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Wireless Networking IEEE 802.11 In Depth Module-05 Jerry Bernardini Community College of Rhode Island 5/25/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini 1 Presentation Reference Material • CWNA Certified Wireless Network Administration Official Study Guide, Fourth Edition, Tom Carpenter, Joel Barrett – Chapter-4 Pages 153-200 • The California Regional Consortium for Engineering Advances in Technological Education (CREATE) project 5/25/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini 2 Bits, Bytes, Octets, Frames, Packets • Bits =1 or 0 • Bytes = 8 bits • Octets = 8 bits = Byte – Octet is used by telecommunication people – Byte is used by IT people • Frames = grouping of bits at layer-2 • Packets = grouping of bits at layer-3 • Datagrams = another term for packets 5/25/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini 3 Coding – ASCII Table 5/25/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini 4 OSI data flow CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second EditionCCRI J. Bernardini 5 IEEE 802.11 Physical Layer Standards • IEEE wireless standards follow OSI model, with some modifications • Data Link layer divided into two sublayers: – Logical Link Control (LLC) sublayer: Provides common interface, reliability, and flow control – Media Access Control (MAC) sublayer: Appends physical addresses to frames • Physical layer divided into two sublayers: – Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) sublayer: Makes up standards for characteristics of wireless medium (such as DSSS or FHSS) and defines method for transmitting and receiving data – Physical Layer Convergence Procedure (PLCP) sublayer: Performs two basic functions • Reformats data received from MAC layer into frame that PMD sublayer can transmit • “Listens” to determine when data can be sent CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second EditionCCRI J. Bernardini 6 Data Link Layer - Physical Layer- Data Units MSDU (MAC Service Data Unit) (From upper layers 2304 bytes max) LLC MAC 802.2 Logical Link Control Data Link Layer (Layer-2) 802.11 Media Access Control MPDU (MAC Protocol Data Unit) PSDU (PLCP Service Data Unit) (MPDU = PSDU name change to PLCP PHY Layer Convergence Protocol indicated service needed) Physical Layer (Layer-1) PPDU (PLCP Protocol Data Unit) PMD Physical Medium Dependent PHY = Physical Layer Modulated Radio Signal Where the IEEE 802.11 Standard Fits 8 IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD vs. IEEE 802.11 CSMA/CA • • • • • • CSMA/CD is for wired collision handling CSMA/CA is for wireless collision handling CSMA = Carrier Sense Multiple Access CD = Collision Detection CA = Collision Avoidance Why do collisions occur? – Answer = Two or more stations transmit at the same time • Why is it important to detect or avoid collisions? – Answer = Because there is data loss and retransmission is necessary • Wired networks are designed for the transmitting station to detect most collisions • Many collisions will not be detected by Wireless networks – therefore avoid collisions IEEE 802.11 Collision Handling CSMA/CA • 1. 2. 3. 4. • In CSMA/CA a Wireless node that wants to transmit performs the following sequence: Listen on the desired channel. If channel is idle (no active transmitters) it sends a packet. If channel is busy the node waits random time until transmission stops and then waits an additional time period. If the channel is still idle at the end of the time period the node transmits its packet otherwise it repeats the process defined in 3 above until it gets a free channel. Additional support mechanisms such as ACK, RTS/CTS can be used but increase overhead noticeably. CSMA/CA Collision Handling • 802.11 standard employs half-duplex radios-radios capable of transmission or reception-but not both simultaneously Wired LAN 1 Listening Transmitting Data Frames 2 Wireless Client Transmitting AP-1 Access Points Listening Carrier Sense Mechanisms • Physical Carrier Sense – Checks received signal strength using RSSI. • Virtual Carrier Sense – Uses a field called the Network Allocation Vector, (NAV) – Uses RTS/CTS protocol as an extension of CSMA/CA. CSMA/CA and ACK •CSMA/CA also reduces collisions via explicit frame acknowledgment •Acknowledgment frame (ACK): Sent by receiving device to sending device to confirm data frame arrived intact •If ACK not returned, transmission error assumed •CSMA/CA does not eliminate collisions and does not solve hidden node problem 13 CSMA/CA Request to Send/Clear to Send • Request to Send/Clear to Send (RTS/CTS) protocol: Option used to solve hidden node problem – Significant overhead upon the WLAN with transmission of RTS and CTS frames • Especially with short data packets – RTS threshold: Only packets that longer than RTS threshold transmitted using RTS/CTS 14 Interframe Spacing ensures no frame overlap and proper frame processing sequence • Interframe spaces (IFS): Intervals between transmissions of data frames • Short IFS (SIFS): For immediate response actions such as ACK, CTS, RTS, fragmented frames • SIFS times vary based upon PHY modulation • FHSS-28us, DHSS-10us, OFDM-16us, HR/DSS-10us, ERP-10us • Point Coordination Function IFS (PIFS): Time used by a device to access medium after it has been asked and then given approval to transmit • PIFS times = SIFS time + PHY slot time • Distributed Coordination Function IFS (DIFS): Standard interval between transmission of data frames • DIFS times = SIFS time + 2x PHY slot time • Extended IFS (EIFS): used when frame reception is incomplete or corrupted • EIFS longest time • EIFS time = SIFS + 8x ACK + Preamble + PLCP header length + DIFS 15 Contention Window and Backoff Time • Contention Window is a range of integers which is chosen at random to become the backoff time • Backoff time is a random time used to establish a frame-to-transmit – Random Backoff Time = Random Integer x Slot Time – Slot time varies for PHY modulation – FHSS-50us, DHSS-20us, OFDM-9us, HR/DSS-20us, ERP Long Slot-20us, ERP Short Slot-9us, 802.1n-9us 5/25/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini 16 Ethernet and 802.11 Frames • Ethernet Frame 7 1518 1 Preamble 6 6 2 Source Destination 46 - 1500 4 Data FCS Type or Length Field Start Of Frame • Wireless Frame 10 or 18 2 4 or 6 Sync PLCP Header Start Of Frame 2 2 6 6 6 Source Destination Rec. Adr Duration ID Frame Cntrl 2 6 0 - 2304 4 Trans. Adr Data FCS Sequence Cntrl MAC Packet DATA Unit, (MPDU) Frame Categories / Types • Management Frames o Beacon Frame o Probe Frames o Association Frames… more • Control Frames o RTS and CTS Frames o ACK – Acknowledgement Frames… more • Data Frames o Data Payload Frames Twelve Management Frame Types 5/25/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini 19 Eight Control Frames • Used to assist with the delivery of data frames 5/25/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini 20 Fifteen Data Frames • The frames that actually carry application data 5/25/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini 21 IEEE 802.11 Frame Formats Management Control Data Frame Control (2) Frame Control (2) Duration (2) Frame Control (2) Duration (2) Des. Address (6) Duration (2) Address 1 (6) Source Address (6) Receiver Address (6) Address 2 (6) Address 3 (6) BSSID (6) Seq. Control (2) Transmit Address ( 6) Frame Check Seq. (6) Seq. Control (2) Address 4 (6) Frame Body ( 1 to 2311) Data ( 1 to 2311) Frame Check Seq. (6) Frame Check Seq. (6) (Bytes per field) CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 22 Frame Types and Sizes Protocol Data Unit (PDU) Frame Type and Vendor Support MTU (Bytes) TCP Transport maximum segment size 1460 Layer-3 default size 1500 IEEE 802.3 Ethernet default 1500 MPDU IEEE 802.11 default 1534 MPDU IEEE 802.11 maximum 2304 MAC Jumbo Frame >1500 MAC Cisco Baby giant 1552 1600 MAC Cisco Catalyst 4000 9198 9216 MAC Cisco Catalyst 6000 9216 9234 IP MAC 5/25/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini MTU + Overhead (Bytes) 1518 23 Transmitting on the WLAN: Fragmentation • Fragmentation: Divide data to be transmitted from one large frame into several smaller ones – Reduces probability of collisions – Reduces amount of time medium is in use • If data frame length exceeds specific value, MAC layer fragments it – Receiving station reassembles fragments • Alternative to RTS/CTS – High overhead • ACKs and additional SIFS time gaps 24 IEEE 802.11 MAC Functions • • • • • • • • • • Scanning- discover AP or BSS Synchronization- all stations have the same clock Frame Transmission- rules for frame transfer Authentication-allow device in network Association-after authentication associate with AP Reassociation-roaming and association with new AP Data Protection-data encryption protects data Power Management-save power by sleeping transceiver Fragmentation-breakup frame for efficiency and interfer. RTS/CTS- solution to hidden node problem 5/25/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini 25 Beacon Management Frame • A special management frame that is used by a client stations seeking a wireless network to join. • Instead of beacon frames a station could use probe request and probe response frames • In an ad hoc (IBSS ) wireless network all stations take turns broadcasting the beacon frame Beacon Beacon S2 S1 AP Control Point 5/25/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini 26 Active Scanning (Probes) • A station could use probe request and probe response frames Instead of beacon frames 1. Station is configured with SSID and switched to a channel 2. Probe request sent by requesting station 3. All stations that have the same SSID and have normal configurations respond with a Probe Response frame • The process also involves waiting for ProbeDelay and MinChannel Timers Probe Request S1 5/25/2017 Probe Response AP Control Point Wireless Networking J. Bernardini S2 27 Passive Scanning (Beacons) 1. Client stations listens for s beacon from an access point (AP) 2. If multiple beacons are received the strongest one is selected 3. The listening station then requests authentication and association Beacons S1 5/25/2017 Beacons AP Control Point Wireless Networking J. Bernardini S2 28 Authentication and Association • • 1. 2. 3. • Using the IEEE 802.11 State Machine Stations are in one of three states Unauthenticated / Unassociated Authenticated / Unassociated Authenticated / Associated You cannot transmit data frames for processing until you are associated • You cannot transmit associated frames for processing until you are Authenticated 5/25/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini 29 IEEE 802.11 State Machine 5/25/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini 30 Slot Times • The amount of time a device waits after a collision before retransmitting a packet. • Radio defined time interval or clock tick. – – – – FHSS Slot Time = 50 S DSSS Slot Time = 20 S Infrared Slot Time = 8 S For DSSS: SIFS = 10 S PIFS = SIFS + 1 Slot Time = 10 S + 20 S = 30 S DIFS = PIFS + 1 Slot Time = 30 S + 20 S = 50 S – Time Unit = TU = 1,024 S 1 mS Beacon interval = 100 TU or 100 mS. Slot Time Notes • • • • • • Short Slot Times - The amount of time a device waits after a collision before retransmitting a packet. You can increase throughput on 802.11g, 2.4-GHz radios by enabling short slot time (most .11g radios enable this by default). Reducing the slot time from the standard 20 microseconds to the 9-microsecond short slot time decreases the overall backoff, which increases throughput. Backoff, which is a multiple of the slot time, is the random length of time a station waits before sending a packet on the LAN. Many 802.11g radios support short slot time, but some do not. When short slot time is enabled, the wireless device uses the short slot time only when all clients associated to the 802.11g, 2.4-GHz radio support short slot time. Short slot time is an 802.11g-only feature and does not apply to 802.11a radios. 5/25/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini 32 Communications Process • MAC Access Modes – DCF – CSMA/CA – DCF/PCF – Point Coordinators and Polling Contention Free Delivery Normal Delivery PCF DCF Communications Options • MAC Layer – Access Methods • DCF – RTS/CTS (optional) Distributed function Wireless MAC Avoids hidden node problem • DCF – PCF (optional) AP polls stations Superframes to allow station to eventually get access Superframe = Beacon + CFP + CP CFP = Contention-Free Period CP = Contention Period RTS/CTS • Sending unicast packets – Station can send RTS with reservation parameter after waiting for DIFS (reservation determines amount of time the data packet needs the medium) – Acknowledgement via CTS after SIFS by receiver (if ready to receive) – Sender can now send data at once, acknowledgement via ACK – Other stations store medium reservations distributed via RTS and CTS RTS/CTS sender receiver others DIFS data RTS SIFS CTS SIFS ACK NAV (RTS) NAV (CTS) Access to medium deferred DIFS contention NAV – Network Allocation Vector There are generally three setting in APs for RTS/CTS Off, On, and On with Threshold Fragmentation • Every network has an MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit) size. Packets larger than the allowable MTU size must be broken down into multiple smaller packets, or fragments, to enable them to traverse the network with lower bit error rates, (BER). • Fragment size can typically be set by the user using a threshold setting between 256 and 2,048 bytes. Header Data CRC Threshold Header Data -1 CRC Header Data -2 CRC Drawing not to scale. Dynamic Rate Switching 5/25/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini 38 Dynamic Rate Selection (DRS) • Dynamic Rate Selection or Adaptive Rate Selection/shifting. – 802.11a, 802.11g modes: 54, 48, 36, 24, 18, 12, 9, 6 Mbps – 802.11b mode: 11, 5.5, 2, 1 Mbps – Orinoco 2X mode: 108, 96, 72, 48, 36, 24, 18, 12 Mbps Example of Sensitivity vs. DR Data Rate (Mb/sec) Received Signal (dBm) 6 –82 9 –81 12 –79 18 –77 24 –74 36 –70 48 –66 54 –65 Minimum received signals versus data rate for 802.11a devices. Data Rate Coverage Areas -85 dBm -76 dBm -72 dBm 24 Mbps 18 Mbps 9 Mbps Chapter-4 Topics • Frames, Packets, and Datagrams . . Bits, Bytes, and Octets . MAC & PHY . IEEE 802.11 CSMA/CA . Carrier Sense . Interframe Spacing . Contention Window . Collision Avoidance .. Frame Types and Formats Compared . IEEE 802.11 Frame Format Versus IEEE 802.3 Frame Format . Frame Types . Layer 3 Protocol Support by IEEE 802.11 Frames . Jumbo Frame Support (Layer 2) . MTU Discovery and Functionality (Layer 3) IEEE 802.11 Frames and Frame Exchange Sequences 5/25/2017 MAC Functions . Beacon Management Frame . Active Scanning (Probes) .. Passive Scanning (Beacons. Authentication and Association Processes .. The IEEE 802.11 State Machine . Authentication . Association, Reassociation, and Disassociation . Regulatory Domain Requirements . Data Flow Optimization Across the RF Medium . DCF PCF IEEE 802.11e and WMM RTS/CTS and CTS-to-Self Protocols Fragmentation Dynamic Rate Switching Wireless Networking J. Bernardini 42 5/25/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini 43 5/25/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini 44 5/25/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini 45 5/25/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini 46 Association, Reassociation, Disassociation • Covered next week 5/25/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini 47 Regulatory Domain Requirements • Covered next week 5/25/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini 48 Point Coordination Function (PCF) • Polling: Channel access method in which each device asked in sequence if it wants to transmit – Effectively prevents collisions • Point Coordination Function (PCF): AP serves as polling device or “point coordinator” • Point coordinator has to wait only through point coordination function IFS (PIFS) time gap – Shorter than DFIS time gap 49 DIFS and DCF frames • • If point coordinator hears no traffic after PIFS time gap, sends out beacon frame – Field to indicate length of time that PCF (polling) will be used instead of DCF (contention) • Receiving stations must stop transmission for that amount of time – Point coordinator then sends frame to specific station, granting permission to transmit one frame 802.11 standard allows WLAN to alternate between PCF (polling) and DCF (contention) 50 Timing Diagrams • Timing or Sequence Diagrams - A graph showing events/levels as a function of time. Event 2ms Event tp1 4ms sync 6ms 8ms mxc rst ack data 10ms A flag en pd tp2 Time Time data Time SIFS • SIFS - Shortest and highest priority time space sent before and/or after RTS, CTS, and ACK frames. For DSSS, SIFS is 10 microseconds or 10 S. sender receiver DIFS data SIFS ACK DIFS DIFS others deferring mode waiting time data contention Point Coordination Function • An optional polling function. • Provides for limited contention-free service using the access point as a point coordinator. • Supports near real-time services. • In some ways PCF resembles token-based protocols. S2 S1 AP Control Point PIFS • PIFS –Are used only in Point Coordination Mode by the APs. This mode is enabled by the administrator. It has medium priority and therefore always wins over DIFS, so that the AP can take control in polling. For DSSS, PIFS is 30 S. Distributed Coordination Function • The Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) is the fundamental access mechanism in IEEE 802.11 Medium Access Control (MAC). • DCF can be used in all wireless topologies: IBSS, BSS, and ESS. DIFS • DIFS – Is used by default on all 802.11 stations. DIFS is the lowest priority and is used for data and management frames. For DSSS, DIFS is 50 s. DIFS PIFS sender DIFS medium busy SIFS Station Backoff Timers contention frame A look at all three: 10 s, 30 s, 50 s, for DSSS.