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Transcript
The History of Microbiology What is microbiology and how has this science come to be a specialized part of biology? •Microbiology as a Science • Organisms of study: bacteria, fungi, protozoans, algae, helminths, viruses •The Discovery of Cells • Anton Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke • The Cell Theory •Schleiden, Schwann and Virchow •The Debate over Spontaneous Generation • Francesco Redi and rotten meat (1668) • Lazarro Spallazani and chicken broth (1765) • Pasteur and swan-necked flasks (1861) • Tyndall and Sterility •The Golden Age of Microbiology (1857-1914) • Fermentation and Pasteurization • Germ Theory of Disease (Koch) • Vaccines (Edward Jenner) •Developments in the 20th Century •Salvarsan for syphilis, sulfa drugs •Antibiotics (penicillin in 1928 by Fleming) •Discovery of viruses •Molecular biology and DNA technology • Microbes in the Environment; Bioremediation •Sub-disciplines of microbiology The study of microbiology came into being with the discovery of cells and disproving spontaneous generation. Microorganisms in our lives Food and Chemical Production Decomposition & Spoilage Learning about life Disease Leading Causes of Death in 1998* United States 1. Heart disease 2. Stroke 3. Cancer 4. Resp. infections 5. Accidents 6. Diabetes 7. Suicide 8. Liver disease Africa 1. AIDS/HIV 2. Resp. infections 3. Diarrheal diseases 4. Perinatal conditions 5. Strokes 6. Heart disease 7. Accidents Southeast Asia 1. Heart disease 2. Resp. infections 3. Diarrheal diseases 4. Stroke 5. Perinatal conditions 6. Tuberculosis 7. AIDS/HIV *Infectious diseases caused by microbes are highlighted in red Three Domain System of Classification Bacteria Eucarya Soil bacteria Water bacteria Disease bacteria Photosynthetic bacteria “Extreme” bacteria that live in high salt, hot water, acid, or alkali (unusual “bacteria”) All living things Plants Animals Fungi Protists Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632-17330 Leeuwenhoek’s microscope Leeuwenhoek discovers “animalcules” in 1670 Robert Hooke’s microscope and light source Robert Hooke discovers “boxes” in cork Spontaneous generation: Francisco Redi’s experiments in 1668 Maggots develop spontaneously on meat? Box uncovered Box covered with cheesecloth Disproving Spontaneous Generation: Lazzaro Spallanzani ~1750 Microbes develop spontaneously in chicken broth? Chicken broth Sealed in flask Boiled No growth Pasteur disproves spontaneous generation conclusively in 1861 Pasteur’s Swan-necked flask experiment Tyndall (1820-1893) Showed That Some Infusions Had to Be Boiled Longer than in Pasteur’s Experiments Tyndall’s apparatus showing that air without dust grows no microbes. Cell Theory Developed by Virchow, Schleiden, Schwann and Pasteur 1. All living things are made of one or more cells 2. All existing cells arise from pre-existing cells (biogenesis) Semmelweis introduces hand-washing to reduce puerperal fever in 1840 Pasteur describes fermentation and invents pasteurization in 1864 Lister uses phenol as an antiseptic to control infections in 1860 Germs Cause Disease: Koch’s Postulates to prove causation Jenner demonstrates effectiveness of vaccination with cowpox in 1796 Paul Ehrlich discovers first chemotherapeutic agent (salvarsan) in 1910 Alexander Fleming discovers first antibiotic in 1928 James Watson and Francis Crick work out DNA structure in 1952 DNA technology: food, medicines, environmental cleanup Microbial Ecology How do microbes grow in nature? How does this information pertain to controlling or fostering growth? Biofilm growing on a medical implant Bioremediation How can we utilize the abilities of microbes in cleaning up our messes? Modern Branches of Microbiology Bacteriology Bacteria Virology Viruses Protozoans & animal parasitic worms Rabies virus Staph. aureus Immunology Parasitology Epidemiology Disease transmission Resistance to disease Trypanosoma Mycology Fungal diseases Macrophage Ebola Virus Aspergillis The History of Microbiology What is microbiology and how has this science come to be a specialized part of biology? •Microbiology as a Science • Organisms of study: bacteria, fungi, protozoans, algae, helminths, viruses •The Discovery of Cells • Anton Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke • The Cell Theory •Schleiden, Schwann and Virchow •The Debate over Spontaneous Generation • Francesco Redi and rotten meat (1668) • Lazarro Spallazani and chicken broth (1765) • Pasteur and swan-necked flasks (1861) • Tyndall and Sterility •The Golden Age of Microbiology (1857-1914) • Fermentation and Pasteurization • Germ Theory of Disease (Koch) • Vaccines (Edward Jenner) •Developments in the 20th Century •Salvarsan for syphilis, sulfa drugs •Antibiotics (penicillin in 1928 by Fleming) •Discovery of viruses •Molecular biology and DNA technology • Microbes in the Environment; Bioremediation •Sub-disciplines of microbiology The study of microbiology came into being with the discovery of cells and disproving spontaneous generation.
