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NETWORK ARCHITECTURE ISO-OSI PROTOCOLS Professor Saad Haj Bakry, PhD, CEng, FIEE Network Architecture ISO-OSI Protocols CONTENTS ISO-OSI ISO TERMS USING OSI LAYERED PROTOCOLS ISO-OSI LAYERES ASSOCIATED STANDARDS Saad Haj Bakry PHYSICAL DATA LINK NETWORK STRUCTURE MANAGEMENT NETWORK TRANSPORT SECURITY SESSION STANDARDS REFERENCES PRESENTATION APPLICATION Network Architecture ISO-OSI Protocols ISO INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANIZATION MEMBERS: 89 Countries ANSI: USA BSI: UK SASO: Saudi Arabia Saad Haj Bakry ADDRESS: PO Box 56, 1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland STARTED: 1946 200 (TCs) Technical Committees 5000 (Standards) Network Architecture ISO-OSI Protocols OSI OPEN SYSTEM INTERCONNECTION: REFERENCE MODEL APPLICATION PRESENTATION SESSION TRANSPORT NETWORK STARTED: 1983 Saad Haj Bakry DATA LINK PHYSICAL Network Architecture ISO-OSI Protocols NETWORK STRUCTURE H U Users H U N U H N H COMMUNICATIONS SUBNETWORK N Node / DCE H N SUBNETWORK ACCESS / SERVICES U Saad Haj Bakry H Host / DTE U U U Network Architecture ISO-OSI Protocols ISO NETWORK TERMS: (1/4) DATA: A representation of facts, concepts, or instructions in a formalized manner suitable for communications, interpretation, or processing INFORMATION: The meaning that is currently assigned to “data” by means of conventions applied to that data. FUNCTIONAL UNIT: An entity of HW or SW, or both, capable of accomplishing a specific purpose Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture ISO-OSI Protocols ISO NETWORK TERMS: (2/3) SOURCE: The “functional unit” that generates “data” for transmission SINK: The “functional unit” that accepts transmitted “data”. PROTOCOL: A set of semantic and syntactic rules that determines the behaviour of “functional units” in achieving communications. Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture ISO-OSI Protocols ISO NETWORK TERMS: (3/4) DATA TERMINAL EQUIPMENT (DTE): The part of “data” station that serves as a “data source”, “data sink”, or both. (Host) DATA COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT (DCE): In a “data” station, the equipment that provides the signal conversion and coding between the “DTE” and the communication line. (Communication Node) Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture ISO-OSI Protocols ISO NETWORK TERMS: (4/4) DATA INTEGRITY : The “data” quality that exists as long as accidental or malicious destruction, alternation, or loss of “data” does not occur. ENCRYPTION: Encryption methods and principles are examples pf things considered by “cryptography”. CRYPTOGRAPHY: A discipline involving principles, means, and methods for changing “data”, so that it is not readable. Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture ISO-OSI Protocols LAYERED PROTOCOLS WHY DIVIDE: WHY LAYERS: Complex Operation Nature of Network Structure Divide & Rule User Access Use Demands Presentation Network Operation Communication Remember: it is Integrated (All in One) Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture ISO-OSI Protocols ISO-OSI LAYERS APPLICATION PRESENTATION PEER LEVELS APPLICATION PRESENTATION SESSION SESSION TRANSPORT` COMMUNICATION SUBNETWORK NETWORK NETWORK DATA LINK DATA LINK NETWORK DATA LINK PHYSICAL PHYSICAL PHYSICAL Saad Haj Bakry COMMUNICATI ON MEDIUM COMMUNICATI ON MEDIUM TRANSPORT` Network Architecture ISO-OSI Protocols ISO-OSI FUNCTIONS INTERNETWORKING INTERCONNECTION APPLICATION: Supporting TRANSPORT: Services at Access Points End to End QOS PRESENTATION: NETWORK: Representation of Information Subnetwork Operation SESSION: User Interface to the Network Saad Haj Bakry DATA LINK: Point to Point Error Free PHYSICAL: Interface to the Medium Network Architecture ISO-OSI Protocols PHYSICAL LAYER: (1/2) An Interface to the Physical Medium FUNCTIONS: CIRCUIT IDENTIFICATION CONNECTION: Activate / Maintain / Deactivate SIGNAL & MEDIUM: Put on / Take off FLOW: Sequencing & Transmission FAULT: Detection Notification Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture ISO-OSI Protocols PYSICAL LAYER: (2/2) STANDARDS: MECHANICAL: Plugs / Sockets / Pins Functions ELECTRICAL: Voltage Levels on the Medium FUNCTIONAL: Levels Assigned to: 0 / 1 PROCEDURAL: Rules of Operation, Sequencing EXAMPLES: ITU: V.24 / X.21; EIS: RS 232 / RS 449 Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture ISO-OSI Protocols DATA LINK LAYER: (1/2) Point to Point Error Free Transmission FUNCTIONS: CONNECTION ESTABLISHMENT BREAKING DATA INTO FRAMES ERROR CONTROL: Detection / Recovery FLOW CONTROL: Buffer Limit / QOS Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture ISO-OSI Protocols DATA LINK LAYER: (2/2) ERROR CONTROL: TECHNIQUES: Adding Control Bits Echo Checking EXAMPLES: ARQ: Automatic Repeat Request IBM SNA: SDLC (Synchronous DL Control) ISO: HDLC (High level DLC) Saad Haj Bakry FEC: Forward Error Correction Network Architecture ISO-OSI Protocols NETWORK LAYER: 1/2 Control of Communications Subnetwork FUNCTIONS: SUBNETWORK PATH CONTROL: Addressing, Set Up, Maintain, Clear Down MULTIPLEXING / CONCENTRATION ROUTING / RELAYING: QOS CONGESTION CONTROL: QOS Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture ISO-OSI Protocols NETWORK LAYER: 2/2 ROUTING: STATIC: Shortest Path / Table DYNAMIC: Least Busy Link HYBRID CONGESTION CONTROL: PERMITS / TOKENS SHARING BUFFERING LIMITS EXAMPLES: ITU: X.25 / EIA: RS-366 Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture ISO-OSI Protocols TRANSPORT LAYER: (1/2) End to End Service Quality Control FUNCTIONS: END END PATH CONTROL BREAKING DATA INTO MANAGEBLE UNITS ERROR / CONGESTION / COST / QOS MONITORING & CONTROL SPLITTING: (1) Transport to (n) Network Connections MULTIPLEXING: (n) Transports to (1) Connection Saad Haj Bakry TO Network Architecture ISO-OSI Protocols TRANSPORT LAYER: (2/2) CLASS 0: Simplest / Assuming High Quality Network CLASS 1: Basic Error Recovery CLASS 4: Assuming Low Quality Network Saad Haj Bakry CLASS 2: Multiplexing Required CLASS 3: Both: Error Recovery & Multiplexing EXAMPLE: INTERNET: TCP / UDP Network Architecture ISO-OSI Protocols SESSION LAYER User Interface to the Network Session Connection Establishment Session Interaction Management Session Connection Release BRACKETING: (for Failure) QUARANTINE: (for Security) Retaining the Ability to Retransmit Using the Last Bracketed Message Receiver Needs Permission to Release Information to Presentation Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture ISO-OSI Protocols PRESENTATION LAYER Representation of Information TRANSFERRING / RECEIVING Information CODING: Syntax & Semantics of Information CODE CONVERSION: ASCII / EBCDIC Saad Haj Bakry COMPRESSION ENCRYPTION Network Architecture ISO-OSI Protocols APPLICATION LAYER Supporting Network Services at Access Points (User End) GENERAL FUNCTIONS: AUTHORITY TO COMMUNICATE SERVICE SELECTION PARTNERS IDENTIFICATION MESSAGE HANDLING Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture ISO-OSI Protocols USING ISO-OSI DATA APPLICATION PRESENTATION APPLICATION PRESENTATION DATA A DATA A DATA A DATA A P S T DATA A P S T DATA A P S DATA A P SESSION SESSION TRANSPORT` NETWORK DATA LINK PHYSICAL P S TRANSPORT` P S NETWORK DATA LINK N T T N N L L COMMUNICATION MEDIUM Saad Haj Bakry H PHYSICAL Network Architecture ISO-OSI Protocols ASSOCIATED STANDARDS NAMING & ADDRESSING: DIRECTORY SERVICES: Identifying Communicating Entities Distributed Database to Hold Standard Names & Addresses MANAGEMENT SECURITY Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture ISO-OSI Protocols NETWORK MANAGEMENT: (1/2) FAULTS: PERFORMANCE: Testing / Detection / Isolation / Notification / Recovery Congestion / Delay / SECURITY: Access / Records / Files Reliability / Utilization CONFIGURATION: Addition / Deletion / Initialization / Termination ACCOUNTING: Usage / Charging / Billing Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture ISO-OSI Protocols NETWORK MANAGEMENT: (2/2) OSI PROTOCOL MANAGEMENT: Management of a Function / Protocol of a Layer OSI LAYER MANAGEMENT: Management of Interaction between Peer Layers OSI SYSTEM MANAGEMENT: Management of Functions Related to All Layers Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture ISO-OSI Protocols NETWORK SECURITY: 1/2 UNAUTHORIZED MODIFICATION OF DATA DENIAL OF SERVICE Saad Haj Bakry MASQUERADING AS A FRIENDLY ENTITY MESSAGE REPETITION Network Architecture ISO-OSI Protocols NETWORK SECURITY: 2/2 AUTHENTICATION FOR CONFIDENCE ACCESS CONTROL DATA INTEGRITY: DATA CONFIDENTIALITY: No Disclosure NON REPUDIATION: Proof of Sending / Receiving Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture ISO-OSI Protocols ISO POEM: 1/8 The APPLICATION layer is the top one; to the user it’s connected. It is where the transaction is begun, or sometimes just rejected The user may make many demands, for lots of different things. This layer that handles commands, and output bells it rings Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture ISO-OSI Protocols ISO POEM: 2/8 The next layer down is PRESENTATION, it handles different devices. It performs any necessary translation, so there won’t be any surprises. Saad Haj Bakry A virtual terminal is the aim, so the key that you will hit, will always be just the same, whatever kind of kit Network Architecture ISO-OSI Protocols ISO POEM: 3/8 Below presentation we have SESSION, in our network system. The session layer is the one, which contacts station distant. Virtual calls by it are placed, for a network task, and when it has a contact made, for a dialogue it will ask. Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture ISO-OSI Protocols ISO POEM: 4/8 Session is followed by TRANSPORTATION, a data path it sets up. It gives the layers above support, in the form of error free network. Below transport things become closer to the hardware, but the layers higher up do not need to care. Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture ISO-OSI Protocols ISO POEM: 5/8 NETWORK is the next one down, moving all the data. It handles all the routing round, like a network operator Saad Haj Bakry Data which is not for us, must be passed along. This is what the network does, to keep the things moving on. Network Architecture ISO-OSI Protocols ISO POEM: 6/8 DATA LINK is the next from the end, an error free connection. On the network it will send, streams in one direction. Saad Haj Bakry Greatly error checked they are, so if anything corrupts it, the data link it can repair, or cause retransmit. Network Architecture ISO-OSI Protocols ISO POEM: 7/8 PHYSICAL is right down low, at the base of communication. This is where the signals go, to their destination. The changes to this layer are great, for different communications. The medium it does dictate, how we send the data. Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture ISO-OSI Protocols ISO POEM: 8/8 Making the network works in layers, is not just for the standard players. There are already more than one, who with layered protocols have begun. The ultimate aim in view, is for them to use OSI too. Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture ISO-OSI Protocols OSI LAYER PRINCIPLES DIFFERENT ABSTRACTION DIFFERENT DEFINED FUNCTION Saad Haj Bakry LIMITED BOUNDARY FLOW REASONABLE NUMBER OF LAYERS CONCEPT OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARD Network Architecture ISO-OSI Protocols VIEWS MODEL: NOT A REAL SYSTEM LIKE SNA & TCP/IP Saad Haj Bakry NEEDS PRACTICAL ADAPTATION SESSION / PRESENTATION LAYERS: Limited Use BRITISH PROPOSAL: 5 Layers ISO-OSI Protocols Network Architecture REFERENCES: (1/3) D.E. Commer, Computer Networks and Internet, Prentice Hall, 1997 K. Washburn, and J. Evans, TCP/IP: Running a Successful Network, 2nd Ed., Addison Wesley, 1996 A. S. Tanenbaum, Computer Networks, 3rd Ed., Prentice Hall, 1996 J. S. Quarterman, and S. Carl-Mitchell, The Internet Connection, Addison- Wesley, 1994. Saad Haj Bakry ISO-OSI Protocols Network Architecture REFERENCES: (2/3) W. Stallings, Data and Computer Communications, 5th Ed., Prentice Hall, 1997 W. Stallings, High Speed Networks: TCP/IP & ATM Design Principles, Prentice Hall, 1998 Saad Haj Bakry F. Halsall, Data Communications, Computer Networks, & Open Systems, 4th Ed., Addison Wesley, 1996 ISO-OSI Protocols Network Architecture REFERENCES: (3/3) W. Hioki, Telecommunications, 3rd Ed., Prentice Hall, 1998 T. Russel, Telecommunications Protocols, McGraw Hill, 1997 Saad Haj Bakry M van Steen, and H. Sips, Computer & Network Organization, Prentice Hall, 1995. A. Macpherson, International Telecommunication Standards Organizations, Artech House, 1990 Network Architecture ISO-OSI Protocols SUGGESTED WORK STUDY THE DETAILS OF THE OSI PROTOCOLS AT DIFFERENT LAYERS Saad Haj Bakry STUDY PRACTICAL NETWORKS PROTOCOL S AGAINST OSI