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Electronica analog and Digital system
Electronical Aplly teory
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COMPETENCE MAPING
Dasar Kejuruan
Level I ( Kelas X )
Level III ( Kelas XII )
Level II ( Kelas XI )
2
1
3
Merakit Personal
Komputer
Menerapkan
Menerapkan
teknik teknik
elektronika
analog dan digital
dasar
elektronika
analog
dan
Melakukan instalasi
sistem operasi dasar
Menerapkan fungsi
peripheral dan instalasi PC
Menerapkan K 3 LH
Mendiagnosis permasalahan
pengoperasian PC dan
periferal
Melakukan perbaikan dan/ atau
setting ulang koneksi jaringan
an
Membuat desain sistem
keamanan jaringan
Melakukan perbaikan dan/
atau setting ulang sistem PC
Melakukan instalasi sistem operasi
jaringan berbasis GUI (Graphical User
Interface) dan Text
Melakukan perbaikan dan/ atau setting
ulang koneksi jaringan berbasis luas
(Wide Area Network)
digital dasar
Melakukan perbaikan periferal
Melakukan perawatan PC
Melakukan instalasi sistem operasi
berbasis graphical user interface (GUI)
dan command line interface (CLI)
Melakukan instalasi perangkat
jaringan lokal (Local Area
Network)
Melakukan instalasi perangkat
jaringan berbasis luas (Wide Area
Network)
Mendiagnosis permasalahan
pengoperasian PC yang
tersambung jaringangnosis
Mendiagnosis permasalahan perangkat
yang tersambung jaringan berbasis
luas (Wide Area Network)
Mengadministrasi server
dalam jaringan
Merancang bangun dan
menganalisa Wide Area
Network
Merancang web data base
untuk content server
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Lulus
Electronical Aplly teory
Introduce electronics circuit
Aplication digital age system
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Module 5 Peripheral Perform Care
Learning Objectives
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Apply electrical theory.
Know electronics component.
Use electronics component.
Apply digital electronics concept.
Apply digital number system.
Apply digital electronics for computer
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Modul 1
Elektronika analog dan digital
Electricity and Ohm's Law
These are the four basic units of electricity:
• Voltage (V)
• Current (I)
• Power (P)
• Resistance (R)
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Definition
Voltage, current, power, and resistance are
electronic terms that a computer technician must
know:
 Voltage is a measure of the force required to push
electrons through a circuit.
 Voltage is measured in volts (V). A computer power
supply usually produces several different voltages.
 Current is a measure of the amount of electrons going
through a circuit.
 Current is measured in amperes, or amps (A).
Computer power supplies deliver different amperages
for each output voltage.
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Definition
• Power is a measure of the pressure required to push
electrons through a circuit, called voltage, multiplied by
the number of electrons going through that circuit, called
current. The measurement is called watts (W). Computer
power supplies are rated in watts.
• Resistance is the opposition to the flow of current in a
circuit. Resistance is measured in ohms. Lower
resistance allows more current, and therefore more
power, to flow through a circuit. A good fuse will have low
resistance or a measurement of almost 0 ohms.
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Ohm's Law
• There is a basic equation that expresses how three of
the terms relate to each other. It states that voltage is
equal to the current multiplied by the resistance. This is
known as Ohm's Law.
V = IR
• In an electrical system, power (P) is equal to the voltage
multiplied by the current.
P = VI
• In an electrical circuit, increasing the current or the
voltage will result in higher power.
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• As an example of how this works, imagine a simple
circuit that has a 9 V light bulb hooked up to a 9-V
battery. The power output of the light bulb is 100-W.
Using the equation above, we can calculate how much
current in amps would be required to get 100-W out of
this 9-V bulb.
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To solve this equation, we know the
following information:
P = 100 W
V=9V
I = 100 W/9 V = 11.11 A
What happens if a 12-V battery and a 12-V light bulb
are used to get 100 W of power?
100 W / 12 V = 8.33 amps
This system produces the same power, but with less
current.
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Application to computer
• Computers normally use power supplies ranging
from 200-W to 500-W. However, some computers
may need 500-W to 800-W power supplies. When
building a computer, select a power supply with
sufficient wattage to power all of the components.
Obtain the wattage information for the components
from the manufacturer's documentation. When
deciding on a power supply, make sure to choose a
power supply that has more than enough power for
the current components.
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Electronica analog and Digital system
Introduce electronics circuit
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Introduction to Electronic Components
Resistor
In the market there are different types of resistor,
can be grouped into two types namely fixed resistor is
the resistor value tahanannya still there and can
diaturatur with hand, there is also a change in the value
of automatic tahanannya regulated by light or by
temperature.
Resistansi usually written with the resistor color
code in the roundabout or budaran can also color
bracelet. The unit used is the Ohm (Ω). Unless the size
of the resistansi, a resistor marked with toleransinya,
color bracelet also be written after the signing resistan
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Variable resistor (VR)
• Variable resistor (VR)
Resistansi value of this type of resistor can be
adjusted by hand, if the settings can be made at any
time by the service (the button is) called potensiometer
and when done with the screwdriver trimmer called
potensiometer (trimpot). Potensiometer in custody can
be made from carbon material and have also made of
wire coil called potensiometer wirewound. For use in a
high voltage is usually preferred wirewound type.
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• Resistor and resistor temperature Peka Peka
Lights
Resistansi depending on the value of the thermistor
temperature. There are two types of the NTC (negative
temperature coefficient) and PTC (positive temperature
coefficient). NTC resistansinya small when hot and the
cold gets worse. On the PTC resistance when cold and a
small increase when the summer.
There is another type of resistor is LDR (Light
Depending resistor), which depends on the value
resistansinya ray / light.
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Capacitor (condenser)
Capacitor (condenser)
Capacitors can save loads of electricity, can
frequently reverse voltage (AC) will hold but the DC
voltage, measure the amount of power expressed in the
FARAD (F). In radio, capacitors are used to:
1.Menyimpan load electricity
2.Mengatur frequency
3.Sebagai tool coupling
4.Sebagai filter (connective)
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Various kinds of capacitors used in radio, which has
a positive and negative poles is called polar. There are also
not having pole, normally in a non-polar. Condenser or elco
and electrolyte tantalum condenser is polar. Condenser with
a solid dialectric usually non polar, for example, ceramics,
milar, silver mica, MKS (polysterene), MKP (Polypropylene),
MKC (polycarbonate), mkt (polythereftalate) and MKL
(cellulose acetate).
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Variable capacitors (VARCO)
• Variable capacitors (VARCO)
Kapasitansi value of this type of condenser can be
adjusted by hand, if the settings can be made at any
time by the service (there is the key) is called the
variable capacitor (VARCO) and when the setting is
done with a screwdriver called trimmer capacitors.
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Coil (Coil)
• Coil (Coil)
Coil is a coil wire on a core. Depending on your
needs, which are used on the radio and air core is ferrite
core. Also called a coil inductor, the value declared in the
amount of induktansinya Henry (H).
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Transformer (transformer)
• Transformer (transformer)
Transformer is a two spool dililitkan have a core, the
core can be the core ferrite core or iron. He can pick up
AC power flow and can not be used for the DC. The first
coil is called the primary coil that receives the input, the
second coil is called the secondary coil of the output.
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Integrated Circuit
• Integrated Circuit
Integrated Circuit (IC) is actually a series of
electronic packed into one small package. Some of the
big series can be integrated into one, and packed in a
small package. IC is a small load can be even hundreds
of thousands of components.
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Math for a Digital Age
A.
Measurement-related terminology
When working in the computer industry, it is important
to understand the terms that are used. Whether reading
the specifications about a computer system, or talking with
another computer technician, there is a rather large
dictionary of terms that should be known. The technician
needs to know the following terminology:
 bit – The smallest unit of data in a computer. A bit can take the
value of either one or zero. A bit is the binary format in which data
is processed by computers.
 byte – A unit of measure that is used to describe the size of a data
file, the amount of space on a disk or other storage medium, or the
amount of data being sent over a network. One byte consists of
eight bits of data.
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 nibble – Half a byte or four bits.
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 kilobyte (KB) – 1024, or approximately 1000, bytes.
 kilobytes per second (kBps) – A measurement of
the amount of data that is transferred over a
connection such as a network connection. kBps is a
data transfer rate of approximately 1,000 bytes per
second.
 kilobit (Kb) – 1024, or approximately 1000, bits.
 kilobits per second (kbps) – A measurement of the
amount of data transferred over a connection such as
a network connection. kbps is a data transfer rate of
approximately 1,000 bits per second.
 megabyte (MB) – 1,048,576 bytes, or approximately
1,000,000 bytes.
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 megabytes per second (MBps) – A common
measurement of the amount of data transferred over
a connection such as a network connection. MBps is
a data transfer rate of approximately 1,000,000 bytes
or 106 kilobytes per second.
 megabits per second (Mbps) – A common
measurement of the amount of data transferred over
a connection such as a network connection. Mbps is
a data transfer rate of approximately 1,000,000 bits or
106 kilobits per second.
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• Note:
 A common error is confusing KB with Kb and MB with Mb. A
capital B indicates bytes while a lower case b indicates bits.
Similarly, multipliers greater than one are capitalized and
multipliers less than one are lower case.
 For example, M=1,000,000 and m=0.001. Remember to do the
proper calculations when comparing transmission speeds that
are measured in KB with those measured in Kb.
 For example, modem software usually shows the connection
speed in kilobits per second, such as 45 kbps. However,
prominent browsers display file-download speeds in kilobytes
per second. Therefore, the download speed with a 45-kbps
connection would be a maximum of 5.76-kBps.
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In actual practice, the download speed of a dialup
connection cannot reach 45 kbps because of other
factors that consume bandwidth at the same time as the
download. The technician needs to know the following
terminology:
 hertz (Hz) – A unit of frequency measurement. It is
the rate of change in the state, or cycle, in a sound
wave, alternating current, or other cyclical waveform.
Hertz is synonymous with cycles per second, and it is
used to describe the speed of a computer
microprocessor.
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 megahertz (MHz) – One million cycles per second.
This is a common measurement of the speed of a
processing chip.
 gigahertz (GHz) – One billion cycles per second.
This is a common measurement of the speed of a
processing chip.
 Note: PC processors are becoming faster all the
time. The microprocessors used on PCs in the
1980s
typically ran under 10 MHz, and the
original IBM PC was 4.77 MHz. In the start of the year
2000, PC processors approached the speed of 1 GHz,
and
approached 3.0 GHz as of the year 2002.
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Concept Elektronica analog dan digital
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Analog and digital systems
The variables that characterize an analog system
may have an infinite number of values. For example, the
hands on an analog clock face may show an infinite
number of times of the day. Figure 1 shows a diagram
of an analog signal.
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Analog signal
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Digital signal
The variables that characterize digital systems only
occupy a fixed number of discrete values. In binary
arithmetic, as used in computers, only two values are
allowed. These values are 0 and 1. Computers and
cable modems are examples of digital devices. Figure 2
shows a diagram of a digital signal.
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Digital signal
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Aplication digital age system
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B. Boolean logic gates
Computers are built from various types of electronic
circuits.
These circuits depend on what are called AND, OR,
NOT, and NOR logic gates. These gates are
characterized by how they respond to input signals.
Figures , and show logic gates with two inputs. The ”x”
and ”y” represent inputs, and the ”f” represents output.
Think of 0 (zero) as representing “off” and 1 as
representing “on”.
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There are only three primary logic functions. They are AND,
OR, and NOT:
 AND gate – If either input is off, the output is off.
 OR gate – If either input is on, the output is on.
 NOT gate – If the input is on, the output is off. The
same is true of the opposite.
The NOR gate is a combination of the OR and NOT gates
and should not be presented as a primary gate. A NOR gate
acts if either input is on, the output is off.
The “truth tables” in Figure represent these statements in
a compact form. Other logic gate combinations or extensions
such as XOR, NAND.
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Boolean Logic
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Digital Age System
Decimal and binary number systems
 The decimal, or Base 10, number system is used every
day for doing math such as counting change, measuring,
telling time, and so on. The decimal number system uses
ten digits including 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9.
 The binary, or Base 2, number system uses two digits to
express all numerical quantities. The only digits used in
the binary number system are 0 and 1. An example of a
binary number is 1001110101000110100101.
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Decimal Number Systems
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Binary Number System
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• The binary, or Base 2, number system uses two digits to
express all numerical quantities. The only digits used in
the binary number system are 0 and 1. An example of a
binary number is 1001110101000110100101.
• It is important to remember the role of the digit 0. Every
number system uses the digit 0. However, note that
whenever the digit 0 appears on the left side of a string
of digits, it can be removed without changing the string
value. For example, in Base 10, 02947 is equal to 2947.
In Base 2, 0001001101 is equal to 1001101. Sometimes
people include 0s on the left side of a number to
emphasize “places” that would otherwise not be
represented.
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• Another important concept when working with binary
numbers is the powers of numbers. The numbers 20 and
23 are examples of numbers represented by powers.
These examples are spoken as “two to the zero” and
“two to the third”. The power is the number of times that
a value must be multiplied by itself. For example, 20 = 1,
21 = 2, 22 = 2 x 2 = 4, 23= 2 x 2 x 2 = 8. Taking powers is
commonly confused with simple multiplication For
example, 24 is not equal to 2 x 4 = 8. However, 24 is
equal to 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 16.
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• In Base 10, powers of ten are used. For example, 23605 in
Base 10 means 2 x 10,000 + 3 x 1000 + 6 x 100 + 0 x 10 + 5
x 1.
• Note that 100 = 1, 101= 10, 102= 100, 103= 1000, and 104 =
10,000.
• Caution: Although 0 x 10 = 0, do not leave it out of the above
equation. If it is left out, the base 10 places all shift to the right
and result in the number 2,365 = 2 x 1,000 + 3 x 100 + 6 x 10
+ 5 x 1 instead of 23,605. A 0 within a number should never
be ignored. However, the value of a number is not affected by
adding zeros onto the beginning, or by ignoring zeros that are
on the beginning of the number. For example, 23,605 can be
expressed as 0023605.
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Decimal to binary conversion
• More than one method exists to convert binary numbers.
One method is explored here. However, the student
should feel free to use another method if it is easier. To
convert a decimal number to binary, first find the largest
power of picture that will “fit” into the decimal number
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Example
• Use the table in Figure1 to convert
the decimal number 35 into binary:
• 26, or 64, is larger than 35. Place a 0 in that column.
• 25, or 32, is smaller than 35. Place a 1 in that column. Calculate how much is left
over by subtracting 32 from 35. The result is 3.
• 24, or 16, is larger than 3. Place a 0 in that column.
• 23, or 8, is larger than 3. Place a 0 in that column.
• 22, or 4, is larger than 3. Place a 0 in that column.
• 21, or 2, is smaller than 3. Place a 1 in that column. Subtract 2 from 3. The result
is 1.
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• 20, or 1, is equal to 1. Place a 1 in that column
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Example
• Use the table in Figure1 to convert
the decimal number 35 into binary:
• 26, or 64, is larger than 35. Place a 0 in that column.
• 25, or 32, is smaller than 35. Place a 1 in that column. Calculate how much is left
over by subtracting 32 from 35. The result is 3.
• 24, or 16, is larger than 3. Place a 0 in that column.
• 23, or 8, is larger than 3. Place a 0 in that column.
• 22, or 4, is larger than 3. Place a 0 in that column.
• 21, or 2, is smaller than 3. Place a 1 in that column. Subtract 2 from 3. The result
is 1.
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• 20, or 1, is equal to 1. Place a 1 in that column
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The hexadecimal number system
• The Base 16, or hexadecimal, number system is used
frequently when working with computers because it can
be used to represent binary numbers in a more readable
form. The computer performs computations in binary.
• However, there are several instances when a computer
binary output is expressed in hexadecimal to make it
easier to read. One way for computers and software to
express hexadecimal output is using “0x” in front of the
hexadecimal number. Whenever “0x” is used, the
number that follows is a hexadecimal number. For
example, 0x1234 means 1234 in Base 16. This would
typically be found in a router configuration register.
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The hexadecimal number system
• Base 16 uses 16 characters to express numerical
quantities. These characters are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
9, A, B, C, D, E, and F. An “A” represents the decimal
number 10, “B” represents 11, “C” represents 12, “D”
represents 13, “E” represents 14, and “F” represents 15.
Examples of hexadecimal numbers are 2A5F, 99901,
FFFFFFFF, and EBACD3. The hexidecimal number
B23CF is equal to 730,063 in decimal format as shown
in Figure
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The hexadecimal number system
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Binary to hexadecimal conversion
• Binary to hexadecimal conversion is uncomplicated for
the most part. First observe that 1111 in binary is F in
hexadecimal as shown in Figure . Also, 11111111 in
binary is FF in hexadecimal. One useful fact when
working with these two number systems is that one
hexadecimal character requires 4 bits, or 4 binary digits,
to be represented in binary.
• To convert a binary number to hexadecimal, first divide
the number into groups of four bits at a time, starting
from the right. Then convert each group of four bits into
hexadecimal. This method will produce a hexadecimal
equivalent to the original binary number.
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Binary to hexadecimal conversion
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For example
• Consider the binary number 11110111001100010000.
Breaking it down into groups of four bits to produce 1111
0111 0011 0001 0000. This binary number is equivalent
to F7310 in hexadecimal, which is a much easier number
to read.
• As another example, the binary number 111101 is
grouped as 11 1101. Because the first group does not
contain 4 bits, it must be “padded” with 0s to produce
0011 1101. Therefore, the hexadecimal equivalent is 3D.
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Hexadecimal to binary conversion
• Use the reverse method of the previous section to
convert numbers from hexadecimal to binary. Convert
each individual hexadecimal digit to binary, and then
string together the solution. However, be careful to pad
each binary representation with zeros to fill up four
binary places for each hexadecimal digit. For example,
consider the hexadecimal number FE27. F is 1111, E is
1110, 2 is 10 or 0010, and 7 is 0111. Therefore, the
answer in binary is 1111 1110 0010 0111, or
1111111000100111.
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Hexadecimal to binary conversion
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Converting to any base
• Most people already know how to do many number
conversions. For example, convert inches to yards. First
divide the number of inches by 12 to determine the
number of feet. The remainder is the number of inches
left. Next divide the number of feet by 3 to determine the
number of yards. The remainder is the number of feet
left. These same techniques are used for converting
numbers to other bases.
• Consider that decimal is the normal base and octal,
Base 8, is the foreign base. To convert from decimal to
octal, divide by 8 successively and record the
remainders starting from the least significant remainder.
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Converting to any base
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Example
• Convert the number 1234 in decimal and to octal.
• 1234 / 8 = 154 R 2
154 / 8 = 19 R 2
19 / 8 = 2 R 3
2/8=0R2
• The remainders in the order of least to most significant
provide the result of 2322 in octal.
• To convert back again, multiply a running total by 8 and
add each digit successively beginning with the most
significant number.
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• 2 x 8 = 16
16 + 3 = 19
19 x 8 = 152
152 + 2 = 154
154 x 8 = 1232
1232 + 2 = 1234
• The same results in the reverse conversions can be
achieved by using numerical powers.
• 2 x 83 + 3 x 82 + 2 x 81 + 2 x 80 = 1024 + 192 + 16 + 2 =
1234.
• Note: Any number raised to the power of zero is one.
Menerapkan teknik elektronika
analog dan digital dasar
Module1
Electronica analog and Digital system
Using Numerical Powers to Convert
• Similar techniques can be used to convert to and from
any base, simply by dividing or multiplying by the foreign
base.
• However, binary is unique because odd and even can be
used to determine ones and zeros without recording the
remainders. Determine the binary equivalent of 1234 in
decimal simply by dividing it by 2 successively. If the
result is even, the bit associated with it is 0. If the result
is odd, the binary digit associated with it is 1.
Menerapkan teknik elektronika
analog dan digital dasar
Module1
Electronica analog and Digital system
• 1234 is even. Record a 0 in the least significant position, 0.
1234/2 = 617 is odd. Record a 1 in the next most significant position,
10.
617/2 = 308 is even, 010
308/2 = 154 is even, 0010
154/2 = 77 is odd, 10010
77/2 = 38 is even, 010010
38/2 = 19 is odd, 1010010
19/2 = 9 is odd, 11010010
9/2 = 4 is even, 011010010
4/2 = 2 is even, 0011010010
2/2 = 1 is odd, 10011010010
Menerapkan teknik elektronika
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Module1
Electronica analog and Digital system
 With practice, the running dividend can be mastered and the
binary can be written quickly.
 Note that just as a hexadecimal digit is a group of four bits, octal
is a group of three digits. Group the above number into groups of
three, starting at the right.
 010 011 010 010 = 2322 octal
 For hexadecimal, group the binary number by four bits starting
from the right.
 0100 1101 0010 = 4D2 hexadecimal or 0x4D2
 This is a quick and easy method to convert to any base.
Menerapkan teknik elektronika
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Electronica analog and Digital system
Summary
• The student should understand computer terminology
and know the difference between a byte, kilobyte, and a
megabyte. The student should understand how
frequency is measured and the difference between Hz,
MHz, and GHz.
• The student should use the most effective method of
converting number systems including binary to decimal
and back again, binary to hexadecimal and back again.
The student should be able to identify the places in
binary and decimal numbers and know the value of
each.
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Electronica analog and Digital system
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Electronica analog and Digital system