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Transcript
PowerPoint to accompany Foundations in Microbiology Fifth Edition Talaro Chapter 1 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Microbiology • The study of organisms too small to be seen without magnification – – – – – – bacteria viruses fungi protozoa helminths (worms) algae 2 Branches of study within microbiology • Immunology (vaccination and blood testing) • Public health microbiology & epidemiology (monitor and control spread of diseases; CDC and WHO) • Food, dairy and aquatic microbiology (food spoilage, food-borne diseases, and production ecology of natural waters and water quality and treatment) • Biotechnology (Genetic engineering & recombinant DNA technology) 3 Microbes are involved in • nutrient production & energy flowphotosynthesis and decomposition • production of foods, drugs & vaccines • bioremediation • causing disease 4 Impact of pathogens • Nearly 2,000 different microbes cause diseases • 10 B infections/year worldwide • 13 M deaths from infections/year worldwide 5 Worldwide infectious disease statistics 10 most common infectious causes of death 6 Characteristics of microbes 7 8 Antonie van Leeuwenhoek • First to observe living microbes • his single-lens magnified up to 300X (1632-1723) 9 10 Scientific Method • Form a hypothesis - a tentative explanation that can be supported or refuted by observation & experimentation • A lengthy process of experimentation, analysis & testing either supports or refutes the hypothesis. • Results must be published & repeated by other investigators. 11 • If hypothesis is supported by a growing body of evidence & survives rigorous scrutiny, it moves to the next level of confidence - it becomes a theory • Evidence of a theory is so compelling that the next level of confidence is reached - it becomes a Law or principle 12 Spontaneous generation Early belief that some forms of life could arise from vital forces present in nonliving or decomposing matter. (flies from manure, etc) Louis Pasteur • Showed microbes caused fermentation & spoilage • Disproved spontaneous generation of m.o. • Developed aseptic techniques. • Developed a rabies vaccine. (1822-1895) 14 Germ theory of disease Many diseases are caused by the growth of microbes in the body and not by sins, bad character, or poverty, etc. Robert Koch • Established a sequence of experimental steps to show that a specific m.o. causes a particular disease. • Developed pure culture methods. • Identified cause of anthrax, TB, & cholera. (1843-1910) 16 Taxonomy - system for organizing, classifying & naming living things • Domain - Archaea, Bacteria & Eukarya • Kingdom - 5 • Phylum or Division • Class • Order • Family • Genus • species 17 3 domains • Eubacteria -true bacteria, peptidoglycan • Archaea –odd bacteria that live in extreme environments, high salt, heat, etc • Eukarya- have a nucleus, & organelles 18 19 Naming micoorganisms • Binomial (scientific) nomenclature • Gives each microbe 2 names – Genus - noun, always capitalized – species - adjective, lowercase • Both italicized or underlined – Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) – Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) – Escherichia coli (E. coli) 20 Evolution- living things change gradually over millions of years • Changes favoring survival are retained & less beneficial changes are lost. • All new species originate from preexisting species. • Closely related organism have similar features because they evolved from common ancestral forms. • Evolution usually progresses toward greater 21 complexity.