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Framework and Institutional Models of Multi-level Governance on Climate Change
Location and
implementing
institution
Type of
initiative
Incentives for
local action
Programme(s)
Key actors
Monitoring and
assessment
Outcomes
Finland:
• National government (enabling)
• Regional and
local authorities
Hybrid
• European commitment
to the Kyoto protocol.
Information development
and exchange
• Motiva Oy.
• TEKES.
Sub-national actions
• AFLRA.
• ICLEI CCP.
i) Policy advocate
• Stakeholders.
• Public administration.
ii) Targeted audience
• Researchers.
• Businesses.
• Communities.
• Consumers.
Ministry of Employment
and Economy
• TEKES.
• Motiva Oy.
Municipalities
• AFLRA.
• Regional and municipal
action coherent with national objectives.
• Regional and municipal
GHG emissions reports.
• Regional and municipal
climate change action
plans.
Sweden:
Swedish Investment Support
Council
Hybrid
• Speeding up the transition of Sweden to an
ecologically sustainable
society.
• Helping to raise employment level.
National investment programme
• Local Investment Programme (LIP) (19962002).
• Climate Investment
Programmes (KLIMP)
(2003-2008).
i) Policy advocate
• National government.
ii) Targeted population
• Municipalities.
• Energy producers.
Swedish EPA
• The Agency reevaluates the grants according to reported mitigation performances.
• 3% reduction in GHG
annual national emissions.
Japan:
• National government (enabling)
• Regional and
local authorities
Hybrid
• National enabling legislation for local and regional governments.
• Inaction in GHG reduction policy making.
Among others
• Tokyo ETS.
• Kyoto Labelling System.
• Regional and municipal
emission targets.
• Saga feed-in tariffs.
i) Policy advocate
• National policy makers
• Local and regional
policy makers.
• Local and regional
public institutions.
ii) Targeted audience
• Businesses.
• Industries/factories.
• Energy producers.
• Consumers.
Local action plans
• Yearly or periodic sectoral reviews done by
monitoring group.
Tokyo ETS
• Monitoring and reporting every year.
Fifty-fifty programmes
• Municipalities and energy producers.
• National implementation
of eco-labelling programme building on Kyoto local experience.
• GHG emission reductions from regional and
municipal actions.
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Framework and Institutional Models of Multi-level Governance on Climate Change
Location and
implementing
institution
Type of
initiative
Incentives for
local action
United States:
Oregon; Portland:
• City of Portland
• State of Oregon
Locally or
regionally
led.
• Regional competitiveness and economic pole.
Brazil:
São Paulo:
City of São Paulo,
State of São Paulo,
international and
national private
sector
Hybrid/
Public Private Partnership
(PPP).
• Local air pollution
(transport emission reduction).
• National/regional economic benefits from international agreements.
Programme(s)
Key actors
Monitoring and
assessment
Outcomes
Green Building Program
• Technical assistance.
• Grants from residential
and commercial waste
tax.
Green Investment Fund
• Subsidy on exemplary
projects.
Building Code
i) Policy advocate
• Citizen advisory group.
• Municipal bureaus.
• City of Portland.
• State of Oregon.
ii) Targeted audience
• Technology suppliers
and certified green buildings providers.
• Waste managers.
• Consumers/buyers.
Green Investment Fund
• 5% of total fund used
by Portland Office of
Sustainable Development
to monitor programme.
Participation of Statelevel institutions
• Landfill emission reduction projects.
• Transport emission reduction.
• Development of a newmodel vehicle emission
standards.
• Solar Energy Law
(2007).
• São Paulo State Climate
Change bill (2009).
• São Paulo City Climate
Change Policy 14.933
(2009).
i) Policy advocate
• Local and state authorities (Municipal committee for climate change
and eco-economy, State
Forum for Climate
Change and Biodiversity).
• International CDM project partners (public/private).
• ICLEI.
ii) Targeted audience
• Energy consumers.
• Car and property owners.
Local emission inventory
• City of São Paulo.
GHG reduction under
CDM projects
• PPP monitoring.
• Economic benefits from
CDM reinvested in social
and climate policies.
• GHG emission reduction.
• State participation in
climate policy making.
• Oregon Housing and
Community Services.
• Creation of Oregon
BEST in 2007.
Motiva Oy: Finnish Government agency to promote efficient and sustainable use of energy and materials
TEKES: Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation
ALFRA: Association of Finnish Local and Regional Authorities
ICLEI CCP: International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives - Cities for Climate Protection
GHG: Greenhouse gas
EPA: Environment Protection Agency
ETS: Emissions Trading System
CDM: Clean Development Mechanism
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Framework and Institutional Models of Multi-level Governance on Climate Change
Source: OECD, Cities and Climate Change, Paris 2010, p. 215-216.
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