Download Chromatography

Separatory funnels
Separatory Funnels: To separate
liquid-liquid mixtures that have
different densities.
Typically, one of the phases will be
aqueous, and the other a fatty, organic
solvent Most organic solvents float on
top of an aqueous phase,
Filtering
•A filter is a device (usually a
membrane or layer) that is designed to
physically block certain objects or
substances while letting others through.
Filters are often used to remove solid
substances suspended in fluids, for
example to remove air pollution, to
make water drinkable, and to prepare
coffee.
Sieving
A sieve, or sifter, separates wanted
elements from unwanted material using
a filter such as a mesh or net.
Evaporation
Evaporation is a type of vaporization of
a liquid, that occurs only on the surface
of a liquid. The other type of
vaporization is boiling, that instead
occurs on the entire mass of the liquid.
Magnets
A magnet produces a magnetic field.
This magnetic field is invisible but is
responsible for the force that pulls on
other ferromagnetic materials like iron
and attracts or repels other magnets.
Decantation
•Decantation This is achieved by
carefully pouring a solution from a
container in order to leave the
precipitate (sediments) in the bottom of
the original container.
It is generally used to separate a liquid
from an insoluble solid (e.g. in red wine,
where the wine is decanted from the
potassium bitartrate crystals).
Crystallization
Crystals
Crystallization forms solid crystals
precipitating from a solution, melt or
more rarely deposited directly from a
gas.
Chromatography
Chromatography: the different
components are flushed through the
material at different rates of absorption
providing the separation.
Fractional distillation
Fractional distillation separates by
using the boiling points at which several
fractions of the compound will
evaporate.
Centrifugation
The centrifuge uses the sedimentation
principle, where the centripetal
acceleration causes more dense
substances to separate out along the
bottom of the tube and lighter objects
will move to the top.