Download Slide 1

Unit VI Industrialization and
Development
• Krista Pedersen
• Kira Levin
• Amy Lindholm
• Requirements to maintain moderate activity vary
according to a person’s type of occupation, age, sex,
and size, and climate conditions.
• Example: 2350 calories as a minimum daily level
• Calorie Consumption
• Based on the observation that within many spatial systems
sharp territorial contrasts exist in wealth, economic
advancement, and growth in development between economic
heartlands and outlying subordinate zones
• Example: Western Europe, Japan, & U.S.
• Core- Periphery Model
• Classify as twin bases of the importance of off
farm sales and the number of people who
work in agriculture
• Example: Subsistence Agriculture
Agricultural Labor Force
• The increasing similarity in technologies and
ways of life among societies at the same level
of development
• Example: British colonies re-creating the
textile industries from England’s Industrial
Revolution
• Cultural Convergence
• Holds that the political and economic
relationships between countries and regions
of the world control and limit economic
development possibilities of poorer areas
• Example: colonies dependent on colonial
powers
• Dependency Theory
• Extent to which the human and natural
resources of an area or country have been
brought into full productive use
• Example: Modern high rise office in Chicago
• Development
• Common measure of technological advancement of
nations because it loosely correlates with per capita
income, degree of industrialization, and use of
advanced technology
• Example: MDCs use 10x more energy per capita than
LDCs
• Energy Consumption
• Money the current developing country gains
in international quaternary services
• Example: Caribbean states to take advantage
of lower wages and larger educational pool
• Foreign Direct Investment
• Culture’s assumptions about the differences
between men and women
• Example: roles in society and divisions in labor
• Gender
• The total value of goods and services
produced within the borders of a country
during a specified time period
• Example: tertiary services
• Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
• Reports the total market value of goods and
services produced within an economy within a
given time period
• Example: highest GNI = Northwestern Europe,
North American, Australia, and New Zealand
• Gross National Income
• Combines purchasing power, life expectancy, and
literacy
• Example: reflects the programme’s conviction that
the important human aspiration’s are leading a long
and healthy life , education, and access to assets.
Human Development Index
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1) traditional societies – subsistence agriculture
2) preconditions for take-off – established societies
3) take-off – resources begin to be exploited
4) drive to maturity – application of modern technology
5) age of mass consumption – above basic need
6) post-industrial – services replace industry
Example: U.S. in mass consumption. Ethiopia in traditional
society
• “Stages of Growth” model & levels of development
• Development is measured by more than
economic standards though income and
national wealth strongly affect the degree to
which societies invest in public services
• Example: education, sanitation, health
services
Measures of development
• Major world powers control the economies of
the poorer countries even though the poorer
countries are now politically independent
states
• Example: Nigeria and France
Neocolonialism
• Overseas development council devised this
index which seeks a value-free measure of the
extent to which minimum human needs are
being satisfied among the world’s countries
• Example: indicates infant mortality, life
expectancy, and literacy
• Physical Quality of Life
• Index
• What money actually buys in each country
• Example: bread costs $1 in the U.S. but only
50 cents in Thailand
• Purchasing Power Parity
• Proposed a widely cited model for economic
advancement
• Example: Theorized that developing countries
will pass through five successive stages of
growth and advancement
• W. W Rostow
• Contrast in range and productivity of artifacts
introduced at the core and those known or
employed at the periphery
• Example: traditional crafts – modern
technologies
• Technology Gap
• Placing in their own territory and under their own
control the productive plants and processes marking
the more advanced countries
• Example: chemical plant of Bhopal is a technological
transfer sought by the government of India
• Technological transfer
• Often applied to the developing countries as a
group
• Example: Sub-Saharan African countries
• Third World
• Provided useful framework into the political
organization of space and helps understand
the geography of development
• Example: three-tier structure: core, periphery,
and semi-periphery
• World Systems Theory
• When acids from all sources are washed out
of the air by rain, snow, or fog
• Example: described by pH factor
Acid Rain
• Spatial concentration of people and activities
for mutual benefit
• Example: industrial activities
• Agglomeration
• Form of savings from shared transport
facilities, social services, public utilities,
communication facilities, and the like.
• Example: infrastructure
• Agglomeration Economies
• Contains alien substances in the sufficient
amounts and concentrations to have a
harmful effect on living things and humanmade objects
• Example: ash from volcanic eruptions
Air Pollution
• Massive changes of electricity required to
extract aluminum from its processed raw
materials
• Example: kitimat plant on the west coast of
Canada
• Aluminum Industry
• German economic geographer developed a
basic model for the location of manufacturing
plants. Drew from the research of other
economic geographers and began with a set of
assumptions that enabled him to create his
model
• Alfred Weber
•A model developed by Alfred Weber according to which the location of
manufacturing establishments is determined by the minimization of three
critical expenses: labor, transportation, and agglomeration
•Least Cost Location
• Costs that change directly with the amount of
production
• Energy supply and labor costs
• Variable costs
• Dominant city in terms of its role in the global
political economy. Not the world’s biggest city
in terms of population or industrial output,
but rather centers of strategic control of the
world economy.
• London, New York, Tokyo
• World cities
• Appearing everywhere
• Ubiquitous
• Business owners can juggle expenses, as long as labor, land
rent, transportation, and other cost don’t all go up at one
time.
• If labor costs go up, they may be offset by a decline in
transportation and rent costs, encouraging the owner to stay
put.
• Substitution Principle
• The deliberate killing of a place through industrial expansion
and change, so that its earlier landscape and character are
destroyed. Referred to as deliberate industrial expansion.
• When industries form, then the peoples’ center of life
revolves around that industry
• Topocide
• Highly productive, based on close ties to
Europe, the proximity of raw materials such as
coal, iron ore, and limestone
• Ontario, and southern Quebec
• Eastern North American Manufacturing
Region
• Companies that participate not only in
international trade, but also in production,
manufacturing and/or sales operation in
several countries
• IBM, Ford, Dutch electronics
• Transnational corporations
• The average maximum distance people are willing to travel to
purchase a good or service. Is the radius of the circle drawn to
delineate a service’s market area.
• People are willing to go long distances to get groceries,
Laundromats, or video rentals.
• Range
• The size of the population required to make
provision of the service economic feasible
• The amount needed to support a Kroger
supermarket in Dayton is about 30,000
people.
• Threshold
• An economic activity in which the final
product weighs less than its inputs
• Copper industry
• Bulk-reducing industry
• Makes something that gains volume or weight
during production
• Soft drink bottle
• Bulk-gaining industry
• With reference to production, to turn over in part or in
total to a third party. Producing abroad parts of products
for domestic use or sale. Subcontracting products of
services rather than performing those activities “in
house”.
• American manufacturers practice this.
• Outsourcing
• Agreement entered into by Canada, Mexico,
and the US in December 1992 and which took
effect on Jan 1, 1994 to eliminate the barriers
to trade in, and facilitate the cross-border of
goods and services between countries.
• Has worked to lower taxes
• NAFTA
• Specific area within a country in which tax
incentives are less stringent
• China has this type of zone
• Special economic zone
• Threatens biodiversity and marine life.
Important factor in global climate change.
• Freon and CFC’s contribute to this problem.
• Ozone depletion
• The term given to the zone in northern Mexico
with factories supplying manufactured goods
to the US market. The low-wage workers in
the primary foreign owned factories assemble
imported components and/or raw materials
and then export the finished goods.
• In Mexico, located directly across the border
from the US.
• Maquiladora
• Employs vertical disintegration with larger,
formerly functionally integrated firms
• Plant location “just in time theory”
• Explains how quickly innovations diffuse and refers to how interlinked two
places are through transportation and communication technologies.
• In 1492 Columbus took 37 days to sail across the Atlantic Ocean and in
1967 Glenn crossed above the Atlantic in about a quarter hour.
• Time-space compression
• Economies where the tertiary and quaternary sectors
have grown to dominate the workforce, with smaller
but highly productive secondary sectors.
• Argentina and Korea have this type of economy
• Post industrial economy
• The tendency of an economic activity to locate close to its
market; a reflection of large and variable distribution costs
• When a factory is one stage in a larger manufacturing process
(firms making wheels, tires, windshields, bumpers, in the
assembly of automobiles) the location near the next stage of
production is an obvious advantage
• Market orientation
• The direct, indirect, and induced consequences of change in a
activity.
• Total (urban) population growth thus the expansion of the
labor pool and the localized market that are part of
agglomeration economy.
• Multiplier effect
• Highly productive, consists of numerous
industrial areas.
• Central and northern Britain, the Ruhr.
• Western Europe Manufacturing Region
• Industrial centers based in Moscow and has a
wide variety of metal and chemical industry
• Volga
• Western Russia Manufacturing Region
• Industrial center based in Ukraine using oil and gas.
• Centered on coalfield.
• Ukraine Manufacturing Region
• Smaller, few industrial raw materials of its own, forced to
import a lot, uses its large population to its advantage. Keeps
labor cost low, and has a highly skilled labor force. Leader of
computers and electronic equipment
• Japan Manufacturing Region
• Any activity that fulfills a human want or need
and returns money to those who provide it
• Types: consumer, business, and public
• Services
• Laws that limit the permitted uses of land and
maximum density of development in a
community.
• Can prohibit anyone from living in basements,
and upper floors.
• Zoning
• The new engineering profession made a huge
impact on this.
• Canals, railways, air, and truck.
• Transportation
• Water and air pollution, ozone damage, acid
deposition
• Environmental considerations
International Division of Labor
• The specialization by countries, in particular
products or exports.
• Example: Central America for bananas, cotton
in India, or coffee in Brazil.
Cumulative Causation
• The spiraling build up of advantages that
occur in specific geographic settings as
a result of the development of external
economies, agglomeration effects, and
localization economies.
• Example: Brazil, Peru, and
Ghana subsidizing
domestic industries and
protecting them from
outside competitors
through tariffs and taxes.
Deindustrialization
• Involves a relative decline
(and in extreme cases an
absolute decline) in
industrial employment in
core regions as firms scale
back their activities in
response to lower levels of
profitability.
• Example: Rustbelt in 1960’s
and 70’s.
Fordism
• Named for a president whom within the
automobile industry pioneered mass
production based assembly line techniques,
mass consumption based on higher wages
and sophisticated advertising technologies.
Export Processing zone
• Small areas within especially favorable
investment trading conditions are created by
government in order to attract export
oriented individuals. These conditions
include minimum levels of bureaucracy
surrounding imports and exports ; the
absence of foreign exchange controls ; the
availability of factory space and
warehousing at subsidized rents ; low tax
rates; and exemption from tariffs and export
duties.
Infrastructure
• Roads, schools, and recreational amenities.
Ecotourism
• Tourism that can help sustain indigenous life
systems, regional cultures , arts and crafts ;
and it can provide incentives for wildlife
preservation, environmental protection, and
the conservation of historical buildings and
sights.
• Example: Whale watching at Kaikoura, New
Zealand.
Comparative Advantage
• Principle where by places and regions specialize in
activities for which they have the greatest advantage
in productions relative to other regions or for which
they have the least disadvantage.
Examples: bananas
in Central America,
cocoa in Ghana,
palm oil in West
Africa, rubber in
Malaysia, or copper
in Chile.
Bid-Rent Theory
• Different land users are prepared to pay
different amounts.
• Example: commercial land users want to be
accessible to one another, to markets, and to
workers.
Economies of Scale
• Cost advantages to manufactures that acquire
from high volume production, since the
average cost of production falls within
increasing out puts.
Footloose
• Industry that is able to shift the location of
their facility in order to take advantage of
cheep labor.
Industrial Revolution
• A series of unrelated land intentions that led
to the use of machines and animal power in
the manufacturers process and transportation
beginning in the 18th century.
Industrial Regions
• Primary industry , secondary industry, and
services.
• Examples:
– Primary: fishing, hunting, farming
– Secondary: ore into steel, fish canning
– Services: transport/communications ,
producer, consumer
Greenhouse Effect
• Effect of greatly increased amounts of carbon
dioxide produced by burning fossil fuels.
• Example: ice masses breaking off of Antarctica
due to warming temperatures.
Labor-Intensive
• Industries in which labor costs form a large
part of the total production costs.
• Example: industries that require skilled
workers producing small objects such as
computers, cameras, and watches.
Industrial Location Theory
• Fundamental principles that share and
influence decisions in the location of
economic activities.
• Example: proximity to a specific consumer
market up is almost always of importance.
Break of Bulk Point
• Location where a transfer among
transportation modes is possible.
• Example: seaports and airports.
Canadian Industrial Heartland
• Region with centrality to Canadian market,
proximity to the great lakes, and access to
inexpensive hydroelectric power from Niagara
Falls.
• St. Lawrence Valley-Ontario Peninsula area.