Download “Take Five”

Honors World Geography
Unit #1: The Basics of Geography
“Take Five”
What do the following terms refer to? (a)
absolute location (b) distortion
(c) map projection (d) relative location
Review of lines of latitude
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Lines of latitude
are parallel to
each other &
equidistant
There are northern
and southern lines
of latitude
Remember—
latitude goes
around the earth
Review of lines of longitude
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Lines of longitude
are not equidistant
to each other and
vary in their size
There are eastern
and western lines
of Longitude
Remember
longitude goes
over the earth
Chp 1:Physical Geography: Looking at
the Earth
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What is geography?
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The study of the distribution and
interaction of physical and human
features on the earth.
Geography is studied using:
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Maps—visual representations of a
portion of the earth
5 Themes of Geography—describe
patterns and connections in the use of
space
Wally Points…
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What are mental maps? Give an
example.
5 Themes of Geography
(1) Location, Location, Location
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Where is it?
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Absolute—the exact coordinates of a place
 Hemisphere—(northern, southern, western &
eastern—halves of the globe)
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Latitude—lines running parallel to the equator
 Longitude—lines that mark positions in the
east and west hemispheres
 Each location can have only 1 absolute
location
Relative—the place in comparison to other
places around it
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Equator divides the north/south hemisphere
Prime meridian divides the east/west hemisphere
 Greenwich meridian
5 Themes of Geography
(2) Place
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What is it like?
Place refers to:
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Physical features—climate, vegetation,
landforms &
Human interaction—industrialization,
building dams, houses &
Culture—what culture does a group of
people bring to a place?
5 Themes of Geography
(3) Region
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How are places similar and different?
Regions have characteristics in common with each
other that ties them together: physical, economic,
political or social
9 Formal Regions:
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The U.S. & Canada
Latin America
Europe
Russia and the Republics
Africa
Southwest Asia
South Asia
East Asia
Southeast Asia, Oceania & Antarctica
Class Assignment…
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Create a map of your
neighborhood—you should include
as many of the 5 themes as
possible on your map & remember
to include a legend.
5 Themes of Geography
(4) Human Environment Interaction
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How do people relate to the physical
world?
How do people change their
environment?
Sometimes human interaction of the
environment changes the
environment?
Wally Points…
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Name some ways in which human
interaction changes the
environment.
5 Themes of Geography
(5) Movement
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How do people move products and
themselves from one place to another?
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Linear distance = how far across the earth
something travels
 Physical barriers such as deserts or mountain
ranges.
Time distance = amount of time it takes to
travel from place to place
Psychological distance = the way people view
distance
Wally Points (Use the map on A4 & A5)
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Where is 0°, 0°?
Where is 15°N & 15°W?
Where is 38°S & 18° E ?
Where is 35° N & 75° W?
Where is 50 N° & 10° W ?
What degrees of latitude and longitude are the
following locations?
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Georgia (the state)
Finland
Tokyo
Moscow
Mumbai (Bombay)
What is the relative location of Cyprus?
What is the relative location of Madagascar?
What is the relative location of Tokyo?
“Take Five”
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Make a list of the types of maps
that geographers use to study the
world and human interaction.
Chp 2: The Geographer’s Tools
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Basic tools of the trade:
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Globes: 3 dimensional—too big to be efficient
Maps: 2 dimensional—great for on the go, but can
be distorted
Cartographers (map makers) may decrease
distortion through map projections—presenting a
round image on a flat page
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Planar projections or azimuthal—gives the shortest
distance between 2 points
Conical projections—projections onto a cone
shape—used to show landmasses that extend over
large areas going east and west
Cylindrical projections or Mercator—projections
onto a cylinder that shows the whole earth
Planar projections
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A grid from a
sphere is projected
on a flat surface
Conical projections
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Conical projection
maps, in which the
Earth's surface is
projected onto a cone
placed on the globe
with its point over one
of the Earth's poles,
poles, are best suited
for maps of polar and
mid-latitude
regions. They are
often used for
aeronautical charts as
well.
Cylindrical Projections
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Cylindrical projection
maps, in which a
cylinder which is
wrapped around the
Earth at the Equator,
are often used for
complete world
maps. On a cylindrical
projection map, the
longitude and latitude
lines are straight.
Cylindrical--Mercator
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The Mercator projection, designed
by Flemish cartographer Gerardus
Mercator in 1569, is a cylindrical
projection which preserves local
angles, and in which the east-west
scale is identical to the north-south
scale at every point on the map. It
became widely used for nautical
maps and navigation charts on which
navigators could plot straight line
courses. However, the Mercator
projection exaggerates the size of
high latitude areas such as Greenland
and Antarctica.
Robinson projection—cylindrical
projection
The Robinson projection is a pseudo-cylindrical projection designed for
Rand McNally by Arthur Robinson in 1963. Lengths of parallels, pole lines,
and the central meridian are arbitrarily calculated for best visual
appearance. First published in 1974, it was adopted for world maps by the
National Geographic Society in 1988, but abandoned in favor of the Winkel
Tripel projection in 1998.
The Science of Mapmaking
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Surveying—gathering data such as
elevation, differences in land cover,
and variations of temperature. The
information is converted to gray
images which cartographers then
use to construct maps (modern day
using software programs)
The Science of Mapmaking
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The modern use of satellites:
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Landsats: series of satellites that orbit the
earth 100 miles above the earth—cover the
earth in 16 days
GOES (Geostationary Operational
Environmental Satellite)—a weather satellite
that is at the same speed as the earth’s
rotation to help determine weather patterns
GIS (Geographic Information Systems)—a
database of geographical information such as
maps, ariel photographs, satellite images etc
GPS (Global Positioning System)—the use of
24 NavStar satellites that beam the exact
location (lattitude & longitude coordinates) to
handheld systems
The Science of Mapmaking
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Geographers also use other
information to solve problems such
as population density, political
boundaries, vegetation of an area
etc
Reading a map-using the handout
provided review the different
components on a map
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Title
Compass Rose
Labels
Legend
Lines of Latitude
Lines of Longitude
Scale
Symbols
Colors
Does your neighborhood map have any
of these components?
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Title
Compass Rose
Labels
Legend
Lines of Latitude
Lines of Longitude
Scale
Symbols
Colors
Types of Maps:
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Physical maps—types of landforms & bodies of
water for specific area
Political maps—boundaries of cities, states,
countries, regions—human creations on the
earth’s surface
Thematic—depicting certain specific types of
information
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Qualitative—uses colors, symbols, dots or lines to
help illustrate patterns related to a specific idea
Cartograms—info about a country based on a set of
data other than land area
Flow-line maps—illustrate movement of people,
goods, ideas, animals, etc…
Types of
maps—
Physical
Types of maps--Political
Types of maps—Thematic (Qualitative)
Types of maps—Thematic
(Cartograms)
Types of maps—Thematic (Flow line
maps)
Assignment….Part I
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Use media resources: Time, Newsweek,
National Geographic, internet to find a
political dispute over a border or
boundary
Today, while in the media center, you will
find research regarding the areas in
dispute, the history of the dispute, the
outcomes of the dispute & the locations of
the dispute
You will also want to know the regions so
that tomorrow you can draw a political
map of the regions in dispute
Assignment…Part II
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Using your research from yesterday,
construct a political map with all of
the disputed regions represented
Write a 1-2 page paper (typed)
about the dispute and the outcomes
(Paper & political map due
Monday!!!)
60% grade