, Nit
grass, Tuberous thistle, Purple gromwell, Shore dock
Local Indicators: Brown Argus, Small blue butterfly , Bee orchid, Green-winged orchid,
Pyramidal orchid, Common rock rose, Wild thyme, Horseshoe vetch, Salad burnet,
Sheep’s fescue
Retrievables: Nit grass
Current factors affecting the habitat
• Agricultural improvement (especially ploughing, reseeding, herbicides, fertilizers)
• Neglect/inappropriate management/lack of grazing leading to degradation, scrub
invasion
• Erosion and damage. as a result of recreation pressure
• Small size and fragmentation of the habitat
Current action
Legal status
• Limestone grassland occurs within the Monknash, Nash Lighthouse Meadow, Old
Castle Down, Penarth Coast and Southerndown Coast Sites of Special Scientific
Interest
• Additionally, part of the Southerndown Coast SSSI, Dunraven Bay, is a candidate
Special Area of Conservation
Management, guidance and research
• A management plan for Knap Point, including scrub clearance and strimming, was
undertaken in 1999/2000
• Part of the Monknash Coast SSSI is subject to a management agreement between
CCW and the landowner, to conserve the species-rich habitat through appropriate
management
• WTSWW reserves at Cwm Colhuw and Aberthaw are managed in part for the
maintenance and restoration of limestone grassland
• The Glamorgan Heritage Coast project includes active management at Dunraven Park,
Nash Lighthouse Meadow and Ogmore Common
• Farmland at Dunraven/Slade is the subject of a Tir Gofal grant
Benefits
• Important, scarce wildlife habitat
• Grazing for sheep and horses
• Attractive landscape feature
Action Plan Objectives and Proposed Targets
• To ensure all limestone grassland is under optimal management
• To conserve, rehabilitate and manage remnant stands of the habitat
• To improve the condition of modified stands of the habitat
• To extend the habitat by consolidating existing sites and linking fragmented stands
Specific Action
Site safeguard and management
• Confirm candidate Sites of Importance for Nature Conservation
• Encourage further Tir Gofal applications to create new limestone grassland areas
• Promote positive management of limestone grassland through grazing or mowing
regimes
Advice and information
• Continue GHC liaison work with landowners and managers
• Continue GHC advice and information service to public
Surveying/Monitoring
• Quantify and map all examples of the habitat on a GIS-type system
• Monitor key species
• Continue butterfly transects (GHC)
• Identify key areas for habitat restoration/management
Lead Agencies
VoG
Potential partners
CCW, GHC, WTSWW, Butterfly Conservation, Glamorgan Moth Recording Group,
landowners, commoners associations, FWAG, NFU, FUW, CLA.
PURPLE MOOR-GRASS AND RUSH PASTURE
HABITAT ACTION PLAN
Current Status
Description
This habitat covers a range of vegetation in the lowlands dominated by purple moor-grass
and/or rushes, mainly on shallow, peaty soils. In Wales, it is frequently known as ‘rhos’
pasture. This habitat only occurs on the Atlantic fringes of Europe, in areas of high
rainfall and impeded drainage. Although it occurs in the uplands, the HAP is limited to
the lowland resource, where it is of most conservation interest. There are several
constituent communities. Although the Vale does not have a large area of this habitat, a
particularly rare type of species-rich marshland occurs in the Vale, the blunt-flowered
rush - marsh thistle fen-meadow, which is found in the Cowbridge/Aberthin area.
Trends
There has been a rapid and substantial decline, both locally and nationally, in the extent
of this resource.
Data
The CCW Phase 1 and 2 Habitat Surveys identified this resource.
Area
Wales holds approximately 50% of the UK resource. The figure for Glamorgan is
estimated as 5000ha., about 10% of the UK resource, which equates to a contribution of
national and international importance for this habitat. The Vale only makes a minor
contribution to this total, mainly on sites of less than 5ha, with the largest about 10ha in
extent.
Distribution
There are some 50 sites distributed throughout the Vale. Key sites include Morfa
Ystradowen (probably the largest remaining area), Stembridge Fields, Crynallt,
Pendoylan and Peterston Moors, Mynydd y Fforest and the Aberthin Pastures, Little
Brynhill Fields and Cog Moors.
Associated species
Notable: Otter, Skylark, Marsh fritillary, Vipers grass
Local Indicators: Snipe, Lapwing, Curlew, Small pearl-bordered fritillary, Meadow
t3histle, Southern marsh orchid, Bog asphodel
Retrievables: Barn owl, Narrow-bordered bee-hawk moth
Current factors affecting the habitat
• Drainage, especially for agricultural use
• Other agricultural improvement, including use of fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides
• Lack of maintenance (usually cessation of grazing or inappropriate grazing, e.g. by
sheep) and overgrazing/over burning
• Landfill, road and infrastructure development
• Limited availability of agri-environment grants available to small land-holders
• Lack of awareness of the significance of this habitat
Current action
Legal status
• Parts of Cog Moors, Old Castle Down and Clemenstone Meadows are Sites of Special
Scientific Interest
• Many of the sites are candidate Sites of Importance for Nature Conservation
• The Marsh fritillary butterfly has full protection under the Wildlife and Countryside
Act, which should protect key sites
Management, guidance and research
• The FRCA Habitat Scheme used to target species-rich grassland (which includes this
habitat), but is no longer available;
• Butterfly Conservation’s ‘Butterfly Action for Wales’ provides a framework for
identifying important butterfly sites
• The National Trust manage an dmonitor land at Peterston super Ely which includes
rhos pasture
• Dwr Cymru-Welsh Water manage land at the Cog Moors Treatment Works which
includes this habitat
Benefits
• Important wildlife habitat;
• Rough grazing for cattle (including organic grades) and ponies;
• Informal recreation (especially larger tracts of open country)
Action Plan Objectives and Proposed Targets
• Protect important examples of the habitat
• Ensure sympathetic management of the existing habitat
• Where possible, recreate purple moor-grass and rush pasture on land adjacent to, or
near to, existing sites
Specific Action
Site safeguard and management
• Confirm SINC status on purple moor-grass and rush pasture sites, following
appropriate site surveys and appraisal;
• Support management of Peterston super Ely rhos pastures by National Trust and Cog
Moors by Dwr Cymru and other sites to be identified.
Advice and information
• Produce a Biodiversity Briefing Note on rhos pasture, targeting landowners in the area
between the Ely and upper Thaw valleys.
Surveying/Monitoring
• Quantify and map on a GIS-type basis
• Identify key sites and those with potential for recreation of the habitat
• Monitor populations of rare species
Lead Agencies
VoG
Potential partners,
WTSWW, CCW, FWAG, landowners, CLA, NFU, FUW, EAW, Dwr Cymru, GHC, BC
References
CCW Phase 1 and 2 Habitat Surveys (1994/5)
LOWLAND HAY MEADOW
HABITAT ACTION PLAN
Current Status
Description
This habitat includes most forms of unimproved neutral grassland including those
managed for pasture as well as hay. They have a high frequency and cover of typical
grasses and associated flora and provide a habitat for a range of birds, mammals and
insects. Wales is particularly important for conservation of the Cynosurus cristatus Centaurea nigra grassland (MG5). This is probably the natural community type for
much of the grassland of the Lias Vale in its unmodified state, though agricultural
improvement has driven most examples to the less diverse and more widespread MG6
grassland. The MG5b Galium verum sub-community, which occurs at several locations
in the Vale is mainly restricted to Glamorgan in Wales.
Trends
This habitat has declined significantly as a result of agricultural improvement
Data
CCW’s Phase 1 Habitat Survey mapped this habitat as ‘semi-improved neutral grassland
of conservation value’
Area
CCW’s Phase 2 Habitat Survey has mapped about 1200ha to date, suggesting that Wales
may support about 9% of the total UK resource. The average site size is 1.9ha, reflecting
a high degree of fragmentation.
Distribution
There are a large number of small sites throughout the Vale
Associated species
Notable: Brown hare, skylark
Local Indicators: Linnet, Green winged orchid, Greater butterfly orchid,
Retrievables: Marbled white butterfly
Current factors affecting the habitat
• Agricultural improvement
• Recreational pressure (erosion, trampling etc.)
• Neglect or inappropriate management leading to invasion of rank vegetation or scrub
Current action
Legal status
• Parts of Clemenstone Meadows, Wick; Southerndown Coast; and Cog Moors Sites of
Special Scientific Interest include this habitat;
• All other examples of the habitat identified to date are candidate Sites of Importance
for Nature Conservation
Management, guidance and research
• Grassland management projects are undertaken in the Glamorgan Heritage Coast area
• Grasslands may be included in Tir Gofal schemes or be covered by management
agreements
Benefits
• Important wildlife habitat with characteristic grasses, flora and fauna
• Hay from species-rich pastures is prized fodder, e.g. for race-horses
• Agricultural pasture
• Opportunities for informal recreation (carefully managed to prevent trampling)
• Attractive landscape feature
Action Plan Objectives and Proposed Targets
• Protect existing habitat from further loss or degradation
• Improve existing habitat to optimal conditions by appropriate management
• Consolidate, and where possible extend, fragmented examples of the habitat
Specific Action
Site safeguard and management
• Confirm candidate SINC status on appropriate sites
• Continue grassland management projects in GHC
Advice and information
• Continue to provide advice to landowners and general public through GHC service
Surveying/Monitoring
• Survey and map all existing examples of the habitat to a GIS-type system
• Identify sites of semi-improved grassland suitable for reversion to this habitat
• Identify potential for linking existing fragmented sites
Lead Agencies
VoG, GHC
Potential partners,
WTSWW, CCW, BC, BC, GMRG, FWAG, CLA, NFU, FUW, landowners
COASTAL FLOODPLAIN AND GRAZING MARSH
HABITAT ACTION PLAN
Current Status
Description
Grazing marsh covers a variety of grassland types in low-lying locations near to the coast
or on the floodplains of rivers which are subject to periodic flooding. Most are used for
livestock rearing, dairying or silage production, with a few cut for hay. Coastal
grasslands tend to occur behind sea defences and are usually drained by networks of
ditches. Most of the Vale’s grazing marsh occur in flat valley floor situations and are
usually ditched or bordered by floodbanks. The habitat is found throughout the UK and
includes a range of habitats including swamp, open water, various forms of grassland
(mostly agriculturally improved) and fen-meadow. They provide important habitats for a
range of plants and animals, particularly breeding waders and migratory wildfowl on the
grasslands in winter, whilst the ditches are important for specialist invertebrates, vascular
plants and bryophytes. The Marsh Fritillary butterfly (see separate SAP) larvae feed on
Devil’s-bit Scabious, which is a feature of this habitat.
Trends
Compared with the rest of the UK, comparatively little of Wales’ grazing marsh has been
drained for arable purposes. Development pressures in the past have resulted in losses
(e.g. at Peterston super Ely), but stricter planning controls now limit this.
Data
This habitat can be partly identified via the CCW Phase 1 Survey (1994/5). Further detail
is provided in the inventory and conservation review undertaken on behalf of CCW by
Dargie and Dargie in 1998. Further stages of this study will provide recommendations
for primary sites for maintenance and restoration.
Area
The CCW Phase 1 survey recorded 1,400 hectares of grazing marsh in the Vale, about
2.5% of the Welsh total. This resource constitutes 4.2% of the Vale’s land area.
Distribution
Grazing marsh land lies along the main rivers of the Ogmore, Thaw, Ely and their
tributaries, together with minor watercourses such as the Cadoxton river and Sully Brook.
It also occurs west of Gileston.
Associated species
Notable: Monkshood
Local Indicators: Otter, Curlew, Snipe, Lapwing, Marsh Fritillary, Devil’s-bit Scabious
Retrievables: Water Vole, Whooper swan
Current factors affecting the habitat
• Lowered water table and changes in water level management
• Agricultural improvement and intensification (drainage, conversion to arable;
reseeding, use of herbicides, pesticides and fertilizers)
• Decline of traditional agricultural management (e.g. hay meadows)
• Nutrient enrichment of watercourses
• Development pressure, including roads and utilities infrastructure.
Current action
Legal status
• The entire length of the Ely river within the Vale of Glamorgan is a Site of Special
Scientific Interest
• The Ogmore and Thaw river corridors are candidate Sites of Importance for Nature
Conservation
• Part of the Ogmore river (near Ogmore castle) is included in an area designated by
CADW as of special historic landscape importance
Management, guidance and research
• Part of the Peterston super Ely water meadows is owned, managed and monitored
annually by the National Trust
• The Environment Agency has undertaken habitat studies of the river corridors and
implemented various conservation measures;
• The Environment Agency is undertaking a programme of Catchment Abstraction
Management Strategies (CAMS). These will assess the available water resources, the
current abstractions and the ecological requirements of the catchments, in order to
determine water resources which are under or over-utilised. This will guide future
regulations and licensing. The Ely will be assessed in 2002-4 and the Thaw and
Cadoxton in 2004-6.
Benefits
• Important wildlife habitat
• Important landscape feature, often reflecting historic patterns
• Agricultural resource
• Important informal recreation areas
Action Plan Objectives and Proposed Targets
• Maintain the existing habitat extent
• Rehabilitate grazing marsh habitat which is not managed favourably for conservation
• Create grazing marsh habitat from arable land (this is a national objective, but it is felt
that there is little scope within the Vale)
• Protect all current, past and potential Marsh Fritillary butterfly sites.
Specific Action
Site safeguard and management
• Confirm candidate SINC sites covering grazing marsh (Ogmore and Thaw river
corridors)
• Support management of Peterston super Ely meadows by National Trust
• Work with landowners to manage grazing marsh for nature conservation (e.g. through
GHC ‘outreach’ projects)
• Promote Tir Gofal as a means of appropriate habitat management
Advice and information
• (None at present)
Surveying/Monitoring
• Quantify and map habitat on a GIS-type basis
• Identify key sites and those with potential for rehabilitation
• Monitor populations of rare species
Lead Agencies
EAW/CCW
Potential partners
VoG, GHC, WTSWW, FWAG, landowners, CLA, NFU, FUW
References
CCW Phase 1 Habitat Survey (1994/5)
Dargie T and Dargie, J (1998) An inventory and conservation review of coastal grazing
marshes and floodplain habitats in Wales. Stage 1: Inventory. CCW, Bangor.
CCW: The Marsh Fritillary – a guide to managing damp grasslands.
CEREAL FIELD MARGINS
HABITAT ACTION PLAN
Current Status
Description
The term cereal margin refers to strips of land lying between intensively managed cereal
crops and the adjacent field boundary. This is usually a temporary habitat comprising
fallow ground, grass margins or field headlands which are either unsprayed or
unploughed. Some are left intentionally for wildlife, possibly as part of an agrienvironment scheme, others may be unintentional, caused by storm damage or poor
germination. There is often a diverse range of ‘weed’ species which provide a food
source and habitat for invertebrates, birds and mammals.
The emphasis on ‘cereal’ rather than ‘arable’ field margins reflects the predominance of
this habitat in eastern England. In Wales, it has been thought appropriate to target cereal
and other arable crops (e.g. root crops, oil-seed rape) equally. It is an important habitat
for the Vale of Glamorgan which has the highest proportion of any Welsh authority of
land under arable cultivation, approximately 13.5%.
Trends
There has been a marked decline in this habitat over the past few decades. Changing
farming practices has resulted in a decrease in the area of arable land in Wales as fewer
farms produce fodder crops for their livestock and arable is concentrated on fewer, larger
areas. Even here, the field margins are less likely to provide a habitat for the traditional
flora and fauna due to the increase use of herbicides and larger and more efficient farm
machinery. EU regulations which limited the width of field margins in the calculation of
grants payable may have also been a factor.
Data
The CCW Phase 1 survey identified arable land, but land treatments around the margins
of fields were not recorded separately. Short-term grass leys were recorded as improved
grassland, not arable.
Area
It is difficult to estimate the area concerned, because of the temporary nature of this
habitat, which is dependent on a changing land-use. However, some impression can be
gained from the extent of arable land recorded in the CCW Phase 1 survey (1994/95) of
4570 hectares. This constitutes approximately 7.6% of the all-Wales total. Assuming an
average field size of about 6 hectares, this would suggest a potential for about 430
hectares of arable field margin in the Vale.
Distribution
Recent examples include headlands around Summerhouse Point, and field margins
bordering the A48.
Associated species
Notable: Shepherds’ needle
Local Indicators: Skylark, grey partridge (in serious decline nationally), brown hare,
cornflower, red hemp nettle, purple ramping fumitory
Retrievables: (none listed)
Current factors affecting the habitat
• changing farming practices, including increased use of herbicides, cultivation up to
field boundaries and switching from arable to pasture or non-agricultural uses;
• EU regulations limiting the size of margin which can be included in grant applications
- may not allow for a viable habitat;
• on the coast, some headlands have been eroded through cliff falls
Current action
Legal status
• An arable headland near Summerhouse Point is a candidate SINC as shepherd’s
needle has been recorded growing there
Management, guidance and research
• Tir Gofal offers payments for unsprayed crops, winter stubbles, under-sown spring
sown cereals, rough grass and fallow margins, wildlife cover crops and conversion of
improved grassland to arable.
• RSPB is promoting wildlife sensitive arable land management
Benefits
• provide a food source, temporary shelter and habitat for a range of invertebrates,
mammals and birds
• can constitute an attractive landscape feature
• may provide wildlife corridors, linking other habitats
Action Plan Objectives and Proposed Targets
• Promote importance of cereal field margins
• Increase the area of the habitat
• Introduce management on priority habitats
Specific Action
Site safeguard and management
• Confirm SINC status on candidate sites
• Encourage creation of new cereal field margins through uptake of Tir Gofal
• Promote positive management on priority habitats
Advice and information
• Advise local landowners on location of priority sites
Surveying/Monitoring
• Identify and map best examples of recent distribution on a GIS system
• Monitor key species .
Lead Agencies
VoG
Potential partners
CCW, WTSWW, Landowners, FWAG, NAW, CLA, NFU, FUW, GHC
LOWLAND HEATH
HABITAT ACTION PLAN
Current Status
Description
Lowland heathland is characterised by the presence of plants such as heather, gorse and
cross-leaved heath, together with scattered trees and scrub, and is generally found below
300 metres in altitude. It is usually associated with thin, acidic and nutrient-poor soils
where there is at least 25% dwarf shrub coverage. Heathland also provides an important
habitat for rare and scarce plants and animals as well as a large number of locally rare
and more common species of birds, reptiles, vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens. It is
a rare and threatened habitat, with the UK’s 58,000ha constituting about 20% of the
international total..
In the Vale, the habitat is concentrated in the west, at Ogmore Common/Old Castle Down
This site is of particular conservation interest as it consists of limestone heath, containing
both of a mixture of both lime-loving and lime-hating plants. It is mainly a westerngorse/bristle bent community, which is at the limit of its British range.
In addition to its unique plant communities, this area of heathland provides a habitat for
reptiles, mammals and a wide range of nesting birds, including important species such as
the skylark, stonechat, and more recently, Dartford warbler - previously only recorded as
a rare visitor to South Wales. It is also of considerable invertebrate interest, with the
bracken-violet communities supporting high brown, dark green and small pearl-bordered
fritillaries, while the grassland areas are amongst the last few sites in Glamorgan where
glow worms are found.
Trends
There has been a dramatic decline in the area of lowland heath in the UK due to changing
agricultural practices, both from direct ‘improvement’ (ploughing, reseeding, draining,
use of herbicides and fertilisers etc.) and from deterioration caused by either under or
over-grazing. Heathland has also been lost to mineral exploitation, urban development
and recreational use, such as golf courses. Losses in the Vale reflect this. Most of the
area which remains has survived by virtue of the fact that it is commonland.
Data
The main source is CCW’s Phase 1 and Phase 2 surveys. Biological surveys of common
land were undertaken for the former Nature Conservancy Council in 1989/90
Area
The Wales total is estimated as approximately 6,400 hectares, mostly in north-west
Wales, though nearly 1,000 hectares lies in Glamorgan Within the Vale, it was thought
that approximately one quarter of the 422 hectares of common land known as Ogmore
Down/Old Castle Down was lowland heath, but the CCW Phase 1 survey estimated the
area of grassland-heath mosaic as only 45 hectares.
Distribution
The habitat is concentrated at Ogmore Down/Old Castle Down, with small areas at
Mynydd Ruthin Common and possibly on other commons.
Associated species
Notable Skylark, Dartford warbler, high brown fritillary, silver washed fritillary, small
pearl-bordered fritillary, golden ringed dragonfly
Local Indicators stonechat, yellowhammer, adder, slow worm, western gorse, bell
heather
Retrievables pearl-bordered fritillary, nightjar
Current factors affecting the decline of the habitat
• Agricultural ‘improvement’, including reseeding, use of fertilisers and herbicides
• Lack of appropriate management/under-grazing leading to scrub encroachment,
including bracken
• Overgrazing leading to erosion, poaching and nutrient enrichment, especially at
feeding stations
• Development pressure for roads, houses, recreational uses (especially golf courses),
car-parks
• Proposals for mineral workings (including reworking of former quarries), often with
outstanding consents for development
• Recreational pressures causing erosion/disturbance to wildlife (especially off-road
vehicles, horse-riding)
• Vandalism, litter, flytipping, uncontrolled fires
• Lack of adequate survey information for heathlands habitat
Current action
Legal status
• All significant examples of lowland heath are covered by SSSI status (e.g. Old Castle
Down - 79.8ha) or are candidate SINCs.
• Estate/public authority ownership of much of the land
• Most of the heathland is common land which has constrained the potential for
agricultural improvement or other development
Management, guidance and research
• Scrub clearance and controlled burning have been undertaken at Old Castle Down in
accordance with CCW recommendations.
• Part of the Old Castle Down SSSI was formerly managed as a Glamorgan Wildlife
Trust reserve
• A Tir Gofal scheme at Durval Farm includes measures to restore lowland heath on
part of the land –
• RSPB has published its vision for securing the future of the UK’s lowland heaths in
‘Rightful Place’ (2001)
Benefits
• Landscape enhancement - often of cultural and historical interest
• De facto access to open heathland has recreation and tourism benefits which can
benefit the local economy and community
Action Plan Objectives and Proposed Targets
• Maintain and improve, by optimal management, all existing lowland heathland
(approximately 100 ha.)
• Encourage the re-establishment by 2005 of further 10ha of heathland, particularly
where this links separate heathland areas
• Stabilise and increase the population of high brown fritillary
Specific Action
Site safeguard and management
• Through development control process, ensure heathland sites are not adversely
affected by development (ongoing), including mineral extraction;
• Confirm SINC status on lowland heathland sites, following appropriate site surveys
and appraisal;
• Undertake further scrub clearance (especially dense bracken) at Ogmore Common/Old
Castle Down to allow the regeneration and expansion of heathland vegetation;
• Investigate potential for the creation/recreation of heathland through scrub clearance at
other sites such as Stallingdown.
Species management and protection
• Investigate possible heathland species re-introduction
• Continue scrub clearance work at Old Castle Down to maintain optimal habitat for the
High brown fritillary
• Agree mangement plan with commoners association for burning etc. to protect
Dartford warbler nesting sites
Advice and information
• Raise awareness of value of coastal heathland habitat to landowners, farmers, local
residents and visitors through the Glamorgan Heritage Coast information and
education service;
Surveying/Monitoring
• Monitor key species within Glamorgan Heritage Coast;
• Continue butterfly transects on Glamorgan Heritage Coast;
• Monitor success of management techniques/burning
Lead Agencies VoG, GHC
Potential partners WTSWW, CCW, RSPB, BC, FWAG, Commoners, Landowners
References
CCW: Phase I Habitat Survey
Biological Surveys of Common Land (South and Mid Glamorgan), Rural Surveys
Research Unit, University of Aberystwyth
Notes
High brown fritillary appears to be in decline over past 2 years, despite management of
the heathland
WOODLAND / HEDGEROWS
Habitat Action Plan
Ancient and species-rich hedgerows
Lowland wood pastures and parkland
Lowland beech and yew woodland
Wet woodland
Page
3
7
13
17
ANCIENT AND SPECIES-RICH HEDGEROWS
HABITAT ACTION PLAN
Current Status
Description
Ancient hedgerows are defined as those which were in existence before the Enclosure
Acts, mainly passed between 1720-1840, though in the case of Glamorgan, this extended
to 1936. Species-rich hedgerows are defined as those which contain 5 or more woody
species on average in a 30-metre length. Ancient hedges tend to be those which support
the greatest diversity of plants and animals, sometimes the remnant of ancient woodland
following clearance, but age is not necessarily synonymous with species-richness. For
the purposes of this HAP, the term ‘hedgerow’ is limited to boundary features which
include boundary lines of trees or shrubs, though this may include integral features such
as banks, ditches, trees and verges.
Trends
There has been a severe loss of hedgerows throughout the UK, particularly over the last
fifty years. Between 1984 and 1990, the net loss of hedgerow length in Wales was
estimated as 25%, attributable both to removal (often with the benefit of grant aid) and
neglect. Whilst fewer hedges are now being removed, neglect or mismanagement
continues to contribute to the decline of the habitat. However, recent map and aerial
photographic evidence would suggest that the field sizes in the Vale remain relatively
small, following historic field patterns with abundant traditionally-managed hedgerows.
Data
Historic data relating to ancient hedgerows may be found on tithe and estate maps and
accompanying documents. There are few current sources for hedgerows; of these the
Countryside Survey 1990 was based on a sample square survey of Britain; some were
also included in CCW’s Phase 1 survey. In the Vale, the Llancarfan area was the
subject of a student degree thesis in 1973, and there have been a few surveys of
individual hedges or farm units in connection with planning matters or grant applications.
Aerial photographs can provide some information on the abundance of hedgerows.
Recent surveys in adjacent Cardiff and Bridgend have indicated that hedges remain an
important and extensive habitat resource, generally richer in species than other parts of
Wales and the average for Britain. It is almost certain that a similar situation pertains in
the Vale.
Area
Based on the Countryside Survey, the length of hedgerow for Glamorgan is
estimated as 6,000 km., 12% of the total for Wales. There are no figures for the Vale, but
it is thought that many of the hedges could be considered ‘species rich’
Distribution
In the Vale, ancient and species-rich hedgerows are found throughout the rural areas and
especially in the southern half of the district. In the western coastal area, hedges give
way to stone walls. Hedges on parish boundaries, bordering estates and old farm units,
adjacent to roads, green lanes, tracks and wooded land tend to be particularly speciesrich.
Associated species
Especially important for butterflies and moths, farmland birds and bats.
Notable: Dormouse, Tree Sparrow
Local Indicators : Yellowhammer, Lesser Whitethroat, Dunnock, Spindle Tree,
Blackthorn, Bluebell
Retrievables: Dormouse
Current factors affecting the habitat
• Neglect or deliberate non-intervention (to avoid labour costs or in misguided belief
that no management is beneficial to wildlife and landscape)
• Erosion of banks and grazing of hedgerow bottoms from heavy stocking, ‘ranching of
sheep’ resulting in ‘aerial’ hedges
• Unsympathetic cutting practices (too frequent; during nesting season; removing
hedgerow trees; removing fruit)
• Fertiliser and pesticide drift into hedgerow bottom
• Non-replacement of hedgerow trees after removal or loss
• Abrasion by vehicles alongside roads and tracks
• Removal of hedgerows and banks for agricultural of development purposes, including
road widening
• Ploughing too close to hedge base
• Arable specialisation in some areas removing the need for stock control
• Lack of data on the quality and extent of the resource
• Lack of knowledge concerning invertebrate communities connected with hedge or
their management requirements
• Lack of standard methodology for surveying species-rich hedgerows
Current action
Legal status
• Under the Hedgerow Regulations 1997, ‘important’ hedgerows are protected. The
Vale of Glamorgan Council has successfully refused several applications to remove
such hedgerows and taken enforcement action in other cases;
• Policy ENV11 of the Unitary Development Plan for the Vale of Glamorgan favours
the improvement, management and extension of hedgerows;
• Hedgerows may also be protected through planning conditions attached to consents for
development;
• Some hedgerows lie within Sites of Scientific Interest, Local Nature Reserves and
candidate Sites of Importance for Nature Conservation;
• Trees within hedgerows, and hedgerows in woodland, may be covered by Tree
Preservation Orders.
Management, guidance and research
• Farms under the Tir Gofal scheme are committed to protect and manage their hedges.
• Many hedgerows lie within Country Parks, on Council-owned land such as highway
verges, schools and leisure centres, in reserves managed by the Wildlife and
Woodland Trusts where appropriate conservation management approaches are applied.
• In the Glamorgan Heritage Coast, the project team gives advice to local landowners
and undertakes hedge-laying and planting schemes
• Further information is included in the Vale of Glamorgan Nature Conservation
Strategy, Autumn 2000.
Benefits
• Retention/restoration of the agricultural value of hedges as stock-proof barriers and
shelter for crops and stock
• Enhancement of the visual appearance of the countryside and particularly the
culturally valued ‘patchwork quilt’ tradition
• Maintaining the historic and archaeological value of hedges
• Helping control soil erosion
• Maintaining wildlife corridors and webs
• Creating local employment for hedge management contractors
• Increasing the available supply of hedgerow products such as hurdles, firewood,
walking sticks, elderflowers (for commercially produced drinks), blackberries etc.
Action Plan Objectives and Proposed Targets
• Halt the loss, by neglect and removal, of all ancient and species-rich hedgerows by
2005
• Achieve favourable management of 50% of species-rich hedgerows by 2005
• Maintain the number of hedgerow trees at current levels
Specific Action
Site safeguard and management
• Continue to implement hedgerow protection legislation
• Ensure sympathetic hedgerow management on managed sites
Advice and information
• Provide information to landowners and managers on the benefits of hedgerows;
appropriate management and opportunities for financial or practical assistance
Surveying/Monitoring
• Undertake sample surveys to ascertain the quantity, quality and characteristics of the
resource and identify important hedgerows
Lead Agencies
WTSWW
Potential partners
VoG, GHC, CCW, RSPB, CPRW, CLA, NFU, FUW, FWAG.
References
Dean, G (1995) Highway Verge Conservation Zone Policy Review (Interim Report). South
Glamorgan County Council.
Glamorgan Wildlife Trust (1997) Vale of Glamorgan Highway Verge Conservation Zone
Report., GWT Cardiff.
Masters, P J (1973) Vegetation and Age Structure of Hedges in the Vale of Glamorgan.
BSc dissertation, University College Cardiff.
South Glamorgan County Council (1990) Highway Verge Conservation Zones.
LOWLAND WOOD PASTURE AND PARKLAND
HABITAT ACTION PLAN
Current Status
Description
Lowland wood pasture and parkland as a habitat is the product of historic land
management systems and represents a certain vegetation structure rather than a particular
plant community.
Wood pasture involves the grazing of livestock within a woodland setting. Pollarding, of
trees to prevent damage by livestock was frequently undertaken, often resulting in
veteran trees.
Parkland dates from the early eleventh century and comprised large areas of land (usually
woodland) surrounded a deer-proof fence known as the ‘park pale’. The use expanded
with the introduction of fallow deer in the fourteenth century, but declined in the later
Middle Ages. Henry VIII revived the practice for ceremonial hunting and amenity
landscape purposes. In the 18th century there was yet a further revival with the work of
landscape designers such as ‘Capability’ Brown and Humphrey Repton often
incorporating former parkland areas, ancient trees and pollards into the newly designed
parks. Whilst native trees predominate, non-natives and ‘exotics’ were planted in the
later parklands.
Typical wood pasture and parkland habitat structure consists of large trees, often pollards,
in various densities in a matrix of grazed grassland, heathland and/or woodland floras.
Veteran trees are often to be found in this habitat. Included in the definition of lowland
wood pasture and parkland are:
• under-managed and unmanaged wood pastures with large/veteran trees, which are now
in a matrix of secondary woodland or scrub that has developed by regeneration and/or
planting, and
• parkland or wood pasture that has been converted to other land uses, but where
surviving large/veteran trees are of nature conservation interest.
In terms of the National Vegetation Classification lowland wood pastures and parkland
are most commonly associated with the following woodland types W10 (Quercus roburPteridium aquilinum-Rubus fruticosus), W14 (Fagus sylvatica-Rubus fruticosus), W15
(Fagus sylvatica-Deschampsia flexuosa) and W16 (Quercus spp.-Betula spp.Deschampsia flexuosa), although others may occur. In addition the more open wood
pastures and parkland may include various scrub, heathland, improved or unimproved
grassland communities.
Trends
Because of changing agricultural and land tenure practices, many former parkland
landscapes have virtually disappeared and their associated biological interest may now
be limited to boundary features or remnant individual trees.
Data
A review of woodland in the Vale was undertaken in 1972 by the former Nature
Conservancy Council for the purposes of designating SSSIs. A partial woodland and tree
survey of part of the eastern Vale was carried out by consultants for the Vale of
Glamorgan in 1998/99. Neither of these surveys identified woodpasture and parkland as
a separate entity, but the eastern Vale survey recorded some veteran trees, which may be
an indication of this type of habitat. Only a few such trees were recorded, for example on
the site of the former Wenvoe Castle estate. In 1994 and 1996, CCW commissioned
studies of invertebrate and lichen populations connected with Welsh parkland, including
several of the sites listed below.
There are various sources relating to former deerparks and historic gardens in the Vale
much of which can be accessed at the Glamorgan Record Office, or via their published
maps documents. Other records have been published by the Royal Commission on
Ancient and Historical Monuments in Wales and by CADW. Recently, CADW has
published registers of landscapes, parks and gardens of special historic interest.
Area
There are no reliable national statistics of the extent of this resource, but a figure of 1020,000 ha ‘currently in working condition’ was given as a best estimate for the UK by the
UK Biodiversity Steering Group. No figure is available for Wales, though it is likely that
it accounts for only a small percentage. Within Glamorgan, the main areas are in the
lowland coastal belt.
As regards the Vale of Glamorgan, the existing deer-park near Llancarfan comprises
about 33 ha, but there are no statistics for the former deer-parks and other wood pasture.
Distribution
The only existing deer-park is at Llantrithyd, on the site of a 17th century park. Former
deer-parks include Ewenny, Beaupre and St Donats, all dating from the 14th century;
Dunraven, where the walls survive in part; Tal y Fan, Clawdd Coch, near Pendoylan,
where substantial hedgebanks and ditches survive; Nash, dating from the 14th century of
which banks, ditches and woodland survive in part and Cottrell, near Bonvilston.
Other park land includes ‘designed landscapes’, attached to manor houses and mansions,
dating mainly from the 16th to 19th centuries, sometimes superimposed on former deerparks. Those included in CADW’s register include Coedarhydyglyn, Cwrt yr Ala,
Dunraven, Dyffryn, Ewenny Priory, Fonmon Castle, Llanmihangel Place, Llantrithyd
Place, Old Beaupre, Pwll y Wrach (Colwinston), St Donat’s Castle, and Wenvoe Castle.
Associated species
A large number of birds, bats, moths, beetles and other invertebrates, fungi, mosses and
lichen are associated with this habitat. Veteran trees in particular may have an extensive
range and number of species.
Current factors affecting the habitat
• Loss through change of use (development, arable) e.g. golf courses.
• Fragmentation of existing habitats reducing future viability.
• Lack of tree regeneration due to over-grazing/lack of management - may be
encouraged by EC grants which allow woodland to be included in pasturage.
• Neglect, lack of appropriate management expertise, insufficient resources and loss of
traditional tree/woodland management skills.
• Inappropriate grazing levels - under-grazing leading to loss of habitat structure
through scrub and bracken invasion and over-grazing leading to bark browsing, soil
compaction and loss of ground flora diversity.
• Pasture improvement through fertilisation/chemical treatment and/or mechanical
means such as deep ploughing or reseeding.
• Visitor pressures causing soil compaction, especially through car parking.
• Misguided maintenance such as over-zealous tree surgery because of public liability
fears and removal of dead wood to ‘tidy up’ the area.
• Atmospheric pollution.
Current action
Legal status
• There are no examples of this habitat in the Vale lying within SSSIs, and it is unlikely
that more than a few would be classified as ancient woodland.
• Where examples are identified that are deemed worthy of conservation, they may be
designated as Sites of Importance for Nature Conservation.
• Individual or groups of trees may be protected by Tree Preservation Orders.
• Certain species associated with, or wholly dependent upon , this habitat are fully
protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981.
• The Forestry Commission has a presumption against clearance of native woodland for
conversion to other land uses and in particular seeks to maintain the special interest of
ancient semi-natural woodland. Where parkland is classed as woodland (i.e. greater
than 20% canopy cover, felling licences from the Forestry Commission would
normally be required for the removal of more than five cubic metres of timber per
quarter.
• Several former deerparks are included in the CADW Register of Landscapes, Parks
and Gardens of Historic Interest in Wales. Additionally, the area around Llancarfan is
identified as a historic landscape. These sites are afforded protection through the
Council’s Unitary Development Plan policies.
Management, guidance and research
• Grants are available through the Forestry Commission’s Woodland Grant Scheme for
woodland which has over 20% canopy cover.
• Woodland management and marketing advice is provided through the authority’s
Coed Cymru woodland officer.
• A number of grants are available through for example, the all-Wales agri-environment
scheme, Tir Gofal, to assist in the production of management plans, tree and grassland
management and restoration of arable land to parkland.
• Grants may also be available through the Countryside Council for Wales’ ‘Orchards
and Parklands Tree Scheme’, for the management and restoration of parklands.
• Other initiatives include Welsh Historic Gardens Trust and Landmap.
Benefits
• An increase in and protection of biodiversity
• Promotion of the ecological characteristics of veteran trees
• Enrichment of the visual appearance of the countryside
• Maintaining the landscape, historical and cultural value of parklands
• Improving recreational facilities
Action Plan Objectives and Proposed Targets
• To quantify the habitat resource
• To maintain the existing habitat resource through protective measures and appropriate
management
• To increase the total area in the Vale on appropriate sites by 10%
Specific Action
Site safeguard and management
• Confirm SINC status on appropriate sites, following site survey
Advice and information
• Continue/expand Coed Cymru advisory service to woodland owners, including the
need for sustainable management
• Promote public awareness and education of this habitat
Surveying and monitoring
• Undertake surveys to identify the size and condition of the habitat and potential for
expansion/restoration or recreation
• Undertake veteran tree surveys
• Collate biological data for each site
Lead Agencies
FC/VoG
Potential Partners
CCW Coed Cymru, FWAG, CPRW, CLA, Woodland Trust, Welsh Historic Gardens
Trust, WTSWW, Game Conservancy, GBC, GMRG, East Glamorgan Bat Group
References
Countryside Council for Wales (1994-1995) Phase 1 Habitat Survey of Glamorgan. CCW,
Cardiff.
Countryside Council for Wales (1992 to date) Phase 2 Habitat Surveys: survey database,
chiefly grasslands. CCW, Cardiff.
Sothern, E (1986) Glamorgan Inventory of Ancient Woodlands (Provisional). Nature
Conservancy Council, Peterborough.
CADW/ICOMOS (2000) Register for Landscapes, Parks & Gardens of Special Historic
Interest in Wales, 1: Parks & Gardens. HMSO.
Historic Deerpark Information
Blaeu, Johannes (1645) Map of the County of Glamorgan.
Lord Spencer’s Survey (1320) [Taxation Roll, referred to in Rice Merrick]
Ogilby, John (1675) The continuation of the road from London to St Davids, commencing
at Cardiff and extending to Swansea. [Ribbon Map].
Particular Table of Glamorgan [c.16thC, appendix to Rice Merrick]
Rice Merrick Morganiae Archaiographia. [17thC transcript of 16thC manuscript, published
by the South Wales Record Society, 1983].
Royal Commission on Ancient & Historical Monuments in Wales (1982) Medieval
Secular Monuments. 2: Non-defensive. HMSO.
Saxton, Christophorus (1578) Glamorgan Comitatus, Australis Cambriae pars Descriptio.
[map of Glamorgan].
LOWLAND BEECH AND YEW WOODLAND
HABITAT ACTION PLAN
Current Status
Description
This habitat comprises woodland - usually predominantly beech - with a significant
percentage of yew present. Most of the beech woodland found in the Vale is planted, as
this species is at its western limits. Yew is occasional, mainly in mixed woodland on
sites in the eastern Vale. Yew is highly poisonous to livestock, and is therefore only
likely to occur in large areas of woodland, or amenity woodland where grazing does not
occur. Several important fungi and mosses are associated with this habitat.
Trends
Yew was formerly so highly valued for its wood that its frequency has declined
considerably.
Data
A review of woodland in the Vale was undertaken in 1972 by the former Nature
Conservancy Council for the purposes of designating SSSIs. A partial woodland and tree
survey of the eastern Vale was carried out by consultants for the Vale of Glamorgan in
1998/99.
Area
The former Nature Conservancy Council estimated the extent of ancient semi-natural
woodland of this type in the UK as between 15,000 - 25,000 hectares with recently
planted beech wood bringing the total to about 30,000 hectares. CCW estimate that the
area of native beech-yew woodland in Glamorgan is about 700ha. The total for the Vale
is not known, but likely to be very small.
Distribution
Small areas of this habitat may occur in the Michaelston-le-Pit (ST138728) and Wenvoe
areas. The mixed woodland at Porthkerry Country Park also includes several mature yew
trees.
Associated species
Epiphytes
Current factors affecting the habitat
• lack of survey data for this habitat.
• lack of maintenance resulting in deterioration of the habitat, lack of regeneration,
invasion by other species
Current action
Legal status
• Cliff Woods, Porthkerry, is a Site of Special Scientific Interest and Local Nature
Reserve.
• Most ancient woodlands are likely to be candidate Sites of Importance for Nature
Conservation.
Management, guidance and research
• Cliff Woods is owned and managed by the Vale of Glamorgan Council. A
management plan is proposed in the near future.
• Management of other woodland may be encouraged by funding such as the Woodland
Grant or Agri-environment schemes, and through the advisory service of the Vale’s
Coed Cymru Woodland Officer.
• The Woodland Trust owns and manages woodland in the Vale and is acquiring new
sites for restoration or planting as Community woodlands, which could include this
habitat.
Benefits
• General landscape benefits of protected and managed woodland
• Wildlife habitat
• Yew wood is highly prized for ornamental carving and turnery
Action Plan Objectives and Proposed Targets
• To protect and manage existing areas of beech-yew woodland
• Initiate restoration to lowland beech and yew cover
• Initiate limited planting of beech-yew woodland on appropriate unwooded sites
Specific Action
Site safeguard and management
• Confirm SINC status on appropriate habitats following site surveys
Advice and information
• Continue/expand Coed Cymru advisory service to woodland owners
Surveying/Monitoring
• Undertake further surveys to identify the habitat, its extent and condition.
Lead Agencies
FC/VoG
Potential partners
CCW, Coed Cymru, FWAG, CLA, WTSWW, Woodland Trust.
References
Countryside Council for Wales (1994-1995) Phase 1 Habitat Survey of Glamorgan. CCW,
Cardiff.
Countryside Council for Wales (1992 to date) Phase 2 Habitat Surveys: survey database,
chiefly grasslands. CCW, Cardiff
Sothern, E (1986): Glamorgan Inventory of Ancient Woodlands (Provisional) Nature
Conservancy Council, Peterborough
WET WOODLANDS
HABITAT ACTION PLAN
Current Status
Description
Wet woodlands occur on poorly drained or seasonally wet soils and usually have alder,
birch or willows as the main species. They include successional developments on
wetlands; alder stands on spring lines valley sides or waterlogged plateaux and on
floodplains and along river banks. Recent tree cover on wetlands is common , but
mature, stable woodland is rare and valuable. Wet woodland species may rapidly
colonise open woodland habitats, which may be regarded as detrimental to the nature
conservation interest. There are regional characteristics with hillside alder woodland
being restricted largely to Wales, Cumbria and Scotland.
Trends
The decline in wet woodlands is partly due to natural succession, but the extent of
floodplain woodlands has been severely affected by clearance for agricultural purposes.
More recently, about 10% of alder trees in southern England and Wales are thought to
have been killed by a fungal disease.
Data
The CCW Phase 2 survey identified a percentage of this habitat and estimates have been
extrapolated from these figures. A review of Woodlands was undertaken by the former
Nature Conservancy Council for the purposes of designating SSSIs. CCW now consider
that this survey probably underestimated the amount of wet woodland in the Vale.
Area
The total area of wet woodland in the UK is estimated at 50,000 - 70,000 ha., of which
about 10% is in Wales. Glamorgan is thought to account for about 1,000 ha.
Distribution
This habitat is found on fragmented sites mainly in the Thaw and Ely valleys and their
tributaries, but there are no large areas of wet woodland.
Associated species
(None listed at present)
Current factors affecting the habitat
• lack of survey data for this habitat
• natural succession to dry woodland types
• clearance for agricultural purposes, especially on fertile floodplains
• drainage of wetland for agricultural or other development purposes
• prevention of colonisation or expansion of woodland on wetlands being managed for
conservation purposes and removal of cover on areas being restored to wetland
• Alder is subject to the fungal Phytophthera disease.
Current action
Legal status
• There is a small area of wet woodland within the Cosmeston Lakes Site of Special
Scientific Interest
• Wet woodlands occurring within ancient woodlands are likely to be candidate Sites of
Importance for Nature Conservation
Management, guidance and research
• The woodland at Cosmeston Lakes Country Park owned and managed by the Vale of
Glamorgan Council
• Management of other woodland may be encouraged by funding such as the Woodland
Grant or Agri-environment schemes, and through the advisory service of the Vale’s
Coed Cymru Woodland Officer
• The Woodland Trust owns and manages woodland within the Vale and is purchasing
other sites to create community woodlands
Benefits
• General landscape benefits of protected and managed woodland
• Wildlife habitat (e.g. odonata)
Action Plan Objectives and Proposed Targets
• To protect and manage existing areas of wet woodland where these are not detrimental
to the nature conservation interest of the wetland.
• To collaborate closely with other wetland habitat action plans to identify which areas
of wet woodland should be restored to other wetland habitats and which retained.
• To ensure all examples of well-established wet woodland are retained
• To increase the area of wet woodland (over and above losses from restoration to other
wetland habitats) by 10%, preferably in large units (50ha.) rather than fragmented,
localised expansion
Specific Action
Site safeguard and management
• Confirm SINC status on appropriate habitats following site survey
Advice and information
• Continue/expand Coed Cymru advisory service to woodland owners
Surveying/Monitoring
• Undertake further surveys to identify the habitat, its extent and condition.
Lead Agencies
FC/VoG
Potential partners
CCW, Coed Cymru, FWAG, CLA, EAW, Woodland Trust, WTSWW
References:
Countryside Council for Wales (1994-1995) Phase 1 Habitat Survey of Glamorgan. CCW,
Cardiff.
Countryside Council for Wales (1992 to date) Phase 2 Habitat Surveys: survey database,
chiefly grasslands. CCW, Cardiff.
Sothern, E (1986): Glamorgan Inventory of Ancient Woodlands (Provisional) Nature
Conservancy Council, Peterborough
COASTAL
Habitat Action Plan
Page
Maritime cliff and slope
Coastal sand dunes
Coastal vegetated shingle
Saltmarsh
Saline lagoons
3
7
9
11
15
MARITIME CLIFF AND SLOPE
HABITAT ACTION PLAN
Current Status
Description
Cliff top is defined as extending landward to at least the limit of maritime influence (i.e.
the limit of salt-spray deposition) and seawards to the limit of the supralittoral zone. It
therefore covers a number of habitats including maritime scrub, heath and grassland, rock
crevice and cliff ledge communities, spray zone lichens and seabird colonies. It is an
extremely important habitat in the Vale, forming the characteristic coastline along most
of its length.
Trends
Much maritime vegetation on the cliff tops has been lost to agricultural improvements.
Visitor pressures, including the need to provide facilities and infrastructure, have also
contributed to the loss or degradation of habitat, through erosion, disturbance and
preventing appropriate grazing. Other losses have been the result of sea defence works,
other clifftop developments and natural processes such as cliff falls.
Data
Habitat details are covered by the CCW Phase 1 Survey. Aerial surveys, beach surveys
and cliff-face monitoring have been undertaken along various parts of the coastline in
connection with coastal protection, academic studies and environmental impact
assessment, particularly in relation to off-shore aggregate dredging. Other surveys have
been undertaken and existing data collated in relation to coastal defence requirements and
proposed infrastructure works (e.g. Penarth Walkway)
Area
The CCW Phase 1 Survey identified 63.8 hectares of this habitat, comprising 39.6
hectares of hard cliff (34% of the Glambag total; just under 5% of the all-Wales total);
2.6 hectares of soft cliff (87% of the Glambag total; 3% of Wales) and 21.6 hectares of
coastal grassland (19% of Glambag; 1.4% of Wales).
Distribution
Located along the entire length of the Vale’s coastline, except for beach areas at Barry
and Penarth.
Associated species
Notable: Fulmar, Peregrine Falcon, House Martin, True Service tree, Hoary Stock, Shore
Dock, Maidenhair Fern
Local Indicators: Raven, Herring Gull
Retrievables: Chough, Shore Dock
Current factors affecting the habitat
• Natural erosion cycles
• Possibly affected by offshore sand dredging (Nash Bank) and infrastructure such as
coastal defence works
• Agricultural intensification including extending fields to cliff edge; use of herbicides
and pesticides; reseeding pasture land
• Heavy visitor pressures resulting in erosion and disturbance
• Development pressure (including infrastructure works)
Current action
Legal status
• The majority of the cliffs between the river Ogmore and St Donats, together with
stretches at Aberthaw, Porthkerry, Barry, Sully Island and Lavernock to Penarth are
designated Sites of Special Scientific Interest;
• The coast northwards from Lavernock Point is also a Special Protection Area, Ramsar
Site and possible Special Area of Conservation
• Dunraven Bay is a candiate Special Area of Conservation as a habitat for the Shore
Dock
• The areas of coast not covered by SSSI status are all candidate Sites of Importance for
Nature Conservation
• Cliff Wood-Golden Stairs, Porthkerry, is a Local Nature Reserve
• Policies ENV 4 and 5 in the Vale of Glamorgan Unitary Development Plan control
development in coastal locations
Management, guidance and research
• There are WTSWW reserves at Cwm Colhuw and Lavernock Point
• The Glamorgan Heritage Coast project undertakes and promotes appropriate
management measures along that part of the coast and also monitors habitats and
species
• The LNR at Cliff Wood lies within the Porthkerry Country Park, managed by VoG
• Monitoring of the beach and cliff face is undertaken along part of the Glamorgan
Heritage Coast on behalf of the aggregate dredging companies as a condition of their
licence, in order to assess any adverse impacts of extraction activities
Benefits
• One of few sites in Europe for the Shore Dock, one of the rarest plants (see Shore
Dock SAP)
• The nationally rare True Service tree grows on cliffs at Porthkerry and Aberthaw(see
proposed SAP)
• Regionally important site for several cliff-breeding birds and specialist plants
• Very important landscape feature, attracting many recreational users (walking,
wildlife-watching etc.) and also tourists, with consequent benefits to the local
economy
• Important sites for studies of geology, geomorphology and coastal processes
Action Plan Objectives and Proposed Targets
• Maintain the existing seacliff habitats and the free functioning of coastal physical
processes acting on seacliffs wherever possible
• Increase the amount of seacliff habitat, contributing to the Wales target of 50 hectares
by 2020, and lessen impact of coastal defence and other engineering works
• Improve the quality of existing seacliff habitats by appropriate management,
contributing to the UK target of 30% increase by 2010.
Specific Action
Site safeguard and management
• Support confirmation of SAC status for Severn Estuary and Dunraven Bay
• Confirm SINC status on coastal sites not covered by statutory designations
• Continue to apply development control policies to resist unnecessary development in
coastal locations
• Liaise with coastal landowners and managers to increase or improve the habitat
• Liaise with other authorities to prevent pollution incidents
Advice and information
• Continue the GHC information/advice service to landowners and the public
• Encourage take-up of agri-environmental schemes by coastal landowners to increase
or improve the habitat
Surveying/Monitoring
• Quantify and map the extent of the habitat in the Vale and input to a GIS-type system
• Continue to monitor key/notable plant species (GHC)
• Monitor populations of key nesting birds (GHC)
• Monitor damage to the habitat from natural processes, pollution incidents and other
causes
Lead Agencies
VoG, GHC
Potential partners
CCW, WTSWW, RSPB, BC, landowners, FWAG, NAW, CLA, NFU/FUW, EAW,
Dredging companies,
References
CCW Phase 1 Survey
Various surveys of the coastline relating to coastal defence issues (e.g. former MAFF,
now DEFRA)
Environmental Impact Assessments and monitoring data relating to offshore aggregate
dredging at Nash Bank
COASTAL SAND DUNES
HABITAT ACTION PLAN
Current Status
Description
Coastal sand-dunes occur where dry sand from the intertidal zone is blown inland and
trapped by specialist grasses before eventually developing into more stable communities.
There are many important dune systems in Wales, but in the Vale this habitat is limited to
a small area of semi-fixed and fixed dune grassland occurs at Ogmore-by-Sea, adjacent to
the Merthyr Mawr/Newton Burrows dune system, and another very small area at
Aberthaw.
Trends
Historically, there has been some loss of this habitat to housing development and for
coastal carparks.
Data
CCW Phase 1 Survey
Area
The CCW Phase 1 Survey estimated that there was approximately 1.6 hectares of dune
grassland and 1.4 hectares of open dune in the Vale. This amounts to only 0.2% of the
total for Glamorgan and less than 0.05% for the whole of Wales.
Distribution
Ogmore-by-Sea and Aberthaw
Associated species
Notable: Invertebrates
Local Indicators: Stonechat
Retrievables: Shore Dock, Petalwort
Current factors affecting the habitat
• development pressures
• off-shore aggregate extraction possibly affecting sand budgets
• recreational pressure causing erosion (especially vehicles)
• (in some areas) lack of grazing leading to scrub invasion
Current action
Legal status
• candidate Site of Importance for Nature Conservation
• within boundaries of Glamorgan Heritage Coast.
Management, guidance and research
• The Glamorgan Heritage Coast project undertakes, and advises on, appropriate
management of this habitat
• The Rivermouth carpark area is managed by VoG
Benefits
• Important habitat for specialist flora and fauna including important invertebrate and
fungi species
• Important landscape and recreation feature
Action Plan Objectives and Proposed Targets
• Protect existing habitat from further loss/damage
• Where possible, restore dune habitat and allow natural dune processes
• Control natural progression to scrub and woodland
Specific Action
Site safeguard and management
• Continue management through GHC project
• Confirm candidate SINC status
Advice and information
• Continue information/advisory service through GHC
Surveying/Monitoring
• Quantify and map habitat on a GIS type data base
• Monitor populations of rare species
Lead Agencies
GHC
Potential partners
VoG, CCW, BC, WTSWW, Landowners, Commoners Associations
References
CCW Phase 1 Survey
COASTAL VEGETATED SHINGLE
HABITAT ACTION PLAN
Current Status
Description
This is a scarce habitat in Europe and globally. It comprises sediment with a diameter of
between 2 and 200mm, with those occurring in the Vale at the upper size range. The
structures are very mobile due to the high tidal range, presenting little opportunity to
establish.
Trends
There has been no recorded recent loss of this habitat. There is regular replacement of
material as a result of cliff-falls and longshore drift.
Data
Some CCW records
Area
Not known
Distribution
Occurs along the whole length of the Vale coastline. Examples include Gileston,
Dunraven, The Knap, and Sully Island.
Associated species
Notable: Red Hemp Nettle
Local Indicators: Lichens, Blackthorn, Yellow-horned poppy
Retrievables:
Current factors affecting the habitat
• Recreational pressure and disturbance (trampling, all-terrain vehicles)
• Coastal defence works
• Marine and riverine pollution
Current action
Legal status
• Some areas are partially covered by Sites of Special Scientific Interest
• All areas are included in candidate Sites of Importance for Nature Conservation
Management, guidance and research
• There is no active management, but some areas lie within the Glamorgan Heritage
Coast and Porthkerry Country Park
Benefits
• Internationally rare habitat with specialist flora and fauna
• Important landscape and recreational feature
Action Plan Objectives and Proposed Targets
• Protect all vegetated shingle habitat
• Allow coastal processes to continue to replenish the habitat
Specific Action
Site safeguard and management
• Confirm SINC status on coastal sites including this habitat
• Promote positive management through GHC and the VoG Countryside Service
Advice and information
(none recorded)
Surveying/Monitoring
• Quantify and map the extent and condition of the habitat on a GIS type system
• Monitor key species
Lead Agencies
GHC
Potential partners
VoG, CCW, WTSWW, RSPB, BC, landowners
SALTMARSH
HABITAT ACTION PLAN
Current Status
Description
Saltmarshes comprise areas of salt-tolerant vegetation mainly found in intertidal land
where there is a net accumulation of sediment and shelter from strong wave action In the
Vale, they are found in the estuary areas of the Ogmore and Thaw. It is an important
habitat both for its specialist, often unique plant species which can tolerate the harsh
environment, and for overwintering and passage birds. Otters may also be found here.
Saltmarsh provides highly prized grazing for livestock, but overgrazing can degrade the
habitat, as on the east bank of the river Ogmore.
Trends
Historically, there have been losses of this habitat to agriculture and development. More
recently, minor disturbance as a result of infrastructure work has tended to be quickly
recolonised, though erosion caused by recreational activity, such as pony trekking, could
be a growing problem.
Data
CCW Phase 1 Survey
Area
The CCW Phase 1 Survey identified 22.3 hectares of dense saltmarsh in the Vale. This
constitutes only 1.4% of the total for ‘Glambag’ and less than 0.5% of Wales as a whole.
Distribution
Around the Ogmore and Thaw estuaries.
Associated species
Notable Sea: Heath
Local Indicators: Redshank, Shelduck, Glasswort, Sea Lavender, Sea Aster, Sea
Purslane
Retrievables: (none recorded)
Current factors affecting the habitat
• Overgrazing
• Recreational pressure, especially from horseriding and off-road vehicles
• Pollution from land, river and sea
• Sediment regime changes caused by coastal defence works and dredging
• River-based disturbance e.g. jetskis and motor boats
• Invasion by Spartina grass
• Smothering and /or pollution by non-biodigradeable tidal debris
Current action
Legal status
• both of the main saltmarsh areas are candidate Sites of Importance for Nature
Conservation (SINC) sites.
• they also lie within the boundaries of the Glamorgan Heritage Coast.
• the saltmarsh adjacent to the river Ogmore forms part of the Ogmore Commons,
owned by the Merthyr Mawr estate.
Management, guidance and research
• Aberthaw Saltmarsh has been managed as a reserve by WTSWW since 1980, on
licence from Innogy (formerly National Power).
• the Glamorgan Heritage Coast project works with the landowners and commoners
associations to promote good management of the Ogmore saltmarsh.
• an oil-booming exercise on the River Ogmore was held in 1998, to enable emergency
plans to be drawn up to limit possible damage from marine-borne pollution.
Benefits
• important habitat for plant communities and wildlife, especially birds
• informal recreation resource (especially birdwatching, but also walking, horse riding)
• highly-prized grazing with implications for the local economy
• important flood defence areas
Action Plan Objectives and Proposed Targets
• protect, and where possible, extend, the remaining resource area
• manage the habitat for optimal condition
• protect the habitat from possible pollution damage
Specific Action
Site safeguard and management
• Confirm SINC status on saltmarsh habitats
• Continue to support WTSWW and GHC management
• Prepare emergency plans for the Ogmore and Thaw estuaries
• Prepare estuary management plans for the Ogmore and Thaw
• Investigate use of Tir Gofal to improve habitat
• Periodic clearance of non-biodigradable material
Advice and information
• Liaise with landowners (Innogy, Merthyr Mawr Estates)
Surveying/Monitoring
• Quantify and map existing habitat on a GIS system
• Monitor key species
• Monitor spread of key species
Lead Agencies
VoG
Potential partners
CCW, GHC, WTSWW, EAW, landowners, Ogmore Commoners Association; RSPB,
BC, Dwr Cymru, Marine Pollution Control Unit, FWAG
References
CCW Phase 1 Survey
SALINE LAGOONS
HABITAT ACTION PLAN
Current status
Description
Saline lagoons are bodies of saline water wholly or partially separated from the sea by
natural or artificial barriers. Salinity levels of saline lagoons may range from brackish
through to hyper-saline, and are determined by the amount of sea water exchange and
fresh water input into the lagoon. Saline lagoons are a rare resource in the UK (c. 5,000
ha) which provide habitat for some of our rarest plants and animals, including specialist
lagoon plant and invertebrate species, twelve of which are currently protected under
Schedules 5 and 8 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act (1981). They also provide
important habitat for waterfowl, marshland and sea birds.
In Wales a recent survey has identified only four saline lagoons, one of which, Aberthaw
Lagoon, occurs within the Vale of Glamorgan. Aberthaw is an artificial lagoon created
during the development of the second Aberthaw power station in the 1970s, through the
construction of a sea wall to impound the mouth of the River Thaw. The river was
canalised to run straight into the sea to the west, and a sea wall constructed across its
former mouth to create an the area behind the sea wall for the storage of fly ash from the
two power stations. A pipeline was constructed beneath the sea wall designed to drain
excess water into the sea. A saline lagoon has developed behind the wall which is
maintained by sea water in-flow via both the pipeline and percolation through the sea
wall at high tides, and freshwater input from a stream to the north of the lagoon.
Aberthaw Lagoon supports a typical lagoonal biological community, with a recent survey
in 1998 confirming the presence of four specialist lagoonal species, the mud snail,
Ventrosia centrosa; the lagoon cockle, Cerastoderma glaucum; the encrusting bryozoan
Conopeum seurati and the amphipod, Corophium insidiosum.
Trends
The natural development of some types of saline lagoon is generally inhibited by human
activities and it is considered probable that the formation of new lagoons in the UK will
not compensate for the process of lagoon loss. Lagoon loss occurs as a result of
succession to freshwater and terrestrial vegetation, natural movement of sedimentary
barriers (in the case of natural bar sediment lagoons), pollution, coastal development and
sea level rise, although the latter may also result in the creation of new lagoonal habitat.
Data
Innogy in-house records; WTSWW records.
Area
Aberthaw saline lagoon occupies an area of 1.67ha, 0.03% of the total UK resource.
Distribution
The only existing saline lagoon in the Vale of Glamorgan is Aberthaw Lagoon.
Associated species
Notable: the amphipod, Corophium insidiosum; the mud snail, Ventrosia ventrosa; the
lagoon cockle, Cerastoderma glaucum; the bryozoan, Conopeum seurati (the latter
species particularly notable).
Local Indicators: the amphipod, Corophium insidiosum; the mud snail, Ventrosia
ventrosa; the lagoon cockle, Cerastoderma glaucum; the bryozoan, Conopeum seurati;
the oligochaete worm, Polydora ciliata; and the submerged macrophytes, Ruppia cf.
maritima and Cladophora.
Retrievables: the submerged macrophyte, Zanichellia palustris.
Current factors affecting the habitat
• The potential threat of future in-filling of the lagoon still remains whilst the saline
lagoon remains within the area designated as ash store for the power station, although
current policy at Aberthaw power station is to preserve the area as a nature reserve
• Slippage of fly ash into the lagoon from the fly ash mound adjacent to the lagoon
poses a potential but probably negligible threat to the lagoon
• Pollution from adjacent run-off into stream that feeds into the lagoon
• Future changes in salinity, in particular a decrease, would pose a serious threat to the
biota. Maintenance of suitable salinity levels (within a range of between 15 and 25%)
in the lagoon is critical to the survival of the lagoon communities
• The possibility of redevelopment of the site in the future, following the closure of the
power station, poses a potential future threat
• Any change to water exchange with the sea, as a result of inundation, maintenance or
damage to the sea wall or other factors affecting water levels and the salinity regime
poses a potential threat to the lagoon
• Sea-level rise and the breaching of man-made defences
• Natural succession, including encroachment of reed beds into the lagoons, thus
reducing the area of lagoon habitat
Current action
Legal status
•
•
•
•
The lagoon is adjacent to the East Aberthaw coast SSSI
The lagoon is about to become part of the existing Aberthaw nature reserve and is
managed jointly by Innogy and the Wildlife Trust of South and West Wales
The lagoon lies adjacent to the Lower River Thaw candidate SINC and within the
Aberthaw Lagoon and Disused Limeworks candidate SINC
Ventrosia ventrosa is classified as a Species of Conservation Concern (SoCC) and
included in the Draft Habitats and Species of Principle Importance for Wales
Management, guidance and research
• The Wildlife Trust of South and West Wales, undertakes appropriate management of
the lagoon and surrounding area within the nature reserve. Voluntary reserve wardens
monitor flora and fauna within the reserve.
• A management plan for the lagoon is currently being written by the Wildlife Trust of
South and West Wales, in collaboration with Innogy.
• Water quality of the lagoon and the freshwater stream feeding into it is monitored
monthly by Innogy staff.
Benefits
• One of only four saline lagoons in Wales, an important habitat within the UK,
supporting a rare and specialist biological lagoonal community.
• An important area for waterfowl and seabirds, including mute swan (breeding), sedge
warbler and little grebe.
• A unique and important landscape feature along the Vale coastline.
• A recreational amenity for walkers, bird watchers and naturalists.
Action Plan Objectives and Proposed Targets
• To protect the saline lagoon habitat from potentially damaging operations
• To maintain the lagoon in optimal habitat management
Specific Action
Site safeguard and management
•
•
Confirm status of the Aberthaw Lagoon and Disused Limeworks candidate SINC site
Complete and implement a management plan for the lagoon, including conservation
objectives
Advice and information
•
Continue to liase with the landowner on appropriate management of the site and
highlight the importance of conserving it.
Surveying/Monitoring
•
•
•
•
•
Continue to monitor water quality/salinity of both the lagoon and the freshwater
inflow,
Monitor depth of the lagoon to provide data on rapid changes in depth in response to
rainfall.
Conduct annual monitoring of the benthic and phytal communities including
submerged plants and fish population with a particular focus on the lagoonal
specialist species, including observations of appropriate substrata for the bryozoan
Conopeum seurati.
Conduct annual, non-destructive monitoring of lagoon cockle recruitment.
Monitor both the stability of the ash tip and the integrity of the outlet pipe to the sea
and the freshwater inlet into the lagoon.
Lead Agencies
WTSWW; Innogy
Potential partners
CCW; VoG; RSPB; GBC
References
Bamber, R,N, and Bridwater, N.D. 1991 The brackish lagoon at Aberthaw. National
Power Research Report No. TEC/L/0509/R91. 9pp.
Bamber, R.N; Evans, N.J; Sanderson, W.G. and Whittall, A. 2000 Coastal Saline
Lagoons and Pools in Wales Review and Proposals. Consultancy Report for the
Countryside Council for Wales, Report No. ECM 646B/00.
Bamber, R.N., Gilliland, P.M., & Shardlow, M.E.A. 2001 Saline Lagoons: a guide to
their management and creation (interim version). Peterborough, English Nature
Jphnson, C.M., and Gilliland, P.M. 2000. Investigating and managing water quality in
saline lagoons based on a case study of nutrients in the Chesil and Fleet European marine
site, English Nature. (UK Marine SACs Project)
Gillham, M. 1978 Unpublished thesis manuscript (held by Countryside Council for
Wales).
Species Action Plans
Mammals
• Water vole
• Brown hare
• European otter
• Dormouse
• Pipistrelle bat
• Bats (Other species)
Birds
• Chough
• Aquatic warbler
• Skylark
• Bittern
• Song thrush
• Lapwing
• Grey Partridge
• Nightjar
Amphibians
• Great crested newt
Butterflies and moths
• Marsh fritillary
• High brown fritillary
• Chalk Carpet moth
Lichens
• Staurothele
Vascular plants
• Shore dock
• Maidenhair fern
MAMMALS
Species Action Plan
Water vole
Brown hare
European Otter
Dormouse
Pipistrelle bat
Other bats (noctule, brown long-eared, Daubenton, whiskered)
Page
3
7
9
13
17
21
WATER VOLE (ARVICOLA TERRESTRIS)
SPECIES ACTION PLAN
Current Status
Description
The water vole is Britain’s largest vole, and is easily recognisable by its hairy tail,
rounded body and face, and short ears which are almost hidden in fur. It inhabits slowmoving rivers, streams, ditches and ponds, particularly where there are well-developed
banks in which it digs burrows and nest chambers. Water voles are unusual amongst
mammals in that they are more active during the day than at night. They feed on bankside
vegetation such as grasses, sedges, rushes and reeds. Breeding takes place between
March and October and a female water vole usually produces two or three litters a year,
with three to seven pups per litter. Mortality rates are high but water voles may survive
three winters.
Distribution and trends
Water voles are found throughout lowland Britain but numbers have declined
dramatically over the past forty years due to pollution of water courses, habitat
deterioration, fragmentation or loss, and predation by mink. Initial findings from a
national survey undertaken in 1998 indicated that the water vole had disappeared from
about 90% of sites it had been known to occupy 60 years previously. Little research was
done until the 1980s, and the reasons for decline are still not fully understood. Worst
estimates predict the extinction of the water vole in the UK within a few years.
The water vole has been recorded only infrequently in the Vale of Glamorgan in recent
years. However, in 2001, its presence was confirmed at three sites within the Vale, along
the Rivers Thaw and Ely and in the Porthkerry area. Confirmation is also awaited that it
is in Cosmeston Lakes Country Park (2002), despite the presence of mink in the vicinity.
In 2002, water vole were again confirmed on the River Thaw.
Data
A national water vole survey was undertaken in 1989-90 by the Vincent Wildlife Trust
and a further one by the Wildlife Trusts/Oxford University in 1997. The Environment
Agency undertook a water vole survey of 150 sites in the Thaw, Ely and Cadoxton
catchments in 2000. Local records are held by VoG, WTSWW and the Otters and
Rivers Project.
Protection
Since 1998, water voles have been protected under Schedules 5 and 9 (parts 4(a) and 4(b)
of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, making it an offence to damage, destroy or
obstruct access to any structure or place used by water voles for shelter and protection
and to disturb water voles while they are using such a place, The water vole is being
considered for full protection under the Fourth Quinquennial Review of Schedule 5 of
that Act.
Current factors causing loss or decline
• Increases in bank mowing, dredging, grazing, boating and angling, which damage
banks and vegetation
• Trampling of the water’s edge by cattle, erosion caused by boat wash and
reinforcement of waterways with iron and concrete
• Building on river flood plains, destroying the habitat
• Persecution, possibly in mistake for brown rat
• Changes in water level
• Predation by American mink, escapees from fur farms, now thought to be on at least a
third of UK rivers, streams and canals
Current action
• Some of the watercourse, including the recently-identified Council-owned sites are
SSSIs or candidate SINCs
• The EA’s water vole survey undertaken in 2000 also identified suitable habitat and
areas for improvement
• Survey work to identify new sites and confirm potential sites on the River Thaw is
being carried out by the Otters and Rivers Project
• The Otters and Rivers Project is collaborating with Pencoed College to train students
to conduct surveys of historical and potentially suitable sites for the Water vole in the
Vale to identify more populations
• A national publicity campaign to inform the general public of the rapid decline and
conservation concern of the water vole and to encourage the reporting of sightings was
launched in 1999 by the Wildlife Trusts ‘Rescuing Ratty’
• Habitat management advice and a 10 year national action plan is provided in ‘Water
Vole Conservation Handbook’, produced jointly by the Environment Agency, English
Nature and Wildlife Conservation Research Unit
Action plan objectives and targets
• Protect existing Vale water vole sites
• Protect habitats in the vicinity of known sites to encourage spread
• Expand Vale populations by 2010
Proposed specific action
Site and species protection
• Confirm SINC status on known water vole breeding sites and consider designating
breeding sites not currently within SSSI / candidate SINC boundaries as SINCs
• Include appropriate mitigation measures in development projects at sites known to
support water voles, such as leaving areas of tall vegetation at water edges
Management
• Manage water courses to create suitable bank habitats for water vole with the aim of
encouraging the establishment of new populations, by creating areas of tall vegetation
at water edges
• Encourage landowners and watercourse managers to take measures to control mink
populations
Advice and Information
• Advise landowners and farmers of the conservation importance of water voles and
how to manage water course habitat sympathetically to maintain existing populations /
encourage establishment of new populations
• Inform the general public of the conservation importance of water voles, and their
main identification features, and encourage the general public to report sightings of
water vole and American mink in the Vale
Monitoring and research
• Continue survey work to identify new sites and confirm potential sites in the Vale
• Monitor a sample of sites across the Vale to detect changes in distribution and further
loss of good habitat
Lead agencies
EA
Potential partners
WTSWW (Otters and Rivers Project); CCW; VoG; landowners: FWAG
References
Bennett, A; Watson, D. and Hill, D. 2001 Water voles and development – a case study of
mitigation techniques. British Wildlife 12 (3): 167-172
CCW, Action for Wildlife, Biodiversity Action Plans - The challenge in Wales, published
by CCW
Strachan, R (1998): Water Vole Conservation Handbook, EA, English Nature
Wildlife Trusts (1998): Rescuing Ratty, Working for the Water Vole
BROWN HARE (LEPUS EUROPAEUS)
SPECIES ACTION PLAN
Current status
Description
The brown hare is an animal of lowland farmland, which although still widespread in
southern Britain, is in decline. Hares do not excavate burrows but hide in depressions in
the vegetation called “forms”, which provide shelter and cover from predators. Hares
give birth above ground, typically producing three litters per year, of between one and
four young or “leverets”, although many animals are lost due to the activities of predators
such as foxes and man. Brown hares feed on grasses, herbs and arable crops, and
although normally solitary, may sometimes graze in groups.
Distribution and trends
Although once abundant, hares have declined nationally over the last 120 years following
their removal from the protected game species list, which meant that they could be taken
for food or sport by all at any time. This decline accelerated in the early 1960s due to
changes in farming practice. In Wales, this meant a loss of arable land, but in particular, a
decline in the small mixed farms which had provided suitable habitat for hares. This
reduction of habitat diversity resulted in loss and fragmentation of populations of the
brown hare. There are also suggestions that hares are not breeding successfully, although
it is not known whether this is due to lack of appropriate breeding areas, insufficient
food, disease, predation, disturbance, or other factors..
Although there is insufficient data to estimate numbers of hares in the Vale of
Glamorgan, occasional sightings indicate their presence across the region, particularly in
the coastal belt.
Data
There is very little data on the brown hare in the Vale of Glamorgan, but occasional
sightings are recorded by the WTSWW and GHC.
Protection
None, other than the provisions of Section 11 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981
relating to the prohibition of certain methods of killing and taking of wild animals.
Current factors causing loss or decline
• Changes in farming practice including the loss of arable and mixed farmland leading
to loss of habitat diversity, and in particular loss of habitats offering suitable cover
such as hedgerows
• Possible predation of adults by foxes and of leverets by stoats and birds of prey
• Possibly competition with rabbits for suitable habitats (they are rarely found in
abundance in the same area)
• Decline in gamekeeping leading to increase in predators and competitors
Current action
• Some farmland in the Vale is already being sympathetically managed through agrienvironment schemes such as Tir Gofal
• Records of brown hare sightings are collated by GHC
Action plan objectives and targets
• Protect existing Vale brown hare populations
• Expand brown hare populations in the Vale by 2010
Proposed specific action
Site and species protection
• Support any movement for a ‘closed season’ for the taking and killing of hares
Management
• Encourage more landowners to manage farmland in a way which is sympathetic to the
habitat requirements of brown hares through the uptake of agri-environmental
schemes such as Tir Gofal
Advice and Information
• Advise landowners of the conservation importance of brown hares and promote
farming practices which preserve and enhance brown hare habitat
• Raise public awareness of the conservation importance and habitat requirements of
the brown hare in the Vale
Monitoring and research
• Collate all records of brown hare sightings in the Vale and input to a GIS-type data
base
• Consider undertaking a survey of farmers and landowners to establish further brown
hare sightings (via farming unions or farming press)
Lead agencies
WTSWW; NAW (Agric.)
Potential partners
VoG; GHC; CCW, FWAG; CLA; NFU; FUW
References
CCW, Action for Wildlife, Biodiversity Action Plans - The challenge in Wales, published
by CCW
EUROPEAN OTTER (LUTRA LUTRA)
SPECIES ACTION PLAN
Current Status
Description
The European otter is a one of our largest carnivores, with adults measuring up to 1m in
length and attaining a body weight of up to 10kg. Otters spend their entire life in or near
water, using a range of aquatic habitats including lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, wetlands,
estuaries and coastline. They are territorial and each otter occupies and defends a large
home range of between 10 and 40km of water course, in which it feeds and breeds. The
diet of the otter is mainly fish, but also includes small mammals, birds and amphibians.
Otters are generally nocturnal and spend the day resting in suitable resting sites including
tree root systems, riverbank burrows and waterside vegetation. They have no fixed
breeding season and recruitment to the population is very slow, as adult otters do not
breed until their second year and many live for only another two years after that. Otters
give birth in a burrow or “holt” lined with reeds, grass and moss. They produce litters of
between one and four young, but cub mortality is very high.
Distribution and trends
Otters were once widespread throughout the UK, but have declined due to a number of
factors. Historically otters suffered due to persecution by man. Otter hunting continued
until 1977, but numbers had declined rapidly in the previous decades, with a collapse in
1957, due mainly to pollution of watercourses by organochloride pesticides, as well as
loss of suitable bank habitat. Following the ban on these chemicals in the late 1970s and
early 1980s, the number of otters has increased.
The UK current distribution, including Wales, is patchy, but a general recovery has been
observed nationally, probably as a result of improvements in water quality. Although
estimates of numbers are not available for the Vale of Glamorgan, the otter has been
detected in a number of water courses across the region, including the Thaw and Ely river
systems, whilst unfortunately road deaths account for a number of sightings. It is thought
that otters probably occur in low numbers throughout the Vale but are increasing.
Breeding was confirmed on the River Thaw in 2001 and breeding habitat and holts there
in spring, 2002.
Data
Records are held by the Environment Agency Wales (EAW), the Otter Consultancy and
the Otters and Rivers Project (OARP).
Protection
Otters are protected by European law under Annexes II and IV of the EC Habitats
Directive, as well as Appendix II of the Bern Convention. They are also protected under
5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981.
Current factors causing loss or decline
• Decline in eel numbers in Vale rivers, due in part to an eel virus
• Loss of suitable scrub habitat along water courses to farming or landscape
‘improvements’
• Road deaths due to heavy traffic(especially on major roads and urban fringes) or
where otters cannot pass through culverts at times of flood (on minor roads)
• Disturbance due to development close to rivers and recreational activities
Current action
• The third ‘Otter Survey in Wales’ is being undertaken on 1100 selected sites,
including several in the Vale, May-Sept. 2002. This will provide comparative data on
local otter populations as well as informing the national otter SAP
• A national study is being undertaken as part of a LIFE project to provide a
methodology for the identification of otter breeding sites
• Specific studies of otter breeding sites in the Vale is expected to begin in summer
2002
• Some of the water courses in which the otter has been recorded in the Vale are
already designated as SSSIs or are candidate SINCs
• Habitat survey work has been undertaken by EAW on all the major rivers in the Vale
and has identified potential for otter habitat improvement
• Action for Otters is included in two EAW Local Environment Agency Plans (LEAPs)
for the Vale of Glamorgan, published in 2002. LEAPs are now being replaced by new
documents: ‘Making it Happen’
• The Wildlife Trusts and Welsh Water “Otters and Rivers Project” (OARP), supported
by the EAW, was launched in April 2000
• A Thaw Otter Project, led by OARP, has been set up including representatives of
EAW, VoG, Cowbridge Town Council, and CCW
• Survey work to identify new sites and confirm potential sites in the Vale is being
carried out by the Otters and Rivers Project Officer
• Habitat management, funded by EAW, such as fencing, planting, building of otter
holts, has been undertaken on the River Thaw to create suitable breeding/resting
habitat
• The National Assembly set up a Roads and Otters Steering Group in 2001 to look at
ways of limiting accidental killing or injury of otters on roads in Wales
• Otter road deaths are collected (by Otters and Rivers Project; EAW; CCW) and
autopsied at Llysdinam Field Station, Cardiff University
• Where new bridges and culverts require consent from the EAW, measures to enable
otters to pass through safely, thus avoiding road deaths, may be required
• The Otter Consultancy, EAW and OARP also advise local highway authorities on
measures to amend existing culvert design and introduce fencing proposals, to reduce
otter road deaths
Action plan objectives and targets
• Protect existing Vale otter populations,
• Protect existing breeding sites and potential sites
• Expand Vale populations by 2010
Proposed specific action
Site and species protection
• Confirm SINC status on otter breeding sites and consider designating breeding sites
not currently within SSSI / candidate SINC boundaries as SINCs
Management
• Continue management to create suitable resting / breeding habitat for otters on
sections of water courses which lack cover
• Encourage landowners and managers to undertake appropriate management of riparian
habitats, watercourses and wetlands for otters through the take-up of agrienvironmental schemes such as Tir Gofal; and treeplanting and woodland
management grants
• Through the development control system, ensure that all proposed developments,
including housing, road improvement and maintenance schemes, have safeguards for
otters and their habitats built into them
• Identify existing sites where otters are killed on roads and initiate measures to reduce
otter deaths
• Liase with the EAW on the implementation of conservation actions for otters in local
contributions to national targets in ‘Making it Happen’ in the Vale
• Ensure that proposals for on waterside management and developments (such as
removal of scrub from lake and river banks, and the creation of foot paths), do not
conflict with the habitat requirements of otters
Advice and Information
• Advise landowners, farmers and angling clubs of the conservation importance of the
otter and how to manage watercourses and wetlands sympathetically to
maintain/create resting/breeding sites
• Raise public awareness of the conservation importance of the otter, the need for
sympathetic management of watercourses, and the importance of reporting otter
sightings and road kills
Monitoring and research
• Collate otter sightings (including road deaths) and input to a GIS type data base
• Continue survey work to identify new sites and confirm potential sites in the Vale
• Identify likely breeding and resting sites from existing habitat data (including Phase 1
surveys, aerial photos) and confirm by field survey
• Consider use of likely technology to genetically fingerprint individual otters in the
Vale of Glamorgan region using spraints to determine population structure
• Continue collection and post mortem examination of dead otters
Lead agencies
EAW; Otters and Rivers Project
Potential partners
CCW; VoG; WTSWW; The Otter Consultancy; landowners, CLA, NFU, FAW
References
CCW, Action for Wildlife, Biodiversity Action Plans - The challenge in Wales, published
by CCW
Jefferies, D. 1996 Decline and recovery of the Otter - a personal account. British
Wildlife, 7 (6): 353-364
EAW Local Environment Agency Plans:
- Ely & Vale of Glamorgan Action Plan, April 2000
- Neath, Port Talbot & Bridgend Action Plan, June 2000
DORMOUSE (MUSCARDINUS AVELLANARIUS)
SPECIES ACTION PLAN
Current Status
Description
The dormouse is a small mammal, about 7cm in length, recognisable by its brown/gold
coloured fur, thick furry tail and bulging black eyes. It lives in deciduous woodlands with
a well-developed shrub layer and overgrown hedgerows and it depends on this woody
scrub layer to move around and search for food, climbing and travelling between woody
stems and branches. Dormice are nocturnal and spend the day sleeping in nests up to 5m
from the ground. They feed on fruit, pollen, flowers, nuts and occasionally insects, and a
diagnostic sign of their presence is a hole with a smooth inner edge in a hazelnut shell.
Dormice hibernate in winter until April or May and are also capable of lowering their
body temperature to save energy if weather conditions and low food supplies prevent
them from foraging. They breed in summer and an average female dormouse produces
one or two litters a year of about four young.
Distribution and trends
Over the last 100 years, the dormouse has undergone a decline in the UK, resulting in
extinction across seven English counties. This decline has been attributed to a number of
factors including loss and fragmentation of suitable woodland habitats, changes in
woodland management practices which lead to a reduction in the shrub layer such as the
cessation of coppicing, and climatic factors. The dormouse is now rare in the UK and
occurs in scattered populations across southern Britain.
In Wales the dormouse is at the edge of its British range and is thought to be scarce. Until
recently, it was thought that the latest record in the Vale of Glamorgan was in hazel scrub
at Old Castle Down in 1975. Since then there have been several likely sightings in the
Cowbridge area, though these have not been confirmed. Evidence of dormice has been
confirmed at the southern extremity of Hensol Forest, through the discovery of hazelnuts
showing the distinctive dormouse teethmarks (October, 2001, WTSWW).
It is possible that this species is under-recorded in the Vale, since past surveys have
concentrated on evidence of hazel nut foraging in deciduous woodland. It is now known
that dormice are to be found in hedgerows and even conifer woodland and may consume
other food.
Data
CCW and WTSWW records
Protection
The dormouse is protected by European law under Annex IV of the EC Habitats
Directive. It is also protected under Schedule 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981.
Current factors causing loss or decline
• Loss or fragmentation of suitable woodland habitats
• Changes in woodland management practices which lead to a reduction in the shrub
layer such as the cessation of coppicing; excessive hedge-trimming
• Wet cool, summers reducing survival of newly born dormice
Current action
• The site of the record at Old Castle Down is within an SSSI
• Other potentially suitable woodland sites are within SSSIs or candidate SINCs
• Periodic national dormouse surveys are undertaken by CCW involving other
organisations and members of the public. The latest ‘Great Nut Hunt’ commenced in
Autumn, 2001
• Dormouse surveys have been undertaken on specific sites in connection with
development proposals
Action plan objectives and targets
• Protect the current Vale population(s)
• Expand populations in the Vale by 2010
Proposed specific action
Site and species protection
• Confirm SINC status of potentially suitable woodland sites
• Require dormouse surveys for all developments comprising potentially suitable
dormouse habitats
Management
• Employ woodland management practices which maintain a shrub layer suitable for
the dormouse such as coppicing
• Encourage the retention and maintenance of broad hedgerows
• Retain uncut areas at the back of highway verges
• Consider reintroduction of dormice at appropriate sites
Advice and Information
• Inform landowners of the conservation importance of the dormouse and promote
appropriate woodland and hedgerow management practices
• Inform the general public of the conservation importance of the dormouse and provide
training in how to identify dormouse evidence
Monitoring and research
• Undertake surveys of recorded dormouse sites to confirm presence of the species
• Survey other potentially suitable woodland and hedgerow sites with the aim of
identifying more populations in the Vale
• Conduct regular monitoring of known dormouse populations
• Install and monitor nest boxes in suitable woodland habitat
• Encourage participation in CCW dormouse surveys, such as ‘The Great Nut Hunt’
Lead agencies
WTSWW
Potential partners
VoG; CCW: GHC; FC; landowners; Woodland Trust; Vincent Wildlife Trust; The
Mammal Society; People’s Trust for Endangered Species, FWAG
References
CCW The dormouse, Species leaflet, 1993
CCW, Action for Wildlife, Biodiversity Action Plans - The challenge in Wales, published
by CCW
PIPISTRELLE BAT (PIPISTRELLUS PIPISTRELLUS)
SPECIES ACTION PLAN
Current Status
Description
The pipistrelle bat is the smallest and commonest UK bat species. It is very dependent on
buildings which it uses for both maternity roosts and hibernation sites, and can be found
in small gaps in houses e.g. behind soffit boards and panels and underneath roof tiles.
Like all bats, pipistrelles are active at night and navigate mainly by “echolocation”, by
using the echoes generated by their high pitched squeaks. Recent research has shown that
pipistrelles emit these sounds at two different frequencies, suggesting that this bat may be
represented by two different species. Pipistrelles feed on the wing on a diet of small
insects such as gnats and small moths.
Distribution and trends
Although the pipistrelle is the UK’s commonest and most widespread bat, estimates from
the National Bat Colony Survey suggest that UK populations have declined by more than
70% since 1978. This decline is thought to be due to a combination of factors including
renovation work on houses blocking access routes, use of toxic preservatives used to treat
roof timbers, and increased intensification of agricultural practices which has resulted in
a reduction in the availability of prey, both through the effect of pesticides and the
destruction of insect-rich habitats such as wetlands and hedgerows. Although there are
insufficient data to estimate numbers of pipistrelles in the Vale of Glamorgan, they are
often seen across the region, particularly around woodland and buildings along the
Glamorgan Heritage Coast. Both “species” have been recorded in the Vale within
Cosmeston Country Park.
Data
Glamorgan Heritage Coast Project, WTSWW and Cosmeston Country Park records.
National Bat Colony Survey data.
Protection
The pipistrelle is protected by European law under Annex IV of the EC Habitats
Directive, as well as Appendix II of the Bonn Convention. It is also protected under
Schedule 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981.
Current factors causing loss or decline
• Renovation work on buildings used by pipistrelles resulting in the blockage of bat
access routes
• Use of toxic preservatives to treat roof timbers in buildings used as maternity roosts
• Use of pesticides on farmland resulting in a reduction in available prey
• Destruction of insect-rich habitats such as wetlands and hedgerows through high
intensity farming
Current action
• A new East Glamorgan bat group was formed in the summer of 2000 which is
conducting bat surveys in the Vale
• Monitoring of pipistrelle populations is being carried out within Cosmeston Country
Park by the Cosmeston rangers
• Records are collated along the Glamorgan Heritage Coast by the Glamorgan Heritage
Coast Project
• Some farmland in the Vale is already being managed sympathetically through the Tir
Gofal agri-environment scheme
• Some land in the Vale is already being farmed organically
• The Vale of Glamorgan Council planning authority requires planning applications
which affect buildings, trees and woodlands potentially used by bats to include bat
assessment and mitigation
Action plan objectives and targets
• Protect existing Vale pipistrelle populations
• Expand pipistrelle populations in the Vale by 2010
Proposed specific action
Site and species protection
• Protect known maternity roosts and winter hibernacula in buildings by preventing any
potentially damaging development work through the planning process
• Require bat surveys for all development work on buildings which may potentially be
used by bats
• Consider designating important feeding areas as SINC
Management
• Promote farming practices which minimise the use of pesticides and preserve insectrich habitats such as hedgerows
• Encourage sympathetic management of feeding habitat through promotion of agrienvironment schemes such as Tir Gofal or organic farming
Advice and Information
• Inform landowners of the importance of conserving pipistrelle feeding habitat and
promote sympathetic farming practices
• Raise public awareness of the conservation importance of pipistrelles, their protected
status and the need to seek expert advice before embarking on any renovation work on
buildings used as roost or hibernation sites
• Promote the use of bat boxes on buildings and in gardens
• Encourage membership of the East Glamorgan Bat Group
Monitoring and research
• Continue survey work conducted by the East Glamorgan Bat Group
• Continue monitoring of populations within Cosmeston Country Park
• Continue to collate records of pipistrelles along the Glamorgan Heritage Coast
Lead agencies
VoG
Potential partners
CCW; BCT; East Glamorgan Bat Group; GHC; WTSWW; FWAG, CADW, landowners;
property owners;
References
CCW, Action for Wildlife, Biodiversity Action Plans - The challenge in Wales, published
by CCW
CCW, Bats, Species leaflet, 1993
BATS (ALL SPECIES)
GENERAL SPECIES ACTION PLAN
Current Status
Description
Bats are the only mammals capable of flight. They are nocturnal and feed on insects
caught on the wing or picked from substrate or water surfaces. They navigate mainly by
“echolocation”, i.e. by using the echoes generated by their high pitched squeaks. Bats
roost in a range of places including open loft spaces or gaps between brickwork in
buildings, hollow trees, or in underground caves and tunnels. They hibernate in winter
from about October to April and are capable of becoming torpid (cool and inactive) in
bad weather. Mating takes place in autumn or winter but fertilisation is delayed until the
following spring and young are born in June or July when sufficient insect food is
available. Each female produces a single offspring, although not necessarily every year.
Young are produced in communal “maternity roosts”, often in warm loft spaces, and
young bats are weaned after 5 weeks.
Distribution and trends
All bat species have undergone a general decline in the UK in recent years. In some
species the decline has been very dramatic e.g. the greater horseshoe bat declined by
more than 98% during the 20th century. The mouse-eared bat recently became extinct in
Britain, the first mammal species to be lost from Britain in 250 years.
This decline is thought to be due to a combination of factors including the blocking of
entrances to underground caves and tunnels, renovation work on buildings resulting in
the blocking of access routes such as ventilators or the filling of spaces used by bats such
as cavity walls for insulation, the use of toxic preservatives to treat roof timbers, and
increased intensification of agricultural practices which has resulted in a reduction in the
availability of prey, both through the effect of pesticides and the destruction of insect-rich
habitats such as wetlands and hedgerows.
In the Vale of Glamorgan current data on bats is sketchy. Both “species” of pipistrelle
(i.e. bats echolocating at the two pipistrelle frequencies) are known to be present at
Cosmeston Lakes Country Park and pipistrelles are reported to be widespread around
woodland and buildings along the Glamorgan Heritage Coast. (see Pipistrelle SAP) The
noctule is also reported to be widespread in woodland, scrub and hedgerows along the
Glamorgan Heritage coast and is present at Cosmeston Lakes Country Park. The brown
long eared bat and the Daubenton’s bat are both recorded at Cosmeston Lakes Country
Park, and are reported to be local along the Glamorgan Heritage Coast, the brown long
eared recorded in woodland and the Daubenton’s bat in woodland and along river
margins. The whiskered bat is also recorded to be local along the Glamorgan Heritage
Coast in woodland and along river margins. Two colonies of the lesser horseshoe bat are
known in the Vale. (A separate SAP is being prepared for this species).
Data
GHC, CLCP and WTSWW records. National Bat Colony Survey data
Protection
All British bats are protected under Schedule 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981
Some species are further listed by European law under Annex IV and/or Annex II of the
EC Habitats Directive, Appendix II of the Bonn Convention and Appendix II of the Bern
Convention.
Current factors causing loss or decline
• Renovation work on buildings used by bats resulting in the blockage of bat access
routes and the filling of cavities used as roosts
• The blocking of entrances to underground caves and tunnels used by bats
• Use of toxic preservatives to treat roof timbers in buildings used as maternity roosts
• Use of pesticides on farmland resulting in a reduction in available prey
• Destruction of insect-rich habitats such as wetlands and hedgerows through high
intensity farming
Current action
• A new East Glamorgan bat group was formed in the summer of 2000 which is
conducting bat surveys in the Vale
• Monitoring of bat populations is being carried out within Cosmeston Lakes Country
Park by the rangers
• Records of bats are collated along the Glamorgan Heritage Coast by the Glamorgan
Heritage Coast Project
• Some farmland in the Vale is already being managed sympathetically through the Tir
Gofal agri-environment scheme
• Some land in the Vale is already being farmed organically
• The Vale of Glamorgan Council local planning authority requires planning
applications which affect buildings, trees and woodlands potentially used by bats to
include bat assessment and mitigation
Action plan objectives and targets
• Protect existing Vale bat populations
• Expand bat populations in the Vale by 2010
Proposed specific action
Site and species protection
• Protect known maternity roosts and winter hibernacula in buildings by preventing any
potentially damaging development work through the planning process
•
Require bat surveys for all development work on buildings which may potentially be
used by bats
• Incorporate mitigation measures in development projects to protect bat colonies
• Consider designating important bat feeding areas as SINC
Management
• Promote farming practices which minimise the use of pesticides and preserve insectrich habitats such as hedgerows
• Encourage sympathetic management of feeding habitat through promotion of agrienvironment schemes such as Tir Gofal or organic farming
• Install nesting boxes at appropriate locations on Council-owned land
Advice and Information
• Inform landowners of the importance of conserving bat feeding habitat and promote
sympathetic farming practices
• Raise public awareness of the conservation importance of bats, their protected status
and the need to seek expert advice before embarking on any renovation work on
buildings used as roost or hibernation sites
• Promote the use of bat boxes on buildings and in gardens
• Encourage membership of the East Glamorgan Bat Group
Monitoring and research
• Continue survey work conducted by East Glamorgan Bat Group
• Continue monitoring of populations within Cosmeston Lakes Country Park
• Continue to collate records along the Glamorgan Heritage Coast
• Carry out further bat monitoring work in the Vale, in particular summer survey work
using bat echolocation detectors, to accrue more data on the species present, their
distribution and abundance
Lead agencies
WTSWW
Potential partners
VoG; BCT; East Glamorgan Bat Group; GHC; CCW; landowners; property owners;
References
BCT, Our British Bats, BCT leaflet
CCW, Action for Wildlife, Biodiversity Action Plans - The challenge in Wales, published
by CCW
CCW, Bats, Species leaflet, 1993
BIRDS
Species Action Plan
Chough
Aquatic Warbler
Skylark
Bittern
Song thrush
Lapwing
Grey partridge
Nightjar
Page
3
7
11
13
17
19
23
27
CHOUGH (PYRRHOCORAX PYRRHOCORAX)
SPECIES ACTION PLAN
Current status
Description
The chough is our rarest member of the crow family, easily distinguished from other
species by its bright red legs and long curved beak and distinctive call. It requires short,
unimproved grasslands which support an abundance of soil invertebrates on which it
feeds, and typical nest sites are rock crevices, caves or overhangs.
Distribution and trends
The chough has been in decline nationally since the middle of the 18th Century, due to
loss of suitable habitat and human persecution, although numbers have started to increase
again over the last 20 years. Due to its dependence on low intensity farming systems the
chough is now almost entirely restricted to western coastal sites in Britain, where such
low intensity livestock farming is still widespread. Wales now supports 73% of the UK
chough population (1998 figures) and the chough is thought to be expanding range
slightly in Wales (150 pairs recorded in 1992, increasing to up to 187 in 1996), though
there has been a decline in some inland mid-Wales areas.
Historic records indicate that choughs used to breed commonly in at least one location in
the Vale in the 1800s but were absent in the 20th century until 1994 when a single bird
was recorded at Dunraven. This individual was observed sporadically until 1997, when a
second bird joined it. The pair has since been resident along the Glamorgan Heritage
coast, which has a narrow fringe of short, unimproved grassland at the cliff edge which
provides suitable foraging habitat. For the last three years, the pair has nested in the same
location, with the nest being abandoned about the time that hatching would have been
expected, suggesting that the pair may be infertile.
Data
• First survey carried out in 1963. National decadal surveys carried out since 1983.
Additional data available for 1996 and 1998
• Glamorgan Heritage Coast Project maintains records of local sightings
Protection
Protected under appendix II of the Bern Convention and Annex I of the EC Birds
Directive (unfavourable conservation status in Europe). Also covered under the general
provisions afforded under section 1(1) of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 which
protects birds, their nests and eggs. Amber listed in Birds of Conservation Concern as a
localised breeder having undergone widespread decline in the 19th century.
Current factors causing loss or decline
• Lack of management of the cliff fringe grassland habitat leading to scrub and bracken
invasion, affecting extent of foraging habitat
• Changes in grazing affecting sward height and quality/extent of foraging habitat
• Agricultural improvement of the cliff fringe grassland resulting in loss of invertebrate
fauna
• Cultivation up to the cliff edge resulting in loss of habitat
• Possible disturbance by recreational use adjacent to nesting sites (climbing, hanggliding, walking, bird watching)
• Human persecution including egg collecting and accidental shooting by landowners
where confused with other members of the crow family
• Climate – drought in summer/extended cold spells in winter and associated hard
ground may affect adults; poor weather in late spring may affect fledging success
• Presence of natural predators such as peregrine may affect communal roosts and
fledging success
Current action
• Monitoring of the choughs on the Glamorgan coast has been undertaken by the
Glamorgan Heritage Coast Project since 1994
• The majority of the cliffs along which the choughs occur are designated SSSI
• One of the coastal SSSIs has now been designated a candidate SAC
• The remainder of the cliffs are candidate SINCs
• A Glamorgan Chough Study Group has been set up, comprising RSPB, CCW,
National Trust and local authorities, to monitor the local chough populations
• The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) Cymru have recently set up a
Chough Habitat Restoration Project, 50% funded by EAGGF to protect and enhance
the welsh chough population. The initial phase of this project will focus on 19 key
areas holding the bulk of the welsh population; it is hoped a second phase will look to
consolidate and expand the range on the margins, including the south Wales chough
populations
• CCW fund monitoring of chough feeding/breeding in relation to Special Area of
Conservation (SAC) sites in mid-Wales and Anglesey
Action plan objectives and targets
• Protect existing chough population
• Expand existing chough population by 2010 through successful breeding
Proposed specific action
Site and species protection
• Confirm SINC status of cliff habitat
Management
• Ensure that existing cliff fringe grassland habitat is managed to maintain the short turf
required for foraging
• Encourage sympathetic management of coastal grassland along the Glamorgan
Heritage coast through agri-environment schemes such as Tir Gofal, with the aim of
extending the areas of unimproved grassland suitable for choughs
• Encourage appropriate management of other chough habitats such as coastal heath,
improved/semi-improved (especially permanent) pasture, stubble, sand-dunes and soft
rock cliffs
• Discourage use of avermectin treatments which may adversely affect invertebrate food
sources for the choughs (especially dung beetles)
• Consider the construction of earth banks to provide an additional source of
invertebrates for the choughs
• Support the RSPB Cymru ‘Chough Project’ in south Wales
Advice and Information
• Through the RSPB Cymru ‘Chough Project’ and the liaison work of the GHC Project,
provide landowners with appropriate advice and information on the identification,
importance and habitat requirements of the chough in the Vale to ensure protection
from inadvertant destruction and appropriate management of foraging habitat
• Raise public awareness of the importance of the chough in the Vale, whilst at the same
time protecting knowledge of breeding site locations to minimise the threat of
disturbance
Monitoring and research
• Continue monitoring of chough populations and their feeding sites along the
Glamorgan Heritage coast, particularly breeding activity
Lead agencies
GHC
Potential partners
VoG; RSPB; GBC; WTSWW; CCW; landowners; NFU; FUW; CLA; FWAG
References
Donovan, J. and Rees, G. 1994 Birds of Pembrokeshire. Dyfed Wildlife Trust
Glamorgan Heritage coast project records
Mead, C. 2000 The state of the nation’s birds. Whittet books Ltd, Suffolk
AQUATIC WARBLER (ACROCEPHALUS PALUDICOLA)
SPECIES ACTION PLAN
Current Status
Description
The aquatic warbler is uncommon in the UK but appears in the autumn on migration
from its restricted breeding area of some 40 small sites mainly in Belarus, Poland,
Ukraine and Hungary, to its wintering sites in Africa. Between 1 and 25% of the world
population of the aquatic warbler is estimated to visit the UK in the autumn months, with
birds most commonly recorded in the south of England and Wales. Aquatic warblers use
open, waterside vegetation, in particular reedbeds, where they build nests close to the
ground.
Distribution and trends
The aquatic warbler has undergone a global decline of between an estimated 90-95%
over the last hundred years and is now considered to be globally threatened. The decline
is due mainly to loss or deterioration of breeding habitat which has come about as a result
of agricultural improvement measures, particularly drainage. The RSPB is working with
Birdlife International to conserve the birds’ breeding grounds and also to research how to
protect the places through which they migrate and where they spend the winter.
Although Britain is not included in its breeding range, the UK habitats are important to
the global population as they provide suitable feeding and resting sites along the
migratory route. The aquatic warbler has been recorded in a few scattered localities in
Wales, mostly in the south. In the Vale of Glamorgan, there have been two records over
the last 30 years, both in the reedbed/lagoon habitat at East Aberthaw. The majority of
records for this species in Wales have been made through ringing, with very few records
made through sightings. Although there have been no recent sightings in the Vale, it is
thought that the aquatic warbler may be an undetected visitor here in the autumn months,
as the Vale includes several areas of suitable reedbed habitat.
Data
Glamorgan Bird Club Records.
Protection
The aquatic warbler is protected by European law under Annex IV of the EC Habitats
Directive
Current factors causing loss or decline
• Deterioration, fragmentation or loss of wetland habitats, in particular reedbeds, which
offer suitable feeding and resting sites, due to agricultural improvement schemes and
development.
Current action
• Research is underway to identify sites used by the aquatic warbler, through a birdringing programme, nationally co-ordinated by the British Trust for Ornithology
• Glamorgan Bird Club collates records annually
• All areas of reedbed habitat in the Vale which exceed approximately 0 .25ha are
already within SSSIs or candidate SINCs
• Aberthaw saltmarsh is a Wildlife Trust nature reserve
• Suitable reedbed habitat at Cosmeston is being preserved through appropriate
management by the Cosmeston Country Park wardens, including the cutting back of
reed beds and transplantation where necessary
• An extension to the reedbeds at Cosmeston was undertaken in spring 2002 with the
benefit of CCW grand. Further extension is proposed for autumn, 2002
Action plan objectives and targets
• Protect visiting populations of the aquatic warbler in the Vale
• Expand visiting populations in the Vale by 2010
Proposed specific action
Site and species protection
• Confirm SINC status on all areas of reedbed habitat
• Protect reedbed habitat from deterioration, fragmentation or loss as a result of
development schemes, through the planning process
Management
• Continue management measures to conserve reedbed habitat at Cosmeston
• Undertake further extensions to the reedbed habitat at Cosmeston
• Implement management measures, where necessary, to preserve other areas of
potentially suitable reedbed habitat in the Vale
Advice and Information
• Inform landowners of the conservation importance of the aquatic warbler and
promote appropriate management of reedbed habitat
• Raise public awareness of the conservation importance of the aquatic warbler and its
habitat requirements
Monitoring and research
• Continue research to identify sites used by the aquatic warbler through the birdringing programme
• Continue to collate Vale records of the aquatic warbler and input into a GIS-type
database
Lead agencies
WTSWW/GBC
Potential partners
VoG; RSPB; BTO; CCW; EAW; landowners
References
CCW: Action for Wildlife, Biodiversity Action Plans - The challenge in Wales, published
by CCW
SKYLARK (ALAUDA ARVENSIS)
SPECIES ACTION PLAN
Current Status
Description
The skylark is a widespread bird of British farmland, well known for its distinctive
springtime song It is a breeding resident and nests in short or sparse vegetation such as
along field margins. It also uses ruderal sites such as dockland.
Distribution and trends
Although the breeding population in Britain has recently been estimated to consist of up
to two million breeding pairs, breeding populations across lowland farmland habitats are
known to have declined by more than 50% between 1969 and 1991. Recent surveys have
shown that numbers are still decreasing, with a decline of 16% reported nationally
between 1994 and 1999. The decline of the skylark is thought to be mainly due to
changes in agricultural practices.which have reduced skylark breeding or foraging
habitat, or destroy nests and young. In Wales, the skylark is still widespread, more so in
the uplands than in lowland districts. Although estimates of numbers are not available,
the skylark is still frequently heard in the Vale of Glamorgan, and is common on
farmland along the Glamorgan Heritage Coast and on wasteland sites at Barry Docks.
Data
Glamorgan Heritage Coast Project, WTSWW and GBC records.
Protection
None other than the general provisions afforded under section 1(1) of the Wildlife and
Countryside Act 1981 which protects birds, their nests and eggs
Current factors causing loss or decline
• The improvement of grasslands resulting in a decline in the invertebrate food source
they support
• Early harvesting which destroys nests and expose skylarks to predators
• Loss of arable land to grazing
• The use of pesticides on arable fields reducing the available food source
• A shift from spring to autumn sown cereal crops which reduces the number of
available nesting sites and winter stubble fields, which offer an important feeding
habitat for skylarks
Current action
• Some farmland in the Vale is already being managed sympathetically through the Tir
Gofal agri-environment scheme
• Some land in the Vale is already being farmed organically
• Records are collated along the Glamorgan Heritage Coast
Action plan objectives and targets
• Protect existing skylark populations in the Vale
• Expand Vale skylark populations by 2010
Proposed specific action
Site and species protection
• (None at present)
Management
• Encourage landowners to employ sympathetic farming practices, such as minimising
the use of pesticides and herbicides, increasing the number of stubble fields left fallow
in the winter months and reversing the shift towards earlier harvest dates
• Promote sympathetic farming practices through agri-environment schemes such as Tir
Gofal or organic farming
Advice and Information
• Inform landowners of the decline of the skylark and the need to conserve/expand Vale
populations, and advise on sympathetic farming practices
• Raise public awareness of the conservation importance of the skylark and its habitat
requirements
Monitoring and research
• Monitor Vale populations as part of the national British Trust for Ornithology’s
Breeding Bird Survey
• Continue to collate records along the Glamorgan Heritage Coast
Lead agencies
GBC
Potential partners
VoG; GHC; RSPB; BTO; CCW; landowners; CLA; NFU; FUW; FWAG
References
CCW, Action for Wildlife, Biodiversity Action Plans - The challenge in Wales, published
by CCW
BITTERN (BOTAURUS STELLARIS)
SPECIES ACTION PLAN
Current Status
Description
The bittern is a bird of wet reedbeds. It is easily identifiable as it is large and heron-like
with a distinctive, mottled golden-brown plumage and long pointed beak. However, it is
very secretive and rarely seen, and is best known for the “booming” sound that the male
bird makes in spring when establishing breeding territories. Bitterns spend most of the
day feeding in dense reedbeds on a range of prey including fish, amphibians, small
mammals and large aquatic insects.
Distribution and trends
The bittern is a rare bird in the UK and in decline. 70 pairs were known across the UK in
the late 1960s, but by 1994 fewer than 20 booming males were recorded. In Wales
regular breeding was last recorded in 1979. The decline has occurred mainly as a result
of the deterioration, loss and fragmentation of wet reedbeds that are large enough to
support breeding bitterns. This has come about as a result of drainage and lack of
management of reedbed habitat. Pollution has also been a contributory factor, directly
affecting the reedbed habitat and the food source of bitterns. In the Vale of Glamorgan,
bitterns have been recorded sporadically across several sites this century, mostly as
individuals, occasionally in twos. Since 1997, two bitterns have been overwintering in
reedbeds at Cosmeston Lakes Country Park. The sexes of the birds are unknown; there is
no evidence of any breeding activity to date and it is thought likely that both birds are
males.
Data
Cosmeston Lakes Country Park records
Protection
The bittern is protected by European law under Annex I of the EC Habitats Directive, as
well as Appendix II of the Bern Convention and Appendix II of the Bonn Convention. It
is also protected under Schedule 1 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981.
Current factors causing loss or decline
• Deterioration, fragmentation and loss of wet reedbeds that are large enough to support
breeding bitterns, due to drainage and lack of management
• Pollution of wetlands, directly affecting the reedbed habitat and the food source of
bitterns
Current action
• The reedbed habitat currently used by the bitterns at Cosmeston Lakes Country Park is
within the boundaries of an SSSI and the area is cordoned off, preventing entry and
disturbance by the general public
• The reedbed habitat used by the bitterns is preserved through appropriate management
by the Cosmeston Lakes Country Park wardens, including the cutting back of reed
beds and transplantation where necessary
• A 2ha extension to the reedbed at Cosmeston Lakes Country Park was planted in
spring 2002 with the benefit of a CCW grant. A further extension is proposed for
autumn 2002.
• Ditches have been incorporated in the new and existing reedbeds to improve bittern
habitat
• The bitterns are monitored throughout their overwintering period at Cosmeston Lakes
Country Park
• Other areas of potentially suitable reedbed habitat, exceeding approximately 0.25ha in
area, are already SSSIs or candidate SINCs
• Action plan objectives and targets
• Protect current Vale population
• Expand current population by 2010 through successful breeding
Proposed specific action
Site and species protection
• Continue to protect bitterns and their habitat from disturbance by exclusion of the
general public from this part of the Cosmeston Lakes Country Park SSSI
• Confirm SINC status on all areas of reedbed habitat
• Protect reedbed habitat from deterioration, fragmentation or loss as a result of
development schemes, through the planning process
Management
• Continue management measures to preserve reedbed habitat currently used by the
Cosmeston Lakes Country Park bitterns
• Implement management measures, where necessary, to preserve other areas of
potentially suitable reedbed habitat in the Vale
Advice and Information
• Raise public awareness of the conservation importance of the bittern and its habitat
requirements
Monitoring and research
• Continue to monitor the bitterns throughout their overwintering period at Cosmeston
Lakes Country Park
Lead agencies
VOG (CLCP)
Potential partners
CCW; EAW; GBC; RSPB; WTSWW; FWAG; landowners
References
CCW, Action for Wildlife, Biodiversity Action Plans - The challenge in Wales, published
by CCW
SONG THRUSH (TURDUS PHILOMELOS)
SPECIES ACTION PLAN
Current Status
Description
The song thrush is a resident, breeding bird in the UK, typically of gardens, woods and
hedgerows. It is easily recognisable by its speckled breast and is well known for its
melodious song. It nests in trees or scrub and feeds on soil invertebrates, in particular
molluscs and earthworms.
Distribution and trends
Although still common and widespread in the UK, the song thrush has declined by more
than 50% in the numbers of breeding birds in southern England. The decline is recorded
mostly from farmland populations, but also from woodlands and gardens The reasons
behind the decline are not clear, but factors thought to be important include a reduction in
the amount of recently tilled farmland which offers suitable feeding habitat due to a shift
to autumn sown cereal crops, hedgerow destruction, a reduction in the availability of prey
items due to the use of pesticides, indirect poisoning through the use of slug pellets, and
climatic factors. The decline has been less apparent in Wales, which is now a stronghold
for the song thrush in the UK. In the Vale of Glamorgan, the song thrush is still common
and widespread and breeding populations are known along the entire length of the
Glamorgan Heritage Coast.
Data
Records for the Vale are held by the Glamorgan Heritage Coast Project, Wildlife Trust
and Glamorgan Bird Club. The song thrush is also included in the BTO “Garden Bird
Survey” which covers the whole of the UK.
Protection
None other than the general provisions afforded under section 1(1) of the Wildlife and
Countryside Act 1981 which protects birds, their nests and eggs.
Current factors causing loss or decline
• A shift to autumn sown cereal crops resulting in a reduction in the number of fields
left fallow in the winter months, which offer suitable feeding habitat
• Hedgerow destruction
• The use of pesticides resulting in a reduction in the availability of food resources
• The use of slug pellets resulting in the indirect poisoning of song thrushes, through
the poisoning of slugs and snails taken as food items
Current action
• Some farmland in the Vale is already being managed sympathetically through the Tir
Gofal agri-environment scheme
•
•
Some land in the Vale is already being farmed organically
Records of breeding birds along the Glamorgan Heritage Coast are collated by the
Glamorgan Heritage Coast Project, Wildlife Trust and Glamorgan Bird Club
• The song thrush is included in the BTO’s nationwide Garden Bird / Nesting Bird
surveys
Action plan objectives and targets
• Protect existing song thrush populations in the Vale
• Expand Vale song thrush populations by 2010
Proposed specific action
Site and species protection
• (None at present)
Management
• Encourage landowners to employ sympathetic farming practices to maintain and create
suitable song thrush feeding and breeding habitat such as use of minimal levels of
pesticides, maintenance and creation of hedgerows, and reduction in the amount of
land allocated to autumn sown cereal crops
• Promote sympathetic farming practices through agri-environment schemes such as Tir
Gofal or organic farming
• Encourage song thrushes in gardens through supply of appropriate feed
Advice and Information
• Inform landowners of the importance of maintaining song thrush populations in the
Vale and advise on sympathetic farming practices
• Raise public awareness of the conservation importance of the song thrush and the
adverse effects that slug pellets have on song thrush populations, and promote safer
gardening practice
Monitoring and research
• Continue to collate records of breeding birds in the Vale
• Encourage the general public to join the BTO Garden Bird Survey
Lead agencies
GBC
Potential partners
VoG; CCW, RSPB; BTO; GHC; FWAG; landowners
References
CCW, Action for Wildlife, Biodiversity Action Plans - The challenge in Wales, published
by CCW
LAPWING (VANELLUS VANELLUS)
SPECIES ACTION PLAN
Current Status
Description
The lapwing is a breeding, resident bird in the UK of farmland, moors and marshes. It is
easily identifiable due to its black and white plumage, distinctive head crest and “peewit” call. The lapwing requires bare ground for nesting, with patches of vegetation such
as rush, rank grass or arable crops nearby for chicks to use as cover on hatching. Damp
unimproved pasture and flushes are also attractive as sources of invertebrate food,
including worms, beetles and grubs.
Distribution and trends
The lapwing was once a common bird in the UK, and was reported to be a very numerous
breeding species in Wales in the 19th and early part of the 20th century. However, a
recent and dramatic decline of nearly 50% has been observed nationally in the last 12
years, and in Wales, this decline has been even more drastic, estimated at 77% (90%
since 1970). The decline began in the 19th century due to drainage and widespread egg
collecting for food, but the very dramatic decline in recent years has been attributed to
changes in agricultural practices, particularly a 35% decline in the area devoted to spring
barley since 1990, together with increased stocking rates, afforestation and land drainage.
In the Vale of Glamorgan, where arable farmland is an important habitat for lapwings,
changes in agricultural practices are thought to be a major factor in the decline of
lapwings, either by reducing their breeding and foraging habitat; destroying eggs and
young, or exposing them to predators.
In Wales, there were some 15,000 pairs of lapwings in the 1970s, but this has now fallen
to 1,700 with the South Wales region one of the main strongholds. In the Vale of
Glamorgan, the lapwing is known to be breeding in small numbers in just a few locations.
Sites include in a stubble field at Lavernock Point, where a pair bred successfully in
2000, Brocastle, near Bridgend and two sites north and west of Cowbridge (Newton
Moor and Darren Farm), where breeding has been observed for the last few years. The
two sites near Cowbridge are thought to be complementary, constituting a dispersed or
‘super colony’ supporting a breeding population of up to sixteen pairs. The Darren Farm
site is also a ‘gathering site’ where flocks of lapwing from various breeding sites have
been observed feeding. In Spring 2002, a large nesting colony was observed near
Colwinson; these could possibly be birds displaced from the Darren Farm site, which had
a winter barley crop in 2001/2, and was not thought to be being used that season.
Individual pairs of lapwings were noted at several sites in the Vale in 2001 including
Walterston, near Barry, though it is not known if any of these sites were used for
breeding. The presence of lapwing in parts of the Vale not previously known as lapwing
sites may result from the very wet winter of 2000/2001. Some autumn-sown arable areas
were inundated for long periods so that the seed was either washed away or failed to
germinate, leaving bare areas in the field suitable for nesting lapwing. Lapwing may also
be attracted to large open brownfield sites, such as former industrial land, though none
are known in the Vale of Glamorgan.
Lapwings tend to be ‘site faithful’, as evidenced by records for these sites over a number
of years. In the case of Darren Farm, lapwings have been observed on the site for over 20
years. This places great importance on trying to protect existing sites, since, if a site
becomes unsuitable for nesting, the lapwing may ignore other nearby, apparently equally
suitable sites. Thus compensation or mitigation measures may not be successful. The
Vale breeding populations are particularly vulnerable due to their small and fragmented
nature. The species defends nests and territories in colonies, and young are at risk from
predation, especially by carrion crow, as the number of pairs in a colony decreases.
Flocks of local post-breeding birds begin to gather on coastal pastures and marshes such
as the Ogmore river in autumn. These may be further enlarged by migrant birds from
Scandinavia and Germany. Welsh ringed birds have been shown to migrate to Ireland,
France, Spain and Portugal for the winter.
Data
Glamorgan Bird Club; WTSWW; RSPB; and BTO records
Protection
The lapwing has general protection under the Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981. It has
also been included on the draft list prepared by the National Assembly for Wales under
Section 74 of the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 of species of principal
importance for conserving biological diversity.
Current factors causing loss or
• A switch from spring sown to autumn sown cereals resulting in tall spring vegetation,
unsuitable for breeding and loss of fallow ground for foraging in the winter months
• Use of machinery on pastureland and early harvesting of arable crops destroy eggs
and young, which are often located unseen in the middle of arable fields
• Improvement measures including drainage and the use of agrochemicals which
reduce the invertebrate food source lapwings depend on and cause vegetation to grow
too densely
• A change from cattle to sheep farming resulting in closely cropped grasslands with no
clumps of grassland to provide cover for chicks from predation
• Increased stocking densities with nests, eggs and chicks more likely to be destroyed
by trampling
• The loss or reduction in size of large open fields which lapwings prefer to avoid
predators
• Planting of woodland, trees or shelter belts, which provide cover for predators
•
•
Disturbance from recreational use, dogs etc , especially near settlements
Loss to redevelopment of large areas of open ground such as former industrial
workings
Current action
• Some farmland in the Vale is already being managed sympathetically through the Tir
Gofal agri-environment scheme
• Some land in the Vale is already being farmed organically
• Glamorgan Bird Club collates records annually
• RSPB Cymru’s Lapwing Recovery Project, funded by the European Union’s
Objective 5b EAGGF grant aims to reverse the drastic decline of lapwings on all
Welsh sites with 10 or more pairs and establish an increase of 10% on these sites by
2003. The project monitors these ‘significant’ colonies and advises farmers and
landowners on sympathetic management. The dispersed ‘super colony’ of Darren
Farm and Newton Moor may be considered ‘significant’ and fall within the remit of
the project
• Under Section 74 of the Countryside and Rights of Way Act, 2000, the National
Assembly for Wales and CCW is required to publish a list of priority species for
biological diversity. The draft list, to be debated by NAW in 2002 includes the
lapwing
Action plan objectives and targets
• Protect the current Vale populations
• Expand populations in the Vale by 2010
Proposed specific action
Site and species protection
• Designate known lapwing breeding sites as candidate Sites of Importance for Nature
Conservation under the species criteria
• Support the inclusion of lapwing as a priority species for biodiversity under Section 74
of the Countryside and Rights of Way Act, 2000
Management
• Encourage landowners to employ sympathetic farming practices, such as sowing
spring crops, harvesting later, increasing the number of set aside fields and minimising
the use of agro-chemicals, through ventures such as the Lapwing Recovery Project
• Promote sympathetic farming practices through agri-environment schemes such as Tir
Gofal or organic farming
Advice and Information
• Inform landowners of the decline of the lapwing and the need to conserve and expand
Vale populations, and advise on sympathetic farming practices
• Raise public awareness of the conservation importance of the lapwing and its habitat
requirements
Monitoring and research
• Monitor Vale populations as part of the national British Trust for Ornithology’s
Breeding Bird Survey
• Continue to collate Vale records annually and input into a GIS-type database
Lead agencies
CCW/RSPB (Lapwing Recovery Project)
Potential partners
VoG; GBC; BTO; WTSWW; landowners; NFU; FUW; CLA; FWAG
References
Hurford, C. and Lansdown, P. 1995: Birds of Glamorgan. Published by Hurford and
Lansdown, c/o National Museum of Wales, Cardiff
Lovegrove, R; Williams, G. and Williams, I. 1994: Birds in Wales. T & AD Poyser,
London
Mead, C. 2000: The state of the nation’s birds. Whittet Books Ltd. Suffolk
GREY PARTRIDGE (PERDIX PERDIX)
SPECIES ACTION PLAN
Current Status
Description
The grey partridge is farmland bird, identifiable by its large, rounded, stocky body and
characteristic flight, which alternates between rapid wing-beats and periods of gliding. It
is a breeding resident in the UK, and typically inhabits open, arable farmland.
Distribution and trends
Although favoured as a game bird during the 19th and the first part of the 20th century, the
grey partridge was abundant on arable farmland in the UK until the 1970s when numbers
began to fall dramatically. A 78% decline is reported to have taken place nationally
between 1972 and 1996 which has been attributed to changes in farming practice. In the
Vale of Glamorgan, numbers have also declined over the last 30 years as a result of
employment of more intensive farming methods. The use of pesticides and herbicides,
the clearance of hedgerows and scrub at field margins, a reduction in the areas of
uncultivated field margin and a decrease in the number of stubble fields left fallow in
winter have reduced the availability of feeding and breeding habitat. In addition, a shift
towards earlier harvest dates may have resulted in nest destruction, and the clearance of
scrub and application of herbicides at field margins have reduced available cover, which
may have increased the incidence of predation.
However, despite these factors, the grey partridge is still present along the Glamorgan
Heritage coast, breeding in small numbers on the uncultivated coastal fringe and
headlands, where there is suitable scrub habitat, between Dunraven and Summerhouse
Point. In 2000, an unusually large number (22) grey partridge were reported at Nash
Point in late September, possibly migrants. Also on the coast, two birds, possibly a
breeding pair, have also been present on the ash tip at East Aberthaw since about 1996
and four birds were reported at Lavernock in 1999. Inland, five birds were seen at
Llanmihangel in July, 2000.
Data
Glamorgan Bird Club and Glamorgan Heritage Coast records. Grey partridge are also
included in BTO’s Common Birds census.
Protection
None other than the general provisions afforded under section 1(1) of the Wildlife and
Countryside Act 1981 which protects birds, their nests and eggs.
Current factors causing loss or decline
• Intensive farming practices including the use of pesticides and herbicides, the clearing
of hedgerows and scrub at field margins, a reduction in the areas of uncultivated field
margin, a decrease in the number of stubble fields left fallow in the winter months,
and a shift towards earlier harvest dates
• Possible disturbance by recreational activities
Current action
• Some farmland in the Vale is already being managed sympathetically through the Tir
Gofal agri-environment scheme
• Some land in the Vale is already being farmed organically
• The majority of the Vale coastline along which the grey partridge is known to be
breeding is designated SSSI. One of the coastal SSSIs is also a candidate SAC, and
the remainder of the coastline is candidate SINC
• Grey partridge records are collated along the Glamorgan Heritage Coast by the GHC
Project
• Part of the WTSWW nature reserve at Cwm Colhuw is to be allowed to revert to scub
to provide cover for farmland birds such as the grey partridge
Action plan objectives and targets
• Protect existing grey partridge populations in the Vale
• Expand Vale grey partridge populations by 2010
Proposed specific action
Site and species protection
• Confirm SINC status on sites where the grey partridge breeds
Management
• Encourage landowners to employ sympathetic farming practices to maintain and reestablish suitable feeding and breeding habitat, such as minimising the use of
pesticides and herbicides, maintaining hedgerows and areas of scrub at field margins,
increasing the number of stubble fields left fallow in the winter months and reversing
the shift towards earlier harvest dates
• Promote sympathetic farming practices through agri-environment schemes such as Tir
Gofal or organic farming
• Maintain the scrub habitat of the uncultivated coastal fringe and headlands along the
Glamorgan Heritage coast
Advice and Information
• Inform landowners of the decline of the grey partridge and the need to
conserve/expand Vale populations, and advise on sympathetic farming practices
• Raise public awareness of the conservation importance of the grey partridge and its
habitat requirements
Monitoring and research
• Continue to collate records along the Glamorgan Heritage Coast and input into a GIS
database
Lead agencies
GBC
Potential partners
VoG; GHC; BTO; RSPB; WTSWW; landowners; CLA; NFU; FUW; FWAG
References
Hurford, C. and Lansdown, P.G. 1995 Birds of Glamorgan. NMW
RSPB leaflet: The loss of farmland birds
NIGHTJAR (CAPRIMULGUS EUROPAEUS)
SPECIES ACTION PLAN
Current Status
Description
The nightjar is a summer migrant which visits the UK between the months of April and
September to breed. It is a nocturnal bird and rarely seen, but is unmistakable due to its
unusual “churring” song. Its traditional habitat in the UK is heathland, open woodland,
commons and coastal dunes, but today it breeds mostly in recently cleared conifer
plantations, where it nests on bare ground.
Distribution and trends
The nightjar used to be common bird throughout mainland UK but in the 1920s and
1930s a general, UK wide decline began which continued until the early 1980s. The
decline has been attributed to a number of factors including climatic change, in particular
the incidence of cold wet springs, habitat loss, (for example due to changes in woodland
practice), and increased recreational pressure on commons and dunes. In 1981, at the
time that UK nightjar numbers were at their lowest ebb, a survey by the British Trust for
Ornithology reported a mere 57 singing males in Wales, 26 of which were in
Monmouthshire. However a UK wide recovery began in the 1980s, and in Wales new
pairs were discovered in recently felled areas of conifer plantations, which provide ideal
breeding habitat for this species. The Welsh nightjar population is still increasing, due to
the cycle of felling and replanting now established in Welsh forests which ensures the
continued creation of suitable, clear fell areas. In Glamorgan, the main stronghold is now
the Gwynno forest and Llanwonno in Rhonnda Cynon Taf, where there are thought to be
eleven pairs. Young conifer plantation is now the habitat most often used by nightjars in
Wales.
In recent years, two pairs had been breeding regularly in Hensol Forest conifer plantation
in the Vale of Glamorgan. They were last recorded at Hensol Forest in the summer of
1999, but have not been reliably recorded there since, possibly due to unfavourably wet
and cool spring / summer weather conditions and the lack of suitable felled habitat.
Data
Glamorgan Bird Club records
Protection
The nightjar is protected by European law under Annex I of the EC Birds Directive, as
well as Appendix II of the Bern Convention.
Current factors causing loss or decline
• Climatic factors, i.e. wet and cool spring / summer weather conditions
•
Lack of suitable conifer plantation management resulting in loss of open areas (young
plantation or clear fell suitable) suitable for nightjars
Current action
• The current breeding site in the Vale, Hensol Forest, is owned and is currently being
managed by the Forestry Commission. The current felling plan includes no clear fell
until 2014, although management of several previously felled areas which have not
been re-stocked is being considered by Forest Enterprise as a means of ensuring
suitably open habitat for the nightjar in the meantime
• Areas of Hensol Forest to be replanted are surveyed for nightjar presence by Forestry
Commission rangers before replanting, to avoid disturbance of nesting birds
• Glamorgan Bird Club annually monitors the breeding nightjar population at Hensol
Forest
Action plan objectives and targets
• Protect the current Vale population
• Expand populations in the Vale by 2010
Proposed specific action
Site and species protection
• Continue to survey for nightjar presence at Hensol before replanting to prevent
disturbance of nesting birds
• Consider designating area(s) of Hensol Forest regularly used by breeding nightjars as
SINC
Management
• Encourage Forest Enterprise to manage previously felled areas at Hensol which have
not been re-stocked in a way which ensures suitably open habitat for the nightjar until
the next clear fell in 2014
Advice and Information
• Raise public awareness of the conservation importance of the nightjar and encourage
the general public to report sightings
• In the event of the arrival of new nightjar breeding populations in the Vale, inform
landowners of their conservation importance and advise on appropriate land
management
Monitoring and research
• Continue to monitor the breeding nightjar population at Hensol Forest annually
• A national nightjar survey is planned for 2002 by the British Trust for Ornithology
which will include the Vale of Glamorgan
• Collate all Vale nightjar records and input into a GIS-type database
Lead agencies
GBC
Potential partners
VoG; CCW; FC; Forest Enterprise; BTO; RSPB; WTSWW
References
Hurford, C. and Lansdown, P. 1995 Birds of Glamorgan. Published by Hurford and
Lansdown, c/o National Museum of Wales, Cardiff.
Lovegrove, R; Williams, G. and Williams, I. 1994 Birds in Wales. T & A.D. Poyser,
London
Mead, C. 2000 The state of the nations birds. Whittet Books Ltd. Suffolk
Lovegrove, R; Williams, G. and Williams, I. 1994 Birds in Wales. T & AD Poyser,
London
Mead, C. 2000 The state of the nations birds. Whittet Books Ltd. Suffolk
AMPHIBIANS
Species Action Plan
Great crested newt
Page
3
GREAT CRESTED NEWT (TRITURUS CRISTATUS)
SPECIES ACTION PLAN
Current status
Description
The great crested newt is the largest of the three native newt species which occur in the
UK, and is distinguishable by its black and often warty skin, speckled with tiny white
dots. Males are particularly distinctive in spring, when they develop a high crest along
their back with a serrated edge, and silvery blue streaks along their tail. great crested
newts spend time both on land and in water, and feed on small water creatures such as
water fleas and shrimps, as well as various small land invertebrates. Water is an essential
requirement for breeding, and sexually mature adults always return to their birth pond to
breed. Eggs are laid on underwater plant leaves near the waters edge between February
and early August. Tadpoles hatch from eggs four weeks later, taking about three months
to develop into young newts which are sufficiently mature to leave the water. great
crested newts go into hibernation in winter in October / November, usually on land, reemerging again in the spring.
Distribution and trends
The UK is a stronghold for great crested newt populations world-wide. Although, still
quite widespread in the UK, great crested newt numbers have declined considerably over
the last 50 years, mainly as a result of loss of suitable breeding ponds, particularly as a
result of agricultural changes involving drainage, infilling and chemical pollution. In
Wales, the great crested newt is found from Clwyd to Glamorgan. Although most
frequent in Wales in the ponds of eastern Clwyd, many ponds are thought to be breeding
sites within the Vale of Glamorgan. WTSWW records include 19 sites, mainly in the
southern part of the Vale, including Rhoose, Castle upon Alun valley, Dyffryn Gardens
and Amelia Trust Farm.
Data
There is very little information on the great crested newt in the Vale of Glamorgan.
Occasional records are held by WTSWW and GHC. An unpublished survey undertaken
by CCW in 1994 included small water bodies in the far western area of the Vale. Other
surveys have been undertaken in connection with development proposals, including a
survey in summer 2001 at Dyffryn Gardens, prior to restoration work.
Protection
Great crested newts are protected by European law under Annexes II and IV of the EC
Habitats Directive, as well as Appendix II of the Bern Convention. They are also
protected under Schedule 2 of the Conservation Regulations, 1994, (regulation 38) and
schedule 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981.
Current factors causing loss or decline
• Infilling of ponds and drainage of wetlands, in particular for agricultural
improvements
• Destruction of ponds through site development
• Choking of ponds by dense vegetation
• Pollution of pond waters by toxic chemicals
• Predation/competition from introduced species such as the South African Clawed toad
Current action
• Glamorgan is one of three pilot areas chosen for a survey of great crested newts in
2002. This survey, co-ordinated by Froglife, will be used to design a national
monitoring programme for the great crested newt. Training has been provided for
volunteer newt surveyors, including Glamorgan Heritage Coast staff
• Special arrangements to protect newt habitat, including bunds, refuge areas and
special newt tunnels have been provided at Dyffryn Gardens as part of the garden
restoration project. Additional ponds, hibernacula, tunnels and fenced areas are
proposed for 2002/3
• WTSWW are collating records for Glamorgan
Action plan objectives and targets
• Protect all existing populations in the Vale of Glamorgan
• Expand populations in the Vale of Glamorgan by 2010
Proposed specific action
Site and species protection
• Consider designating areas which include current breeding pond sites as SINCs
• Protect existing breeding pond and wetland sites from destruction, degradation and
pollution by control of potentially damaging operations through the development
control process in the implementation of Unitary Development Plan policies relating
to species protection
• Ensure that surveys are undertaken in respect of development proposals affecting
ponds and/or wetlands where great crested newts could be present
Management
• Manage existing pond sites to maintain suitable conditions for breeding
• Manage/restore other pond sites to create additional suitable breeding sites with the
aim of increasing the numbers of breeding populations
• Encourage construction of new ponds/wetland areas as potential breeding sites,
especially on community and school land
Advice and Information
• Advise landowners of the existence and importance of great crested newts on their
land and encourage and advise on appropriate pond management
• Raise public awareness of the existence of great crested newts in the Vale and their
conservation importance, with the aim of detecting new populations through the eyes
of the public and preventing the unknowing destruction of existing sites
Monitoring and research
• Identify current breeding sites and input data into GIS type system
• Monitor breeding populations
• Monitor other Vale ponds which may be potentially suitable breeding sites
Lead agencies
VoG/CCW
Potential partners
GHC; WTSWW; Froglife; EAW; FWAG; landowners
References
CCW 1994 Great crested newts - the facts. Species leaflet, published by CCW
Great crested newt survey, CCW, 1994
CCW, Action for Wildlife, Biodiversity Action Plans - The challenge in Wales, published
by CCW
BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS
Species Action Plan
Marsh fritillary butterfly
High brown fritillary butterfly
Chalk carpet moth
Page
3
7
11
MARSH FRITILLARY (EURODRYAS AURINIA)
SPECIES ACTION PLAN
Current status
Description
The marsh fritillary is a butterfly mostly of wet grassland and heathland in England and
Wales. Adults are on the wing in late May and June and eggs are laid on leaves of the
blue flowered herb, the devil’s bit scabious (Succisa pratensis). The caterpillars feed in
groups on the scabious leaves within characteristic webs, and hibernate in groups in
winter within such webs, at the base of grass tussocks. The caterpillars emerge in
February or late March and complete their development alone, pupating in April - early
May and emerging as adults 2-3 weeks later. It is very much a butterfly dependant on
traditional agricultural practice: to remain suitable for the species, the habitat needs light,
extensive grazing by cattle or ponies to maintain average sward heights in the range of
10cms to 25cms. This species requires a network of sites for its survival, including those
which are in suitable condition but from which it is temporarily absent.
Distribution and trends
The UK is a stronghold for the marsh fritillary in Europe, where it has a largely western
maritime influenced distribution. However, UK populations have declined severely in
recent years due to changes in grazing practice, agricultural improvement measures such
as land drainage and the use of fertilisers, and fragmentation of existing habitat. In
Wales, a decline of approximately 65% is estimated to have taken place during the 20th
century. However, South Wales currently supports a large proportion of the remaining
British populations, where this species is restricted to specific damp grassland habitats,
consisting of mixtures of rushes, marshy grassland and wet heathland plant. The marsh
fritillary survives in “metapopulations” where a network of spatially close breeding sites
is responsible for the survival of a single colony. Three sites for this species are currently
known within the Vale of Glamorgan, in the Cowbridge and Pontyclun areas. The Ely
and upper Thaw valleys and low-lying natural grasslands in between, are very much the
key landscape areas for the species and its habitat in the Vale.
Data
Records are held by CCW, WTSWW and Butterfly Conservation (‘Butterflies for the
New Millennium Project (1995-1999)’, and the local recorder.
Protection
The marsh fritillary is protected by European law under Annex II of the EC Habitats
Directive, as well as Appendix II of the Bern Convention. This places an obligation to
maintain this species ‘at a favourable conservation status’. It is also protected under
schedule 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981.
Current factors causing loss or decline
• Loss of habitat due to land drainage, use of fertilizers, ploughing and reseeding,
inappropriate woodland planting, urban or industrial development
• Deterioration of remaining natural habitat due to under or overgrazing, pollution,
scrub encroachment etc,
• Fragmentation of habitat
Current action
• The Marsh Fritillary Action Group for Wales was initiated in 2000, providing a forum
involving all relevant organisations in Wales, for continued review of the status of this
species in Wales and the actions required to safeguard its future.
• A pilot study involving monitoring of metapopulations in Glamorgan and evaluation
of habitat quality at these sites is being carried out by CCW’s marsh fritillary Project
Officer
• CCW/BC have jointly produced an information leaflet for landowners
• A survey of habitat suitability in Rhondda Cynon Taf and up to 3kms into the Vale is
nearing completion
• Action plan objectives and targets
• Protect all existing Vale populations,
• Expand Vale populations by 2010
Proposed specific action
Site and species protection
• Protect existing marsh fritillary populations and potential marsh fritillary habitat
through the development control process in the implementation of Unitary
Development Plan policies for species protection
• Consider designating the three known Vale sites as SINCs,
• Assess habitat quality at previous known sites and other potentially suitable wet
grassland sites and designate, as SINCs, where appropriate
Management
• Encourage management of marsh fritillary sites and potentially suitable habitat
through take up of agri-environment schemes such as Tir Gofal
• Encourage other landowners to manage potentially suitable marsh fritillary habitat in a
way that is sympathetic to the needs of the marsh fritillary by delivery of appropriate
advice
Advice and Information
• Inform landowners in the Vale of the presence of marsh fritillaries, their conservation
importance and management requirements
• Publicise the plight of the marsh fritillary and its conservation needs
• Through the Coed Cymru Woodland Officer, ensure that tree planting on suitable
marsh fritillary habitat is discouraged
Monitoring and research
• Continue the monitoring of metapopulations in Glamorgan and evaluation of habitat
quality
• Direct monitoring effort towards “core” populations
• Identify population attributes for “core” sites through analysis of data sets
• Collate survey annually through BC and CCW
Lead agencies
BC
Potential partners
VoG; GHC; CCW, WTSWW; estate/landowners; FWAG
References
Barnett, L.K. and Warren, M.S. 1995 Species Action Plan, marsh fritillary, Eurodryas
aurinia. Butterfly Conservation, Dorset.
CCW 1996 Butterflies in Wales, published by CCW
CCW, Action for Wildlife, Biodiversity Action Plans - The challenge in Wales
CCW The Marsh Fritillary – a guide to managing damp grasslands
Marsh fritillary Action Group for Wales 2000, Proceedings of the Inaugural Meeting of
17/10/00
HIGH BROWN FRITILLARY (ARGYNNIS ADIPPE)
SPECIES ACTION PLAN
Current status
Description
The high brown fritillary is a butterfly of bracken covered hillsides and woodland glades
in England and bracken covered hillsides Wales Adult butterflies fly between June and
early August and eggs are laid on the ground in open, warm situations amongst bracken
close to where violets are growing. Eggs hatch in March and the emerging caterpillars
feed on the leaves of violets. By June they are fully developed, and pupate amongst leaf
litter Adult butterflies emerge from mid-June onwards.
Distribution and trends
The high brown fritillary was, until recently, a common butterfly over much of southern
England and parts of Wales, but populations have declined dramatically since the 1950s.
In Wales, the decline has been attributed to changes in agricultural practices, in particular
agricultural improvement and a shift from cattle rearing to intensive sheep farming. Only
a few sites now remain in Wales, four of which are within the Vale of Glamorgan, in the
Ogmore / St Brides Major and Ruthin areas. The Vale sites have experienced declining
populations in the period 1996-2000, despite practical management work to improve the
habitat.
Data
Butterfly Conservation,Countryside Council for Wales and Glamorgan Heritage Coast
project maintain monitoring records for the Vale sites.
BC has collated local records of butterfly species and undertakes surveys through its local
volunteers.
Protection
The high brown fritillary is protected under schedule 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside
Act 1981.
Current factors causing loss or decline
• Encroachment of sites by scrub, possibly exacerbated by the recent increased use of
softer-mouthed grazing stock breeds
• Loss of grazing on some commons and discontinuance of bracken cutting
• Possible adverse weather conditions affecting breeding, particularly a recent run of
warm, damp winter and spring seasons, followed by wetter summers
• The threat of nutrient enrichment of sites as a result of land use by livestock leading to
changes in the ground flora
Current action
• Some of the sites are already within SSSI/candidate SINC boundaries
• Some sites are subject to Management Agreements between landowners/managers and
CCW
• Habitat improvement work such as the removal of scrub has been undertaken by the
GHC and BC volunteers
• Populations are being monitored by recording along transects
• Butterfly Conservation undertakes survey work through its volunteers and provides
information and educational material on this and other butterfly species, including its
‘Bracken for Butterflies’ leaflet
• BC arranges training in the monitoring of the condition of suitable habitat
Action plan objectives and targets
• Protect all existing Vale populations
• Expand populations in the Vale by 2010
Proposed specific action
Site and species protection
• Protect existing high brown fritillary populations and suitable habitat from potentially
damaging operations through the development control process in the implementation
of Unitary Development Plan Policies to protect important species
• Confirm SINC status on recent and potentially suitable high brown fritillary sites and
consider designating sites not currently within SSSI / candidate SINC boundaries as
SINCs
Management
• Continue to encourage landowners to manage existing and potential high brown
fritillary habitat by removal of scrub, the retention of light bracken cover and the
rotation of stock feeding areas,
• Promote agri-environment schemes such as Tir Gofal to increase optimal
management of existing and potential high brown fritillary habitat
Advice and Information
• Inform landowners of the existence of the high brown fritillary in the Vale, its
conservation importance and management requirements
• Raise public awareness of the importance of High brown fritillaries and their habitat in
the Vale
Monitoring and research
• Continue butterfly transects
• Monitor success of site management measures
• Promote habitat surveys of bracken areas to identify potential habitat and assess their
condition and management issues
Lead agencies
BC
Potential partners
VoG; CCW; Estates/landowners; Commoners Associations; GHC; WTSWW; FWAG
References
CCW (1996) Butterflies in Wales
CCW, Action for Wildlife, Biodiversity Action Plans - The challenge in Wales
Butterfly Conservation publications
CHALK CARPET MOTH
(SCOTOPTERYX BIPUNCTARIA)
SPECIES ACTION PLAN
Current Status
Description
The chalk carpet moth occurs on both chalk downland and limestone grasslands
throughout central and southern Europe. It prefers short-grazed areas that have bare
ground, particularly exposed rock, such as quarries, cliffs, embankments or areas
overgrazed by rabbits or stock. It is a single-brooded species with larvae occurring from
late August until the following June, overwintering when quite small, probably low down
on the food plants. The larvae feed at night on birds-foot trefoil, Lotus corniculatus, and
other legumes such as black meddick, Medicago lupulina, horse shoe vetch, Hippocrepis
comosa, red clover, Trifolium pratense and white clover T. repens. The pupa is formed
in a cocoon on the ground. The adults are then on the wing from early July until early
September. Although the species is nocturnal, it is readily disturbed from vegetation
during the day during July and August
Distribution and trends
The chalk carpet moth occurs predominantly on chalk or limestone sites in southern
England and Wales, Derbyshire, Yorkshire and Durham. It is local in the Midlands and
Wales. It has only been recorded nine times in Glamorgan since 1893, with six of these
records being in the Vale of Glamorgan. The most recent of these sightings (1997-9)
have been at Dunraven and Old Castle Down, near Ogmore, with between two and five
moths recorded. The species is generally considered to have declined on downland, so
the recent recordings in the western Vale are encouraging. It is thought that the species is
under-recorded in the Vale and that it could occur on the coastal cliffs between Llantwit
Major and the Ogmore Estuary, on Ogmore Down and other sites on Old Castle Down.
Data
Glamorgan Moth Recording Group (GMRC)
Protection
In Great Britain the chalk carpet moth is classified as Nationally Scarce.
Current factors causing loss or decline
• Loss of appropriate habitat through undergrazing of calcareous grasslands, resulting
in rank vegetation
• Possible agricultural improvement of or loss of unimproved calcareous grasslands to
other uses and fragmentation of remaining habitat
• Possible extension of quarrying
Current action
• Most existing or potential chalk carpet moth habitats are already designated as SSSIs
or candidate SINCs
• Some farmland is being restored to heathland with the benefit of Tir Gofal grants
• Limestone grassland management is undertaken on WTSWW reserves
• Glamorgan Moth Recording Group monitors the species throughout Glamorgan
• Glamorgan Heritage Coast project undertakes monitoring within the Vale and also
holds moth trapping and identification events for the public
Action Plan objectives and targets
• Protect all existing Vale populations
Proposed specific action
Site and species protection
• Confirm SINC status on recent and potentially suitable chalk carpet moth sites
• Protect known chalk carpet moth sites and suitable habitat from potentially damaging
operations through the development control process in the implementation of Unitary
Development Plan policies to protect important species
Management
• Encourage appropriate grazing management, particularly in areas of under-grazing
• Promote the take-up of agri-environment schemes such as Tir Gofal to restore and/or
appropriately manage limestone grassland and heath as suitable habitat for this
species
Advice and information
• Inform landowners of the existence of known or potential chalk carpet moth habitat
• Raise public awareness of the importance of this species in the Vale through media
coverage and events such as moth trapping and identification
Monitoring and research
• Identify limestone grassland and heath habitats through the CCW Phase 1 and 2
surveys and evaluate their potential for chalk carpet moth habitat
• Continue to monitor the species at existing sites and undertake monitoring at other
potential habitats
Lead Agency
GMRG/GHC
Potential partners
VoG, CCW, WTSWW, FWAG, Commoners associations, landowners
References
CCW Phase 1 and 2 Vegetation Surveys, 1995-6
LICHENS
Species Action Plan
Staurothele
Page
3
STAUROTHELE GUESTPHALICA & STAUROTHELE RUFA
SPECIES ACTION PLAN
Current Status
Description
Both Staurothele guestphalica and Staurothele rufa are crustose lichens of limestone rock
with perithecial type fruiting bodies. In Staurothele guestphalica the main body of the
lichen, the “thallus”, is immersed in the rock substrate and may appear pale to medium
grey or indistinct. The fruiting bodies are 400-700µm in diameter, black, circular and
half-sunken in the rock substrate in shallow pits. The thallus of Staurothele rufa may
appear pale or dark grey, or may be immersed in the rock and indistinct. Fruiting bodies
are 400 – 500 µm in diameter, black, circular and raised, like small domes These species
are only distinguishable from other superficially similar species using microscopic
characters.
Distribution and trends
Few records exist for Staurothele guestphalica in the UK. It is recorded from the
Yorkshire Dales, Western Scotland, South Wales and Ireland, and is thought to be
generally overlooked. In the Vale of Glamorgan it has been recorded at two sites: on a
liassic limestone pebble on a storm beach at West Aberthaw, and on low rocks and stones
on the floor of a disused quarry between Rhoose and Porthkerry. Staurothele rufa has
only been recorded from one site in the UK, in 1964, in a liassic limestone quarry near
Porthkerry, in the Vale of Glamorgan. Three potential quarry sites between Rhoose and
Porthkerry were surveyed by A. Orange, NMGW, in 1997 in an attempt to re-discover
this species. Although S. rufa was not refound, two of these quarries were found to offer
potentially suitable rock substrate for this species, indicating that, although undetected, S.
rufa may still be present. (One of the two potential S. rufa quarry sites is also the site of
the S. guestphalica quarry record).
Data
A. Orange (NMGW) and NMGW Herbarium records
Protection
S. guestphalica and Staurothele rufa have no legal protection other than that afforded by
section 13b of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (prohibiting uprooting of wild
plants). However, both S. guestphalica and Staurothele rufa are Red listed species
(Woods and Orange 1999). (S. guestphalica is listed as Data Deficient and S. rufa as
Endangered).
Current factors causing loss or decline
• Loss of open calcareous rock habitat, for example due to scrub invasion
• Atmospheric pollution
• Use of herbicides or other agrochemicals
•
Direct disturbance or alteration of the habitat, including flooding, as a result of land
development schemes or other factors
Current action
• The quarry site of S. guestphalica and the two potential quarry sites for S. rufa are
already within a candidate SINC
• The quarry site for S. guestphalica, which is also the most likely site for the only
British record of S. rufa, forms part of a major new housing development. A drainage
pipe discharges into the quarry, but, in view of the presence of this rare species, the
developers agreed to construct a ditch in the quarry floor to channel waters onto the
foreshore and prevent flooding of the quarry floor and possible damage to the species.
Action plan objectives and targets
• Protect the current Vale populations
Proposed specific action
Site and species protection
• Confirm SINC status on the two quarry sites
• Protect known and potential Vale sites from potentially damaging development
projects through the planning process
Management
• No specific management measures are required besides preventative measures, where
necessary, to prevent invasion of the open habitat by dense vegetation
Advice and Information
• Inform prospective developers of the occurrence of these species and, through the
planning process, implement measures to prevent potentially damaging activities
Monitoring and research
• Re-survey the two potential S. rufa quarry sites to attempt to re-record it
• Monitor known Vale population(s) of S. guestphalica
• Survey other potentially suitable sites in the Vale to confirm the current status of S.
guestphalica and S. rufa
• Monitor trends in atmospheric pollution levels and ensure that critical levels are not
exceeded
Lead agencies
VoG
Potential partners
NMGW; CCW: Site developers; WTSWW
References
Woods, R.G. and Orange, A. 1999 A Census catalogue of Welsh lichens. Unpublished
Gilbert, O.L. 2000 1617 Staurothele guestphalica (Lahm ex. Korber) Arnold. In: Lichen
Atlas of the British Isles (ed. M.R. Seaward). British Lichen Society, London.
VASCULAR PLANTS
Species Action Plan
Shore dock
Maidenhair fern
Page
3
5
SHORE DOCK (RUMEX RUPESTRIS)
SPECIES ACTION PLAN
Current Status
Description
The shore dock is our rarest species of dock and is restricted to a narrow range of habitats
including strandlines, sand dune slacks, shingle ridges and wet cliff faces.
Distribution and trends
The shore dock is both nationally and globally rare, with a distribution limited to the
Atlantic seaboard of Europe Although once recorded from many localities between
northern Spain and north Wales, this species has been lost from most of its coastal sites
and is now rare and protected in the UK and in Europe The reason for its decline is
unclear but it is thought to be due to increasing vulnerability of its habitats Only two
sites are known for shore dock in Wales, one of which occurs in the Vale of Glamorgan
on a wet cliff site along the Glamorgan Heritage coast.
Data
Glamorgan Heritage Coast Project monitoring records. Cliff profiling along part of the
coastline is undertaken on behalf of aggregate dredging companies in accordance with
licence conditions.
Protection
Shore dock is protected by European law under Annexes II and IV of the EC Habitats
Directive, as well as Appendix I of the Bern Convention It is also protected under
schedule 8 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981.
Current factors causing loss or decline
• The main threat to the Vale population is erosion of the sea cliff habitat, whether by
natural processes or human activity
Current action
• The current site is already designated as an SSSI and is a candidate SAC
• The population is being monitored by the Glamorgan Heritage Coast Project
Action plan objectives and targets
• Protect existing Vale population
• Expand Vale population by 2010
Proposed specific action
Site and species protection
• Enforce the existing legal protections against any potentially damaging operations
which could disturb the cliff face habitat (e.g. coastal defence work), increase the
incidence of coastal erosion/rock falls, or change or pollute the water source of this
wet cliff site
Management
• Where feasible, institute visitor management measures to prevent potentially
damaging recreational activities such as climbing
Advice and Information
• Inform the general public, in particular climbers, of the general existence of rare and
protected plants growing on cliff faces along the Glamorgan Heritage Coast (whilst
protecting knowledge of site locations) and the problems of erosion caused by
recreational activity such as climbing, to minimise the threat of disturbance
Monitoring and research
• Continue to monitor the Vale population and the condition of the cliff face habitat on
which it grows
• Survey other appropriate cliff habitats for possible additional shore dock sites
• Input information to a GIS type data
Lead agencies
CCW/GHC
Potential partners
VoG; WTSWW; landowners
References
Glamorgan Heritage Coast Project records
THE MAIDENHAIR FERN
(ADIANTUM CAPILLUS-VENERIS)
SPECIES ACTION PLAN
Current Status
Description
The maidenhair fern is a plant of moist, limestone rock in the UK, usually
occurring at flush cliff sites on western coasts where a constant water supply is
maintained through natural seepage through the bed rock The delicate growth
form of the “leafy” life stage of this fern in well known due to a long history of
cultivation, with leaves, or fronds, consisting of many individual, fan shaped
leaflets Reproduction is via spores which are produced on the tips of the leaflets
and released in the late summer/early autumn These germinate to produce the
second life stage in the fern life cycle, the gametophyte, a tiny, rarely seen plant,
less than 1cm across. Reproduction and fertilisation takes place on the
gametophyte life stage to produce a new “leafy” fern plant The “leafy” life stage
of this species also has the ability to spread vegetatively by creeping roots, or
rhizomes, which may form extensive networks under the surface of the substrate.
Distribution and trends
Maidenhair fern has a restricted and localised distribution in the UK, where it
grows on the northern edge of its global range. Natural populations are confined
to a limited number of scattered localities on western and south-western coasts.
These are known to have suffered from extensive collection by fern horticulturists
during Victorian and Edwardian times, but are now stable This species has also
naturalised on man-made substrates such as walls and railway bridges in a
number of scattered localities around the UK.
Wales is a stronghold for UK natural populations and the majority occur on
liassic limestone sea cliffs in the Vale of Glamorgan, scattered along a seventeen
mile stretch of the Glamorgan coast, from Barry Island westwards. These appear
to be maintaining themselves naturally in the absence of any human interference.
A recent study of the population genetics of this species in the UK has shown
three of these populations to be of great conservation importance, nationally, as
they are the only UK populations which have genetic variation within a
population.
Data
A PhD thesis was completed in 2001 which has generated data on the Glamorgan
populations, including data on the genetics of populations, reproductive biology,
and temperature requirements / tolerances. There are plans to apply for funds to
continue the population genetic studies on Glamorgan populations at Cardiff
University.
A detailed inventory, mapping all sites along the Glamorgan coast, was
undertaken in 1996, updating an earlier survey of 1981. A copy is held at the
National Museum of Wales.
Protection
None other than protection afforded by section 13b of the Wildlife and
Countryside Act 1981 (prohibiting uprooting of wild plants).
Current factors causing loss or decline
• Plants are lost intermittently due to erosion of the liassic limestone substrate
coastal defences
• Increased incidence of erosion or rock falls as a result of human activity or
natural processes
• Changes in the hydrology affecting water flow through the aquifers emerging
at these flush sites
• Pollution of the aquifers serving these flush sites
Current action
• Monitoring of the general condition of the cliffs within the Glamorgan
Heritage Coast boundary is being undertaken by the Glamorgan Heritage
Coast Project
• Monitoring, including cliff profiling, of part of the Glamorgan Heritage
coastline is being carried out in accordance with licences for offshore
aggregate dredging
• The stretch of coast along which the populations occur is in part designated as
SSSI and candidate SAC The remainder of this stretch of coast is candidate
SINC
Action plan objectives and targets
• Protect all important populations of the species, in particular the populations
recently found to contain genetic diversity
Proposed specific action
Site and species protection
• Protect existing maidenhair fern populations through the developoment
control process in relation to potentially damaging operations resulting from
development , especially in relation to coastal defence work
•
•
Ensure populations within SSSIs are not affected by potentially damaging
operations, including erosion, changes to the hydrology, or pollution
Confirm SINC status on sites
Management
• No specific management measures are required Where feasible, institute
visitor management measures to prevent potentially damaging recreational
activities such as climbing.
Advice and Information
• Where appropriate, advise landowners of the existence of maidenhair fern
populations and the need to avoid potentially damaging operations
Monitoring and research
• Continue monitoring the general condition of the cliffs
Lead agencies
VoG
Potential partners
GHC; CCW; WTSWW; landowners, Cardiff University
References
Pryor, K.V., Young, J.E., Rumsey, F.J., Edwards, K.J., Bruford, M.W. and
Rogers, H.J. (2001): Diversity, genetic structure and evidence of out crossing in
British populations of the rock fern Adiantum capillus-veneris using
microsatellites. Molecular Ecology 10, p.p. 1881-1894
Pryor, K.V. Population genetics, reproductive biology and ecology of Adiantum
capillus-veneris, The Maidenhair Fern, in the UK and Ireland., University of
Cardiff, 2001.