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CHAPTER 16
CENTRAL--WESTERN
EUROPE
CHAPTER 16-SECTION 1
• FRANCE
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CALLED A “HEXAGON”
– IF YOU STRAITEN IT OUT IT HAS 6 SIDES
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WATER SURROUNDS THIS
COUNTRY ON 3 SIDES
– ENGLISH CHANNEL
– ATLANTIC OCEAN
– MEDITERRANEAN SEA
REGIONS AND ECONOMICS
• NORTHERN FRANCE
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CAPITAL--PARIS
– CENTER OF POLITICS AND INDUSTRY
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PARIS BASIN
– ENTIRE SEINE RIVER REGION
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LILLE--INDUSTRIAL CITY NEAR PARIS
– PRODUCES STEEL, TEXTILES, CHEMICALS
FRENCH REGIONS BY
NAME
VINEYARDS OF THE
SOUTHWEST
• WARMER AND DRIER REGION
• NOTED FOR GRAPE VINEYARDS
AND THE PRODUCTION OF WINE
• BORDEAUX REGION
– PRODUCES FAMOUS BORDEAUX
WINE,COGNAC, BURGUNDY WINES
SOUTHERN FRANCE
• BORDERED BY 2 MOUNTAIN RANGES
– MASSIF MOUNTAINS
– ALPS MOUNTAINS
• REGION BISECTED BY THE RHONE RIVER
• MASSIF REGION--LIMITED INDUSTRY AND
AGRICULTURE
• ALPS REGION-BORDER TO ITALY
– NOTED FOR TOURISM--SKI RESORTS
SOUTHEASTERN FRANCE
• ALONG THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA
• NOTED TOURIST AREA
– RIVERIA RESORT AREA
• CANNES--FAMOUS FILM FESTIVAL
• MARSEILLES--CHIEF SEAPORT
– CONNECTS TO ALL THE
MEDITERRANEAN SEA PORTS
EASTERN FRANCEINDUSTRIAL AREA
• RHINE RIVER VALLEY--RHINE RIVER
– PART OF BORDER WITH GERMANY
• ALSACE AND LORRAINE
– CHIEF RESOURCE REGION
– STRASBOURG-CHIEF PORT
– BOTH GERMANY & FRANCE WANTED THIS
REGION DURING WW I AND WW II
HISTORY OF FRANCE
• INITIALLY CALLED GAUL
• CONQUERED BY ROMANS IN 100 B.C.
• CHARLEMAGNE TURNS FRANCE INTO
DOMINANT EMPIRE IN 800 A.D.
• BECAME A KINGDOM OF FRANCE-1500’S
• 1870-1940 GERMANY INVADES FRANCE
THREE TIMES.
HISTORY OF FRANCE
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j1lre
M8e6EM
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8eUfc
Z1r5aE
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=By7L
vganKGY&NR=1
LANGUAGE AND CULTURE
• STRONG NATIONAL IDENTITY
• ONE LANGUAGE-DIFFERENT DIALECTS
– VARIATIONS OF LANGUAGE
• FAMOUS FOR ACHIEVMENTS IN:
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ART--IMPRESSIONIST PAINTING
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PHILOSOPHERS--VOLTAIRE &
DESCARTES
• FAMOUS MUSEUM--THE LOUVRE
• THEATER, BALLET, OPERAS, ETC
FRANCE TODAY
• NATIONALIZED MANY BUSINESSES
– CONTROLLED BY THE GOVERNMENT
• JOINED THE ECONOMIC ALLIANCE
– EUROPEAN ECONOMIC UNION
• FACED RECESSION IN 1990’S-2000
• HAS REFUSED TO JOIN OR HELP THE
U.S. IN IRAQ.
CHAPTER 16--SECTION 2
• GERMANY
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uqjlIgK0bX
g&feature=related
GERMANY-A HISTORY OF
BEING DIVIDED
• 800 AD, PART OF THE HOLY ROMAN
EMPIRE
– BROKEN INTO INDEPENDENT STATES
• EMPIRE FURTHER DIVIDED BY
PROTESTANT / CATHOLIC SPLIT IN
1500’S
• BECAME THE GERMAN
CONFEDERATION IN 1700’S
GERMANY IN WW. I
• AS PART OF TRIPLE ALLIANCE
• FOUGHT IN WWI WITH THE CENTRAL
POWERS
– GERMANY, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, OTTOMAN EMPIRE
(TURKEY)
• LOST THE WAR-FORCED TO PAY
REPARATIONS
– PAYMENTS TO “REPAIR” THE DAMAGES
• CAUSED INFLATION, LED TO A DEPRESSION
IN GERMANY.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41KXZHmIn-o
GERMANY 1939-1945
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RULED BY ADOLF HITLER
CONQUERED FRANCE & EASTERN EUROPE
RESPONSIBLE FOR THE HOLOCAUST
FELL TO THE ALLIES IN 1945
OCCUPIED IN EAST BY SOVIET UNION AND IN
THE WEST BY U.S., ENGLAND, AND FRANCE.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lesNQAf0F0I&fe
ature=related
GERMANY 1949-1990
• GERMANY SPLIT INTO 2 SECTIONS
– FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF WEST GERMANY
– GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC-EAST
• BERLIN WALL BUILT TO SEPARATE CITY
• WALL TAKEN DOWN BY 1990
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JZCwlKiiZrs
&feature=related
REGIONS OF GERMANY
• NORTHERN PLAIN--FARMING AREA
• CAPITAL CITY OF BERLIN.
• ELBE RIVER IS THE CHIEF RIVER OF THIS
AREA.
• LARGEST PORT--HAMBURG
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ICrLx5aoo9w
CENTRAL GERMANY
• CHIEF INDUSTRIAL AREA
– RUHR VALLEY (IRON & STEEL PRODUCTION
– LIGNITE (SOFT COAL)
• MOST POPULATED AREA
• 2 MAJOR RIVERS OF THE AREA
– RHINE RIVER
– ELBE RIVER
• FRANKFURT--BANKING CENTER OF
GERMANY
SOUTHERN GERMANY
• DOMINATED BY THE ALPS
• RHINE AND DANUBE
RIVER
• MUNICH--CHIEF CULTURAL
CENTER
GERMANY TODAY
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LEADING INDUSTRIAL NATION OF EUROPE
5TH IN THE WORLD IN GDP
PART OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
FAMOUS FOR:
INDUSTRY
BEER AND WINE
THE AUTOBAHN
PROBLEMS OF GERMANY:
OLDER POPULATION
UNEMPLOYMENT
POLLUTION
THE AUTOBAHN
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sYPC
LtA-ETk&feature=related
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KbdH
-J6UoYI&feature=related
CHAPTER 16 SECTION 3
THE BENELUX COUNTRIES
• BELGIUM, NETHERLANDS,
LUXEMBOURG
• ALSO CALLED THE LOW COUNTRIES
• SMALL LAND AREA BUT DENSE
POPULATION. (26.4 MILLION PEOPLE)
THE NETHERLANDS
• MOST OF LAND SURROUNDED BY
EMBANKMENTS OF EARTH & ROCK
– DIKES BUILT BY DUTCH AND ROMANS
• RECLAIMED LAND BY PUMPING OUT
WATER--LAND CALLED “POLDER”
• 1/3 OF THE LAND IS BELOW SEA LEVEL.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zDauA9QEkQ
MAKING USE OF THE LAND
AND LOCATION
• 16 MILLION PEOPLE IN SMALL AREA
• 50% OF LAND USED IN AGRICULTURE
• RANDSTAD--METROPOLIS OF 4 CITIES
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cZmLj90fPo&feature=fvsr
• LAND CANNOT BE WASTED
• PORT CITIES MAKE IT LEADING TRADE
NATION OF EUROPE!
• CAPITAL IS AMSTERDAM (THE HAGUE IS
WHERE THE GOVERNMENT IS LOCATED)
BELGIUM
• A LAND OF DIFFERENT CULTURES
•
30% SPEAK FRENCH--WALLOONS
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55% SPEAK FLEMISH--(DUTCH)
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ONLY ALLOWED THE WALLOONS TO
HOLD GOVERNMENT JOBS
• CAPITAL CITY OF BRUSSELS
• GOVERNMENT DECENTRALIZED
• DIVIDED INTO 3 REGIONS:
• WALLONIA, FLANDERS, BRUSSELS
FACTS ON BELGIUM
• Belgium has a literacy rate of 99%
• The life expectancy is 78.6
• 85% of Belgians live in towns and
cities
• Nearly 80% of the population of
Belgium is Roman Catholic
LUXEMBOURG
• ONLY 990 SQUARE MILES
– SMALLER THAN RHODE ISLAND
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3 MAIN LANGUAGES
FRENCH, GERMAN, LUXMBOURGISH
VERY HIGH STANDARD OF LIVING.
STEEL AND HIGH TECH INDUSTRY
MEMBER OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
CAPITAL CITY IS ALSO
“LUXEMBOURG”
SECTION 4--SWITZERLAND
AND AUSTRIA
• ALPS MAKE UP HALF OF THESE
COUNTRIES
• BOTH COUNTRIES POLITICALLY
NEUTRAL
• NEITHET BELONG TO NATO
SWITZERLAND
• HAS 3 OFFICIAL LANGUAGES
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GERMAN (64%)
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FRENCH (19%)
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ITALIAN (ROMANASCH)
• OFFICIAL NAME IS “CONFEDERATION
HELVETICA”
• CAPITAL CITY IS “BERN”
SWITZERLAND-PAST HISTORY
AND PRESENT CULTURE
• FORMED IN 1291 WHEN 3 CANTONS OR
(STATES) COMBINED--SWISS
CONFEDERATION.
• SWITZERLAND HAS NOT BEEN IN A WAR
SINCE 1798--BEEN NEUTRAL!
• TODAY COUNTRY HAS 26 CANTONS!
• EACH CANTON IS SELF GOVERNING
SWITZERLAND’S ECONOMY
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NO RESOURCES-NO HEAVY INDUSTRY
SKILLED LABOR PRODUCTS
SWISS WATCHES
MICROSCOPES
MEDICINES
SWISS BANKING WORLD FAMOUS
RELY HEAVILY ON TOURISM TO THE
SWISS ALPS
AUSTRIA
• ONCE WAS PART OF LARGE AUSTRIAHUNGARY EMPIRE.
• DEFEAT IN WWI COST AUSTRIA LARGE
AMOUNTS OF LAND
• TODAY DOMINATED BY THE ALPS.
• MOST OF THE POPULATION LIVES IN
EASTERN LOWLANDS
AUSTRIA’S ECONOMY
• LIKE SWITZERLAND, CONCENTRATE ON
SPECIALIZED INDUSTRY.
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MACHINE TOOLS, CHEMICALS, TEXTILES
• AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES:
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DAIRY FARMIMNG
• MINERAL RESOURCES INCLUDE IRON
ORE IN EASTERN ALPS, ALUMINUM,
MAGNESIUM, COPPER, LEAD.
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STRIP MINING
VIENNA-CAPITAL CITY
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ZBU
HZxtDJM&feature=related