Download Human Geography By James Rubenstein

Human Geography
By James Rubenstein
Chapter 1
Key Issue 1
How Do Geographers Address
Where Things Are?
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Before travel began,
a map existed.
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Earth is a Map
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Cartography
The science of
map-making.
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Maps
A two-dimensional or
flat-scale model of
Earth's surface, or
a portion of it.
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Two purposes of Maps
 Store reference
material
 Communicate
geographic information
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Geographers
 Think about the
arrangements of people and
activities found in space.
 Try to understand why
those people and activities
are distributed across space
as they are.
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Geographers use
maps
 as a method of depicting
the distribution of features
 as a tool for explaining
observed patterns.
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Earliest Mapmaking
 The earliest surviving maps were
drawn by Babylonians on clay
tablets about 2300 B.C.
 Polynesian peoples navigated for
thousands of years with three
dimensional maps.
 Mediterranean sailors and
traders made maps as early as
800 B.C.
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Thales
(624?-546? B.C.)
Applied principals to
measuring land area.
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Aristotle
(384-322 B.C.)
 First to demonstrate the earth
was spherical.
 Observed the curved shadow of
the earth on the moon during an
eclipse and
 That the visible groups of stars
change as one travels north or
south.
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Eratosthenes
(2767-1947 B.C.)
 First to use the word
geography
 Calculated the circumference
of the earth
 Made one of the earliest
maps of the known world,
correctly dividing Earth into five
climatic regions.
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Ptolemy (A.D. 1007-1707)
Wrote an eight-volume
Guide to Geography,
taking advantage of
information collected by
merchants and soldiers
who traveled throughout
the Roman Empire.
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Non-European
 Phei Hsiu, "father of Chinese
cartography," produced an
elaborate map of China,A.D. 267.
 The Muslim geographer al-Idrisi
(1100-1165?) prepared a world
map and geography text in 1154.
 lbn- Battutah (1305-13687)
wrote Rihlah (Travels) based on
three decades of joumeys.
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During the Age of
Exploration and Discovery
Geography and mapmaking
enjoyed a revival.
th
By the 17 century, maps
accurately displayed the
outline of most continents
and the position of
oceans.
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Gerardus Mercator
(A.D. 1512-94)
Best known for the Mercator
projection - a cylindrical
map projection still widely
used today.
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Mercator Projection
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Bernhardus Varenius
(A.D. 1622-50)
Produced Geographia Generalis,
which stood form more than a
century as the standard
treatise on systemic
geographic.
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Map Scale
The relationship of a
feature’s size on a map
to its actual size on
Earth.
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Scale is represented
in 3 ways:
- a fraction (1/24,000) or
ratio (1:24,000)
- a written statement
(" 1 inch equals 1
mile")
- a graphic bar scale.
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The level of detail and
the amount of area
covered on a map
depends on its scale.
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Projection
The scientific method of
transferring locations on
the Earth’s surface to a
flat map.
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Projection
To communicate geographic
concepts effectively
through maps,
cartographers must design
them properly and assure
that users know how to
read them.
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From Sphere to Flat
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Map Distortion
The Earth's spherical
shape poses a challenge
because drawing the
Earth on a flat piece of
paper unavoidably
produces some distortion.
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Four types of distortion
 shape can be distorted
 distance may be increased
or decreased
 relative size may be
altered
 direction between points
can be distorted
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In addition to the global
system of latitude and
longitude,
other mathematical indicators
of locations are used in
different parts of the
world.
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U.S. Land Ordinance of
1785
In the United States, the Land
Ordinance of 1785 divided
much of the country into a
system of townships and
ranges to facilitate the sale of
land to settlers in the West.
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Townships and Ranges
 A township is a square 6 miles on
each side.
 Each township has a number
corresponding to its distance north
or south of a particular base line.
 Each township has a second
number, known as the range,
corresponding to its location east or
west of a principal meridian.
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Quarter-Section
 A township is divided into 36
sections, each of which is 1 mile
by 1 mile.
 Each section is divided into four
quarter-sections.
 A quarter-section, which is 0.5
mile by 0.5 mile, or 160 acres, was
the amount of land many western
pioneers bought as a homestead.
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A
Township
equals 36
Sections
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Township
Section
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Principal Meridians
Some of the north-south
lines separating
townships are called
principal meridians.
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Principal Meridians
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Base Lines
Some east-west lines are
designated base lines.
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Contemporary Tools
Two important technologies that
developed during the past quarter
century are
 geographic information systems
(computer programs for
manipulating geographic data).
 remote sensing from satellites
(to collect data).
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Geographic Information
System (GIS)
A high-performance
computer system that
processes geographic
data.
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GIS
Information such as
topography, political
boundaries, population
density, manufacturing, soil
type, earthquake faults,
and so on is stored as
separate information layers.
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Layered
Information
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Remote Sensing
The acquisition of data
about Earth's surface from
a satellite orbiting Earth or
from other long-distance
methods.
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Remote Sensing
Satellites scan the Earth’s surface
and record reflected radiation.
Scanned images are transmitted to
receiving stations in digital form.
Can show an object 1 meter across.
Weather satellites take a broader
view, looking at several kilometers
at a time.
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Global Positioning
System (GPS)
A system, using 24
satellites, that
determines accurately
the precise position of
something on Earth
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GPS
 Commonly used in
navigation of aircraft,
ships, and autos.
 Detecting the vehicle’s
current location, device can
provide directions to a
desired location.
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Frank and Earnest
on GPS
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