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The Struggle for Unity, Economic
Modernization and Upward International
Mobility: 1823 - 1964
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The heartland
(Southeast - 42% population, 60%GDP, 11% area)
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The south
(15% population, 17% GDP, 7%
area)
The center-west ( 8% population, 6% GDP, 25%
area)
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the north
(6% population, 3%
GDP, 40% area)
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the northeast
(29% population, 13%
GDP 18% area)
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Amerindians
Portuguese
African-Brazilians
Japanese
Other Europeans
◦ Spanish
◦ Germans
◦ Italians
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Portuguese Court taken by British fleet to Rio de
Janeiro
Centralization under Joao VI
End of the Napoleonic Wars
British aid Brazilian Independence
◦ Primacy of British Economic Influence
◦ Plantation Economy
 Coffee
 Cacao
 Sugar
◦ Issue of Slavery
◦ French Orientation of Royal Court
◦ Conspiracy of the Fazenderos
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Much of imperial
court transfers
loyalties and remains
in the national elite
Decentralization
The Coffee Economy
◦ Shift to São Paulo
◦ Reinvestment of profits from
coffee
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Dominant States
◦ São Paulo
◦ Minas Gerias
◦ Rio Grande do Sul
Manuel Deodoro da
Fonseca, 1st President of
Brazil (1889-91)
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The revolution of
1930
São Paulo revolt
(1932-37)
O Estado Novo
(1937-45)
◦ Populist
◦ Military support
at the beginning
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Brazilian army fights in the Italian Theatre
Initial performance discredits Vargas with the
armed forces s
Returning military overthrows Vargas
Beginning of alienation between United States
and the Brazilian left
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Constitution of 1946
◦ Modeled on U.S. constitution
◦ Structure so as not to threaten the large land owners of the
Northeast
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Political Parties
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UND
PSD
PTB
Regional - local parties
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Vargas: “The Last Hurrah”
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Vargas wins as candidate of PTB
◦ Military officer corps remains suspicious
◦ Efforts to advance social revolution
frightens the middle class
◦ Military exercises its “Mediating power”
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Reform governor of
São Paulo
First “UDN
candidate” to be
elected president
Resignation after
less than one year i
office
◦ Surprises the military
◦ Frustrates UDN
◦ Weakens the
democratic regime
◦ Temporary switch to
parliamentary system
◦ Goulart assumes full power
(1962)
◦ Efforts to create a pro-Vargas
majority
 Courting peasants in the
Northeast
 Strengthing labor-based
infrastructure of the PTB
 Courting the urban poor
 Anti-American nationalism
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Pressures for Military Intervention
◦ Conflictual social polarization
◦ Middle class fears of workers
◦ Attempt to divide the military along officer –
enlisted lines
◦ Role of the United States government
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Humberto Castelo
Branco assumes
power
Military demobilizes
potential opponents
◦ President Goulart flees
to Uruguay
◦ Key elected officials of
PTB removed from
office
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Demobilization
portrayed as
temporary