Download Network Layer Security

Network Layer Security
Network Systems Security
Mort Anvari
Security in Network Layer



Implementing security in application layer
provides flexibility in security policy and key
management
Problem is need to implement security
mechanism in every application individually
To reduce the overhead, implement security
in network layer to provide security for all
applications between selected pair of
computers
9/30/2004
2
IPSec

Two protocols



Provide general security services for IP





Authentication Header (AH)
Encasulating Security Payload (ESP)
Authentication
Confidentiality
Anti-replay
Key management
Applicable to use over LANs, across public
and private WANs, and for the Internet
9/30/2004
3
Scenario of IPSec Uses
9/30/2004
4
Benefits of IPSec





Provide strong security to all traffic crossing
the perimeter if installed in a firewall/router
Resistant to bypass
IPSec is below transport layer, hence
transparent to applications
Can be transparent to end users
Can provide security for individual users if
desired
9/30/2004
5
IP Security Architecture


Specification is quite complex
Defined in numerous RFC’s



RFC 2401/2402/2406/2408
many others, grouped by category
Mandatory in IPv6, optional in IPv4
9/30/2004
6
Security Association (SA)



A unidirectional relationship between sender
and receiver that affords security for traffic
flow
Each IPSec computer maintains a database of
SA’s
Defined by 3 parameters



Security Parameters Index (SPI)
IP Destination Address
Security Protocol Identifier
9/30/2004
7
SA Parameters







Sequence Number Counter
Sequence Number Overflow
Anti-Replay Window
AH and ESP information
Lifetime
IPSec Protocol Mode
Path MTU
9/30/2004
8
Authentication Header (AH)

Provide support for data integrity and
authentication of IP packets



Based on use of a MAC


end system/router can authenticate user/app
prevent address spoofing attacks by tracking
sequence numbers
HMAC-MD5-96 or HMAC-SHA-1-96
Parties must share a secret key
9/30/2004
9
Authentication Header
9/30/2004
10
End-to-End vs End-to-Intermediate
Authentication
9/30/2004
11
Scope of AH Authentication
9/30/2004
12
Encapsulating Security Payload
(ESP)



Provide message content confidentiality and
limited traffic flow confidentiality
Can optionally provide the same
authentication services as AH
Support range of ciphers, modes, padding



DES, Triple-DES, RC5, IDEA, CAST etc
CBC most common
pad to meet blocksize, for traffic flow
9/30/2004
13
Encapsulating Security Payload
9/30/2004
14
Transport vs Tunnel Mode ESP

Transport mode is used to encrypt and
optionally authenticate IP data




data protected but header left in clear
can do traffic analysis but is efficient
good for ESP host to host traffic
Tunnel mode encrypts entire IP packet


add new header for next hop
good for VPNs, gateway to gateway security
9/30/2004
15
Scope of ESP Encryption and
Authentication
9/30/2004
16
Combining Security Associations


SAs can implement either AH or ESP,
but each SA can implement only one
To implement both, need to combine
SAs


form a security bundle
Have 4 cases
9/30/2004
17
Combining Security Associations
9/30/2004
18
Key Management


Handle key generation and distribution
Typically need 2 pairs of keys


Manual key management


2 per direction for AH & ESP
sysadmin manually configures every system
Automated key management


automated system for on demand creation of keys
for SA’s in large systems
Oakley and ISAKMP
9/30/2004
19
OAKLEY



A key exchange protocol
Based on Diffie-Hellman key exchange
Add features to address weaknesses of DiffieHellman




cookies to counter clogging attacks
nonces to counter replay attacks
key exchange authentication to counter man-inthe-middle attacks
Can use arithmetic in prime fields or elliptic
curve fields
9/30/2004
20
Usage of Cookies

Three basic requirements




Must depend on specific parties
Impossible for anyone other than issuing entity to
generate cookies that will be accepted by issuing
party
Cookie generation and verification must be fast
To create a cookie, perform a fast hash over
src and dst IP addresses, src and dst ports,
and a locally generated secret value
9/30/2004
21
ISAKMP




Internet Security Association and Key
Management Protocol
Provide framework for key management
Define procedures and packet formats to
establish, negotiate, modify, and delete SAs
Independent of key exchange protocol,
encryption algorithm, and authentication
method
9/30/2004
22
ISAKMP
9/30/2004
23
Next Class


Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack
Hop Integrity
9/30/2004
24