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Ecosystems and Communities Climate • Weather is the condition of the atmosphere at that time for a particular area. Unequal heating of our atmosphere • Climate is the yearly average atmospheric condition in a specific area over a long period of time. Greenhouse Effect • Atmosphere is a thin shell where conditions are presently suitable for life. • Greenhouse Effect • Greenhouse gases are water vapor, carbon dioxide(CO2), methane and a few other gases. Latitude on Climate • • • • • Latitude Equator Tropics Temperate Polar Heat Transport in the Biosphere • Unequal heating and cooling rates drives winds and ocean currents • Winds – Jet stream – Westerlies – Trade winds • Ocean currents – Gulf Stream – Southern Oscillation • Altitude-rain shadow Factors in an Ecosystem • Biotic factors are the living factors in an ecosystem. • Abiotic factors are the nonliving factors in an ecosystem. • Habitat Niche • Niche is what an organism does or its occupation Community Interactions • Competition • Predation • Symbiosis – Mutualism+,+ – Commensalism+,0 – Parasitism+,- Succession • Ecological Succession • Primary Succession – Pioneer species – Climax community • Secondary Succession • Natural disasters, climate change, human activitiesM Aquatic Succession • Death of large organism, scavengers, decomposers • Nutrients that are broken down from tissues, bones are left. Marine worms • Skeleton is dissolved by chemosynthetic organism and the nutrients and energy is used by mollusks and arthropods. Biomes • • • • Biome Tolerance Stress Optimum Biomes and Climate • Microclimate • Climate diagram, climatograph Major Terrestrial Biomes • Each of the terrestrial biomes is defined by a unique set of abiotic and biotic factors Biome Characteristi Climate Soil/Seas Tundra Dry, very cold 0, Dry, Very Cold Permafrost, 60 days Taiga, Boreal Coniferous Cold winters, hotsummer 0-5 degrees, 50-100cm Spodosol 60-100 days Temperate Decideous Cold hot Trees N12-27 S15-30 75-150cm Mollisol 180 days Grassland, Steppe, veldt, pampas Variable, Sometime drough Grassest Wide Ranges 25-75cm Mollisol 180 days Tropical rain forest Warm and Wet 25 constant Over 150cm Udisol Year round Desert Very dry Hot +20 Cold 10 Below 25cm Aridisols, depends Other Land Areas • Mountain Ranges – Factors vary with elevation • Polar Ice Caps – North, mosses, lichens, Polar bears, seals, insects, mites – South, mosses, lichens, Penguins, aquatic marine animals Aquatic • Aquatic ecosystems are determined by the depth, flow, temperature and water chemistry of the water. Freshwater • Flowing-River, streams, creeks, brooks • Standing-Lakes, pond – Plankton-free floating organisms – Phytoplankton-unicellular plants – Zooplankton-organism that feed off of the phytoplankton • Wetlands-bogs, marsh, swamps Wetlands • Wetland – Bog(sphagnum) – marsh cattails, rushes, wetlands along rivers, – swamp flooded forest Estuaries • Estuaries-are areas where rivers meet the ocean. Detritus, shallow characteristics. Valuable as nursaries, migration stop • Salt marsh- temperate-zone estuaries where grasses are the dominant vegetation • Mangrove swamps-coastal wetlands, along tropical regions. Mangroves, seagrasses dominant vegetation. Valuable as nursery for fish and shellfish. Marine Ecosystems • Phototic Zone-light penetrates, photosynthetic • Aphotic Zone-below 200 m, chemosynthetic • Benthic Zone-covers the ocean floor • Divisions also with distance from shore and depth. Intertidal Zone • Areas where organisms are exposed to extreme conditions, daily. • Many different types of communities • Zonation- prominent horizontal banding of organisms that live in a certain area High tide, low tide Coastal Ocean • Coastal Ocean from low tide mark to the edge of the continetial shelf. • Kelp forest temperate, shallow regions, very productive. Usually supports a complex food web. Coral Reef • Corals are small marine animals that are found warm, shallow coastal areas. • Corals are sack like with tenticles • Symbiotic algae and corals, coral wastes are nutrients for the algae, the algae supply Carbon for the corals. Open Ocean • Open ocean is anywhere from continental shelf, 500 -11,000 meters • Low nutrients, high pressure, low temperatures and total darkness. Benthic Zone • Benthic zone the ocean floor. • Benthos-organisms that live on the bottom of the ocean • Depend on other organisms for food, detritus • Vents, nutrients • chemosynthetic
