Download Chapters 18-21

BIOL 242 Objectives
Chaps 18, 19, 20, 21
Chapters 18, 19 – Cardiovascular System: Heart and Vessels
1. Describe the characteristics of cardiac muscle. How does it compare to skeletal muscle?
Know the structure and function of the intercalated discs.
2. Know the layers of the heart wall and the composition of the pericardium.
3. Describe the structure and function of each part of the heart including: the right and left
atria, right and left ventricles, semilunar valves, tricuspid and bicuspid valves, chordae
tendinae, papillary muscles, pulmonary arteries and veins, inferior and superior vena cava
and aorta.
4. Trace the pathway of blood through the heart listing all structures and vessels by name.
5. Describe the structural differences between the left and right ventricles.
6. Describe how the heart sounds are produced.
7. Describe the components of the heart's conduction system and how the system functions.
Explain how the electrocardiogram corresponds to the heart's electrical and muscular
events.
8. Understand the steps involved in an action potential of a cardiac muscle cell. How does it
compare to a skeletal muscle cell? What is a pacemaker potential and how is it generated?
9. Understand the events of the heartbeat and the cardiac cycle. What happens to the phases
when the heart rate increases?
10. Know the definition of the following terms: cardiac output, SV, EDV, and ESV, stroke
volume, ejection fraction.
11. Know the formula to calculate the cardiac output. Understand the cardiodynamic factors
that influence the heart rate and stroke volume.
12. Describe the structural and functional differences between arteries (elastic and muscular),
capillaries and veins.
13. Describe the distribution of blood in the arteries, capillaries and veins.
14. Explain the role of hydrostatic pressure, colloidal osmotic pressure in generating the net
filtration pressure. Know how changes to the factors in the capillary exchange equation
affect the balance between filtration and reabsorption.
15. Explain how blood pressure is controlled including the autoregulatory, nervous, and
hormonal regulation systems. Explain how cardiac output and peripheral resistance are
related in regulating blood pressure.
16. Know the arteries and veins on the lab practical study guide
BIOL 242 Objectives
Chaps 18, 19, 20, 21
Chapters 20, 21 – Lymphatic and Immune Systems
1. Know the general function of the lymphatic system and the components that make up
the system (cells, organs, tissues, vessels, etc.)
2. Explain how the lymphatic vessels are similar to the blood vessels (veins). Know how
the lymph capillaries compare to the blood capillaries. Know where lymphatic fluid
originates, where it ends up in the body, and the functions of the thoracic duct and
right lymphatic duct.
3. Know the different types of lymphocytes, where they originate, and where they
mature in the body. Know specific functions for these cells.
4. Know the difference between a lymph node and lymph nodule and examples of each.
Know the areas of a lymph node including the following: capsule, cortex, medulla,
deep cortex, medullary sinus, afferent vessel, and efferent vessel.
5. Know the general functions of the spleen and thymus and their role in the lymphatic
system and immune system.
6. Understand the difference between non-specific and specific immune responses and
the general functions of each. Be able to discuss how each of these non-specific
defenses works in the immune response: physical barriers, phagocytes, natural killer
cells, interferons, complement, inflammation and fever.
7. Know which cells are capable of phagocytosis and know how the process of
phagocytosis works.
8. Know the two pathways for activation of complement. What key protein is
responsible for triggering the rest of the proteins? What key things happen once
complement is activated?
9. Understand the function of MHC markers in the immune response. Know which cells
carry MHC Class I and which cells carry MHC Class II.
10. Know how and why T cells go through selection in the thymus during their
maturation.
11. Know how the T cells work to generate an immune response. How are the helper T
cells activated? What is their role in the immune response? How are cytotoxic T cells
activated? What is their role in the immune response?
12. Know the role of B cells. How are they activated? What happens once they are
activated? Know the structure of an antibody and which part of the protein binds
antigen. Know the general characteristics of the five different classes of antibodies
and which appear during a first and second exposure to an antigen.
BIOL 242 Objectives
Chaps 18, 19, 20, 21
13. Know how the immune system (nonspecific and specific) responds to a bacterial
infection and a viral infection.
14. Understand the clonal selection theory.