Download stela – nilai ekonomi pasar lahan

VALUASI EKONOMI
SUMBERDAYA
LAHAN:
PASAR LAHAN
Diabstraksikan : soemarno, jtnh fpub 2014
THE LAND MARKET
AND
NATURAL
RESOURCES
Suplai Lahan Terbatas (unt semua penggunaan)
•
•
The supply of land to all uses is fixed
Owners receive economic rent
Sumber: http://www.personal.psu.edu/~dxl31/econ102/lecture34.html
Land consists of sites where economic activity takes place (improvement to land are considered capital). Land exists in a
fixed supply so its price is entirely determined by demand. The payment to land is pure economic rent.
Land is not identical. It differs in fertility, climate, and locational advantages. So, the demand for land is not identical for all
units of land. This gives rise to differential rent.
•
•
Suplai Lahan untk penggunaan
tertentu
The supply of land
to a given use is
upward sloping
Land is shifted to its
most valuable use
(subject to
restrictions in
zoning laws, etc.)
Although the total supply of land is fixed, the supply of land for a specific
use is positively sloped.
Diunduh dari sumber: http://www.personal.psu.edu/~dxl31/econ102/lecture34.html
Sumberdaya Alam Renewable & Non-renewable
•
•
nonrenewable resources (also known as exhaustible resources) have a finite supply that is depleted as
the resource is consumed
renewable resources – can be replenished by producers
Nonrenewable (exhaustible) supply is fixed, e.g. coal
Renewable (nonexhaustible) supply can be replenished, e.g. trees
The supply curve for nonrenewable resources slopes upwards because owners are willing to offer more
of it as its price rises. As some of the resource is used up, less is available next year. So, unless additional
reserves of the resource are found, the supply of the resource decreases and its price rises.
Rising interest rates make it more attractive to use up resources today. So, as the interest rate rises
more oil is extracted and sold today.
Similiar reasoning applies to renewable resources. In general, high interest rate use natural resources
quickly low interest rate use natural resources slowly.
So, a rise in the interest rate increases the supply of renewable and nonrenewable resources. A fall in
the interest leads to a decrease in the supply of both renewable and nonrenewable natural resources.
Equilibrium occurs in natural resource markets when the price of the resource rises at the rate of
interest.
Sumber: http://www.personal.psu.edu/~dxl31/econ102/lecture34.html
Harga SDA Non-renewable menurut waktu
Price changes over time for nonrenewable
resource:
1. Owner may sell a unit today or sell it later at
a higher price
2. Owner supplies more today if the expected
rate of price increase is less than the
interest rate:
1. leads to lower price today and higher
price later
3. Owner supplies less today if the expected
rate of price increase exceeds the interest
rate:
1. leads to higher price today and lower
price later
4. In equilibrium – rate of price change =
interest rate
VALUASI EKONOMI
SUMBERDAYA
LAHAN:
NILAI EKONOMI
Diabstraksikan : soemarno, jtnh fpub 2014
…KONSEP VALUASI EKONOMI
Economic value is one of many possible ways to define and measure value.
Economic values are useful to consider when making economic choices – choices that involve
tradeoffs in allocating LAND resources.
Measures of economic value are based on what people want – their preferences.
Economists generally assume that individuals are the best judges of what they want. Thus, the
theory of economic valuation is based on individual preferences and choices. People express
their preferences through the choices and tradeoffs that they make, given certain constraints,
such as those on income or available time.
The economic value of a particular good or service, is measured by the maximum amount of
other things that a person is willing to give up to have that good.
Economic value is measured by the most someone is willing to give up in other goods and
services in order to obtain a good or services.
In a market economy, dollars (or rupiah) are a universally accepted measure of economic value,
because the number of dollars that a person is willing to pay for something tells how much of all
other goods and services they are willing to give up to get that item. This is often referred to as
“willingness to pay.”
Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.ecosystemvaluation.org/1-01.htm.................... 31/10/2011 .
…KONSEP VALUASI EKONOMI
When the price of a good increases, people will purchase less of that good.
This is referred to as the law of demand—people demand less of something when it is more
expensive (assuming prices of other goods and peoples’ incomes have not changed).
By relating the quantity demanded and the price of a good, we can estimate the demand
function for that good. From this, we can draw the demand curve, the graphical representation
of the demand function.
It is often incorrectly assumed that a good’s market price measures its economic
value. However, the market price only tells us the minimum amount that people who buy the
good are willing to pay for it. When people purchase a marketed good, they compare the
amount they would be willing to pay for that good with its market price. They will only purchase
the good if their willingness to pay is equal to or greater than the price. Many people are
actually willing to pay more than the market price for a good, and thus their values exceed the
market price.
In order to make resource allocation decisions based on economic values, what we really want
to measure is the net economic benefit from a good or service. For individuals, this is measured
by the amount that people are willing to pay, beyond what they actually pay.
Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.ecosystemvaluation.org/1-01.htm.................... 31/10/2011 .
The economic benefit to individuals is often measured by consumer surplus.
This is graphically represented by the area under the demand curve for a
good, above its price.
The economic benefit to individuals,
or consumer surplus, received from
a good will change if its price or
quality changes. For example, if the
price of a good increases, but
people’s willingness to pay remains
the same, the benefit received
(maximum willingness to pay minus
price) will be less than before.
If the quality of a good increases,
but price remains the same,
people’s willingness to pay may
increase and thus the benefit
received will also increase.
Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.ecosystemvaluation.org/1-01.htm .................... 31/10/2011 .
SURPLUS PRODUSEN
Producers of goods also receive economic benefits, based on the profits they
make when selling the good.
Economic benefits to producers are measured by producer surplus, the area
above the supply curve and below the market price.
The supply function tells how many units of a good producers are willing to
produce and sell at a given price. The supply curve is the graphical
representation of the supply function.
Because producers would like to sell more at higher prices, the supply curve
slopes upward.
If producers receive a higher price than the minimum price they would sell
their output for, they receive a benefit from the sale—the producer surplus.
The benefit to producers are similar to benefits to consumers, because they
measure the gains to the producer from receiving a price higher than the
price they would have been willing to sell the good for.
Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.ecosystemvaluation.org/1-01.htm .................... 31/10/2011 .
SURPLUS PRODUSEN
When measuring economic benefits
of a policy or initiative that affects an
ecosystem, economists measure the
total net economic benefit.
This is the sum of consumer surplus
plus producer surplus, less any costs
associated with the policy or
initiative.
Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.ecosystemvaluation.org/1-01.htm .................... 31/10/2011 .
EKONOMI LAHAN…
In a market economy, most of the urban land can be freely sold or purchased. Thus land economics are
concerned about how the price of urban land is established and how this price will influence the nature,
pattern and distribution of land uses.
The figure provides some basic relationships between the quantity of land and its price and assumes that
there is a free land market. This market mechanism follows the standard relationship between supply and
demand, where an equilibrium price is reached.
A quantity of land Q1 would be available at a price of P1.
However, what is particular to cities is that the supply is fixed
since there is a limited amount of available land. When land
is reasonably available (Q1), the price (P1) will be moderate.
Moving towards the downtown the demand rises, land
becomes scarcer (Q2) and its price goes up (P2).
Moving towards the periphery, more land is available,
demand drops (Q3), and so does the price (P3).
Not every type of activities is willing to pay a price P1. Some
may even need a price lower than P3. High land values
impose a more intensive usage of space so a higher number
of activities can benefit from a central location. The logic
behind the construction of skyscrapers is therefore obvious
and takes place at optimal locations of competition for land.
Different type of activities, each having their own land use,
are willing to pay different rents.
h dari Sumber: http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch6en/conc6en/landeconomics.html....................