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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. GLUCOSE 2 Pentose phosphate pathway Starts the oxidation of glucose Glycolysis Oxidizes glucose to pyruvate 1 Yields ~ ~ + Reducing power ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation Yields Reducing power Biosynthesis 5 Acids, alcohols, and gases Pyruvate Pyruvate 3a Fermentation Reduces pyruvate or a derivative Transition step CO2 CO2 Yields Reducing power AcetylCoA AcetylCoA X2 CO2 CO2 3b TCA cycle Incorporates an acetyl group and releases CO2 (TCA cycles twice) Yields ~ ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation ~ + Reducing power 4 Respiration Uses the electron transport chain to convert reducing power to proton motive force Yields ~ ATP by oxidative phosphorylation ~ Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Glycolysis Pentose phosphate pathway Glucose 6-phosphate Fructose 6-phosphate Ribose 5-phosphate Erythrose 5-phosphate Nucleotides amino acids (histidine) Amino acids (phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine) Lipopolysaccharide (polysaccharide) Peptidoglycan Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Lipids (glycerol component) 3-phosphoglycerate Amino acids (cysteine, glycine, serine) Phosphoenolpyruvate Amino acids (phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine) Pyruvate Pyruvate Acetyl-CoA Acetyl-CoA Amino acids (alanine, leucine, valine) Lipids (fatty acids) Oxaloacetate Amino acids (aspartate, asparagine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, threonine) X2 - ketoglutarate Amino acids (arginine, glutamate, glutamine, proline) TCA cycle The Central Metabolic Pathways Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. GLUCOSE 2 • Glycolysis Pentose phosphate pathway Starts the oxidation of glucose Yields Glycolysis Oxidizes glucose to pyruvate 1 P~ P~ P + Reducing power ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation Yields Reducing power Biosynthesis 5 Fermentation Reduces pyruvate or a derivative Acids, alcohols, and gases 3a Glucose Transition step – Converts 1 glucose to 2 pyruvates; yields net 2 ATP, 2 NADH – Investment phase: Yields CO2 CO2 Reducing power • 2 phosphate groups added • Glucose split to two 3-carbon molecules – Pay-off phase: • 3-carbon molecules converted to pyruvate • Generates 4 ATP, • 2 NADH total Pyruvate Pyruvate x2 CO2 ~ ~ ATP CO2 3b TCA cycle Incorporates an acetyl group and releases CO2 (TCA cycles twice) ~ ADP Yields P~ P ~ P + ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation 1 ATP is expended to add a phosphate group. Reducing power 4 Respiration Uses the electron transport Chain to convert reducing power to proton motive force Yields P~ P~ P ATP by oxidative phosphorylation Glucose 6-phosphate 2 A chemical rearrangement occurs. Fructose 6-phosphate ~ ~ ATP 3 ATP is expended to add a phosphate group. 4 The 6-carbon molecule is split into two 3-carbon molecules. ~ ADP Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate Dihydroxyacetone phosphate A chemical rearrangement of one of the molecules occurs. 5 Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate NAD+ NADH + H+ 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate ADP ATP ~ NAD+ 6 NADH + H+ ~ The addition of a phosphate group is coupled to a redox reaction, generating NADH and a high-energy phosphate bond. ~ ~ 7 ~ ~ ~ ~ ATP is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation. 3-phosphoglycerate 8 2-phosphoglycerate H2O A chemical rearrangement occurs. 9 H2O Phosphoenolpyruvate ADP ATP Pyruvate ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Water is removed, causing the phosphate bond to become high-energy. 10 ATP is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation. The Central Metabolic Pathways • Transition Step Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. GLUCOSE – CO2 is removed from pyruvate – Electrons reduce NAD+ to NADH + H+ – 2-carbon acetyl group joined to coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA – Takes place in mitochondria in eukaryotes 2 Pentose phosphate pathway Starts the oxidation of glucose Yields Glycolysis Oxidizes glucose to pyruvate 1 ~ ~ + Reducing power ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation Pyruvate Yields CO2 Reducing power Biosynthesis Pyruvate 3a Pyruvate NAD+ Acids, alcohols, and gases CoA Transition step CO2 Yields Transition step: CO2 is removed, a redox reaction generates NADH, and coenzyme A is added. Fermentation Reduces pyruvate or a derivative 5 CO2 Reducing power AcetylCoA AcetylCoA NADH + H+ x2 CO2 CoA CO2 3b TCA cycle Incorporates an acetyl group and releases CO2 (TCA cycles twice) Acetyl-CoA 1 The acetyl group is transferred to oxaloacetate to start a new round of the cycle. Yields ~ ~ + Reducing power ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation CoA Respiration Uses the electron transport chain to convert reducing power to proton motive force 4 Yields ~ ~ ATP by oxidative phosphorylation NADH + H+ 2 A chemical rearrangement occurs. Oxaloacetate Citrate A redox reaction generates NADH. 8 NAD+ Isocitrate NAD+ 3 Malate Water is added. 7 A redox reaction generates NADH and CO2 is removed. NADH + H+ H 2O CO2 Fumarate -ketoglutarate NAD+ 4 FADH2 6 CoA A redox reaction generates FADH2- NADH + H+ FAD 5 The energy released during CoA removal is harvested to produce ATP. CoA Succinyl-CoA Succinate CoA ~ ~ ATP ~ + Pi ADP CO2 A redox reaction generates NADH, CO2 is removed, and coenzyme A is added. The Electron Transport Chain of Mitochondria Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. GLUCOSE 2 Pentose phosphate pathway Starts the oxidation of glucose Yields 1 Yields Glycolysis Oxidizes glucose to pyruvate P ~ P ~P + Reducing power ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation Reducing power Biosynthesis 5 Pyruvate Pyruvate Eukaryotic cell Fermentation Reduces pyruvate or a derivative Acids, alcohols, and gases 3a Transition step CO2 Yields CO2 Reducing power AcetylCoA AcetylCoA x2 CO2 CO2 TCA cycle 3b Incorporates an acetyl group and releases CO2 (TCA cycles twice) Yields Inner mitochondrial membrane Reducing power ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation 4 Respiration Uses the electron transport chain to convert reducing power to proton motive force Yields P P ATP by oxidative phosphorylation P Complex III Complex I 4 H+ 4 Ubiquinone + Complex II H+ NAD+ Complex IV H+ 2 Proton motive force is used to drive: H+ ATP synthase (ATP synthesis) 10 H+ Cytochrome c Intermembrane space 2 e– Path of electrons NADH Use of Proton Motive Force Electron Transport Chain 1/ 2 H+ H2O 2 Mitochondrial matrix O2 Terminal electron acceptor 3 ATP + 3 Pi 3 ADP The Electron Transport Chain—Generating Proton Motive Force Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Prokaryotic cell Cytoplasmic membrane Electron Transport Chain NADH dehydrogenase Uses of Proton Motive Force Ubiquinol veoxidase force rive: H+ (2 or 4) H+ (0 or 4) Ubiquinone Path of electrons ATP synthase (ATP synthesis) Active transport (one mechanism) 10 H+ Rotation of a flagella H+ H+ Proton motive force is used to drive: Transported molecule Outside of cytoplasmic membrane 2 e– – Cytoplasm Succinate dehydrogenase NADH + NAD+ 2 H+ 1/ H2O 2 O2 Terminal electron acceptor H+ 3 ATP + 3 Pi 3 ADP Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. GLUCOSE 2 Pentose phosphate pathway Starts the oxidation of glucose 1 Yields Glycolysis Oxidizes glucose to pyruvate P ~ P~ P + Reducing power ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation Yields Fig. 6.22 Reducing power Biosynthesis Fermentation Reduces pyruvate or a derivative 5 Pyruvate Pyruvate Acids, alcohols, and gases Transition step 3a Yields CO2 CO2 Reducing power AcetylCoA AcetylCoA x2 CO2 CO2 3b TCA cycle Incorporates an acetyl group and releases CO2 (TCA cycles twice) Yields P ~ P ~ P Reducing power + ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation 4 Respiration Uses the electron transport chain to convert reducing power to proton motive force Yields P ~ P ~ P ATP by oxidative phosphorylation NAD+ NADH + H+ H3C O O C C O– H3C OH O C C O– H Lactate Pyruvate (a) Lactic acid fermentation CO2 H3C O O C C NADH + H+ NAD+ O O– Pyruvate (b) Ethanol fermentation H3C C OH H Acetaldehyde H3C C H Ethanol H
