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Momentum Which object has the greatest momentum? (A) a 5.00-kg mass moving at 10.0 m/s (B) a 10.0-kg mass moving at 1.00 m/s (C) a 15.0-kg mass moving at 10.0 m/s (D) a 20.0-kg mass moving at 1.00 m/s What is the speed of a 1.0×103-kg car that has a momentum of 2.0×104 kg•m/ s east? (A) 5.0 × 10–2 m/s (B) 2.0 × 101 m/s (C) 1.0 × 104 m/s (D) 2.0 × 107 m/s Impulse A 60-kg rollerskater exerts a 10-N force on a 30-kg rollerskater for 0.20 second. What is the magnitude of the impulse applied to the 30-kg rollerskater? (A) 50 N•s (B) 2.0 N•s (C) 6.0 N•s (D) 12 N•s A 0.149-kilogram baseball, initially moving at 15 meters per second, is brought to rest in 0.040 second by a baseball glove on a catcher’s hand. The magnitude of the average force exerted on the ball by the glove is (A) 2.2 N (B) 2.9 N (C) 17 N (D) 56 N Elastic At the circus, a 100-kilogram clown is fired at 15 meters per second from a 500-kilogram cannon. What is the recoil speed of the cannon? (A) 75 m/s (B) 15 m/s (C) 3.0 m/s (D) 5.0 m/s Ball A of mass 5.0 kg moving at 20 m/s collides with ball B of unknown mass moving at 10 m/s in the same direction. After the collision, ball A moves at 10 m/s and ball B at 15 m/s, both still in the same direction. What is the mass of ball B? (A) 6.0 kg (B) 2.0 kg (C) 10. kg (D) 12 kg Inelastic A 3.0-kg steel block is at rest on a friction-less horizontal surface. A 1.0-kg lump of clay is propelled horizontally at 6.0 m/s toward the block. Upon collision, the clay and steel block stick together and move to the right with a speed of (A) 1.5 m/s (B) 3.0 m/s (C) 6.0 m/s (D) 2.0 m/s A 3.1-kilogram gun initially at rest is free to move. When a 0.015-kilogram bullet leaves the gun with a speed of 500 m/s, what is the speed of the gun? (A) 0.0 m/s (B) 2.4 m/s (C) 7.5 m/s (D) 500 m/s At the circus, a 100-kg clown is fired at 15 m/s from a 500-kg cannon. What is the recoil speed of the cannon? (A) 75 m/s (B) 3.0 m/s (C) 15 m/s (D) 5.0 m/s ENERGY LCHS Dr.E An egg is dropped from a third-story window. The distance the egg falls from the window to the ground is closest to (A) 100 m (B) 101 m 2 (C) 10 m 3 (D) 10 m Which body is in equilibrium? (A) a satellite orbiting Earth in a circular orbit (B) a ball falling freely toward the surface of Earth (C) a car moving with a constant speed along a straight, level road (D) a projectile at the highest point in its trajectory Work A student does 60 joules of work pushing a 3.0-kilogram box up the full length of a ramp that is 5.0 meters long. What is the magnitude of the force applied to the box to do this work? (A) 20 N (B) 15 N (C) 12 N (D) 4.0 N Which combination of fundamental units can be used to express energy? (A) kg•m/s (B) kg•m2/s (C) kg•m/s2 (D) kg•m2/s2 The diagram shows points A, B, and C at or near Earth’s surface. As a mass is moved from A to B, 100 joules of work are done against gravity. What is the amount of work done against gravity as an identical mass is moved from A to C? (A) 100 J (B) 173 J (C) 200 J (D) 273 Kinetic Energy A 15.0-kilogram mass is moving at 7.50 meters per second on a horizontal, frictionless surface. What is the total work that must be done on the mass to increase its speed to 11.5 meters per second? (A) 120 J (B) 422 J (C) 570 J (D) 992 J A 75-kilogram bicyclist coasts down a hill at a constant speed of 12 meters per second. What is the kinetic energy of the bicyclist? (A) 4.5 × 102 J (B) 9.0 × 102 J (C) 5.4 × 103 J (D) 1.1 × 104 J If the speed of a car is doubled, the kinetic energy of the car is (A) quadrupled (B) quartered (C) doubled (D) halved Potential Energy The gravitational potential energy, with respect to Earth, that is possessed by an object is dependent on the object’s (A) acceleration (B) momentum (C) position (D) speed The diagram represents a 155-N box on a ramp. Applied force F causes the box to slide from point A to point B. What is the total amount of gravitational potential energy gained by the box? (A) 28.4 J (B) 279 J (C) 868 J (D) 2740 J A 60-kg student climbs a ladder a vertical distance of 4.0 meters in 8.0 seconds. Approximately how much total work is done against gravity by the student during the climb? (A) 2.4 × J 2 (B) 2.9 × 10 J (C) 2.4 × 102 J (D) 3.0 × 101 J 3 10 Power A boat weighing 9.0 × 102 Newtons 2 requires a horizontal force of 6.0 × 10 Newtons to move it across the water at 1.5 × 101 meters per second. The boat’s engine must provide energy at the rate of (A) 2.5 × 10–2 J (B) 4.0 × 101 W 3 (C) 7.5 × 10 J (D) 9.0 × 103 W A 70-kg cyclist develops 210 Watts of power while pedaling at a constant velocity of 7.0 m/s east. What average force is exerted eastward on the bicycle to maintain this constant speed? (A) 490 N (B) 30 N (C) 3.0 N (D) 0 N Conservation of Energy A 1-kilogram rock is dropped from a cliff 90 meters high. After falling 20 meters, the kinetic energy of the rock is approximately (A) 20 J (B) 200 J (C) 700 J (D) 900 J A ball is dropped from the top of a cliff. Which graph best represents the relationship between the ball’s total energy and elapsed time as the ball falls to the ground? [Neglect friction.] Circular Motion A ball attached to a string is moved at constant speed in a horizontal circular path. A target is located near the path of the ball as shown in the diagram. At which point along the ball’s path should the string be released, if the ball is to hit the target? A) A B) B C) C D) D An artificial satellite makes 4 complete revolutions about the Earth in 8 hours. The period of revolution of the satellite is A) ½ hour B) 2 hours C) 8 hours D) 32 hours Centripetal Acceleration & Force The diagram below shows the elliptical orbit of a comet around the Sun. The magnitude of the centripetal acceleration of the comet is greatest at point A) A B) B C) C D) D A car moves with a constant speed in a clockwise direction around a circular path of radius r, as represented in the diagram above. When the car is in the position shown, its acceleration is directed toward the A) north B) west C) south D) east A mass of 10 kilograms is revolving at a linear speed of 5 meters per second in a circle with a radius of 10 meters. The centripetal force acting on the mass is A) 5 N C) 20 N B) 10 N D) 25 N Universal Gravitational Laws As the distance between two objects increases, the gravitational force of attraction between them will A) decrease B) increase C) remain the same The diagram below Shows four different locations of a satellite in its elliptical orbit about Earth. At which location is the magnitude of the satellite’s velocity greatest? A)A B) B C) C D) D The diagram below shows the movement of a planet around the Sun. Area 1 equals area 2. Compared to the time the planet takes to move from C to D, the time it takes to move from A to B is A) less B) greater C) the same The shapes of the paths of the planets about the Sun are all A) circles with the Sun at the center B) circles with the Sun off center C) ellipses with the Sun at the center D) ellipses with the Sun at one focus The comet Hyakutake, seen in the Earth's sky in 1996, will take more than 10,000 years to complete its orbit. Which object is at a focus of the comet's orbit? A) Earth B) Sun C) Moon D) Jupiter An astronaut weighs 8.00 × Newton’ on the surface of Earth. What is the weight of the astronaut 6.37 × 106 meters above the surface of Earth (2 radii total)? 2 10 A) 0.00 N B) 2.00 × 102 N 3 C) 1.60 × 10 N D) 3.20 × 103 N Thermodynamics Absolute zero is best described as the temperature at which A. water freezes at standard pressure B. water is at its triple point C. the molecules of a substance have maximum kinetic energy D. the molecules of a substance have minimum kinetic energy The sum of the kinetic and potential energies of an object's molecules is called the object's A. temperature B. heat of fusion C. internal energy D. specific heat Heat will always flow from object A to object B if object B has a lower A. mass B. total energy C. specific heat D. Temperature What is the boiling point of water at standard pressure on the Kelvin scale? A. 100 K B. 212 K C. 273 K D. 373 K A thermometer is dipped into alcohol and the alcohol is allowed to evaporate from the thermometer. As the alcohol evaporates, the temperature reading of the thermometer A. decreases B. increases C. remains the same The amount of heat energy liberated by a sample of water depends upon its A. temperature change, only B. temperature change and mass, only C. temperature change and phase, only D. temperature change, mass, and phase The boiling point of the substance is A. 25°C B. 50.°C C. 125°C D. 150.°C Electrostatics A positive test charge is placed between an electron, e, and a proton, p, as shown in the diagram below. When the test charge is released, it will move toward (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D In the diagram above, proton p, neutron n, and electron e are located as shown between two oppositely charged plates. The magnitude of acceleration will be greatest for the (A) neutron, because it has the greatest mass (B) neutron, because it is neutral (C) electron, because it has the smallest mass (D) proton, because it is farthest from negative plate Two protons are located one meter apart. Compared to the gravitational force of attraction between the two protons, the electrostatic force between the protons is (A) stronger and repulsive (B) weaker and repulsive (C) stronger and attractive (D) weaker and attractive A balloon is rubbed against a student’s hair and then touched to a wall. The balloon “sticks” to the wall due to (A) electrostatic forces between the particles of the balloon (B) magnetic forces between the particles of the wall (C) electrostatic forces between the particles of the balloon and the particles of the wall (D) magnetic forces between the particles of the balloon and the particles of the wall Two positively charged masses are separated by a distance, r. Which statement best describes the gravitational and electrostatic forces between the two masses? (A) Both forces are attractive. (B) Both forces are repulsive. (C) The gravitational force is repulsive and the electrostatic force is attractive. (D) The gravitational force is attractive and the electrostatic force is repulsive. A beam of electrons is directed into the electric field between two oppositely charged parallel plates. The electrostatic force exerted on the electrons by the electric field is directed (A) into the screen (B) out of the screen (C) toward the bottom of the screen (D) toward the top of the screen The diagram represents the electric field surrounding two charged spheres, A and B. What is the sign of the charge of each sphere? (A) Sphere A is positive and sphere B is negative. (B) Sphere A is negative and sphere B is positive. (C) Both spheres are positive. (D) Both spheres are negative. An electroscope is a device with a metal knob, a metal stem, and freely hanging metal leaves used to detect charges. The diagram shows a positively charged leaf electroscope. As a positively charged glass rod is brought near the knob of the electroscope, the separation of the electroscope leaves will (A) decrease (B) increase (C) remain the same Compared to insulators, metals are better conductors of electricity because metals contain more free (A) protons (B) positive ions (C) electrons (D) negative ions How much work is done in moving 5.0 coulombs of charge against a potential difference of 12 volts? (A) 2.4 J (B) 30. J (C) 12 J (D) 60. J Circuits A positive test charge is placed between an electron, e, and a proton, p, as shown in the diagram below. When the test charge is released, it will move toward (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D A complete circuit is left on for several minutes, causing the connecting copper wire to become hot. As the temperature of the wire increases, the electrical resistance of the wire (A) decreases (B) increases (C) remains the same A metal wire has length L and crosssectional area A. The resistance of the wire is directly proportional to (A) L A (B) A/L (C) L / A (D) L + A In a simple electric circuit, a 110-volt electric heater draws 2.0 amperes of current. The resistance of the heater is (A) 0.018 Ω (B) 28 Ω (C) 55 Ω (D) 220 Ω A potential drop of 50 volts is measured across a 250-ohm resistor. What is the power developed in the resistor? (A) 0.20 W (B) 5.0 W (C) 10 W (D) 50 W The circuit diagram represents four resistors connected to a 12-volt source. What is the total current in the circuit? (A) 0.50 A (B) 2.0 A (C) 8.6 A (D) 24 A The rate at which electrical energy is expended in this circuit is (A) 8.0 W (B) 16 W (C) 32 W (D) 64 W In which circuit would ammeter A show the greatest current? Which circuit has the smallest equivalent resistance? In the circuit diagram shown below, ammeter A1 reads 10 amperes. What is the reading of ammeter A2 ? (A) 6.0 A (B) 10 A (C) 20 A (D) 4.0 A Three resistors, 4 ohms, 6 ohms, and 8 ohms, are connected in parallel in an electric circuit. The equivalent resistance of the circuit is (A) less than 4 Ω (B) between 4 Ω and 8 Ω (C) between 10 Ω and 18 Ω (D) 18 Ω What is the total resistance of the circuit segment? (A) 1.0 Ω (B) 3.0 Ω (C) 9.0 Ω (D) 27 Ω