Download Internet Protocols

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
INTERNET PROTOCOLS
Professor
Saad Haj Bakry,
PhD, CEng, FIEE
Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
CONTENTS
THE INTERNET
APPLICATION
TCP
TCP / IP SUITE LAYERS
IP
REFERENCES / STANDARDS
Saad Haj Bakry
NETWORKING
Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
THE INTERNET: (1/3)
DOD-ARPA
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENCE
ADVANCED RESEARCH
PROJECT AGENCY:
IAB: 1983
INTERNET ACTIVITIES
Cold War, 1957
ARPA-NET: 1968
BOARD
(ARCHITECTURE)
SAGE: SEMI AUTOMATIC GROUND ENVIRONMENT: 1963
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Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
THE INTERNET: (2/3)
ACADEMIC NETWORKS:
NSFNET: Late 70(s)
BITNET / EARN /
NETNORTH: Early 80(s)
GULFNET: Mid 80(s)
Internet Society: 1992
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TCP / IP:
Started: 1974
NSFNET-ARPANET:
Jan. 1983
Internetworking:
Mid 80(s)
Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
THE INTERNET: (3/3)
WORLD WIDE
WEB:
Early 90(s)
Wide Growth
1 million
Users / Month
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1999:
200 States
50m Computers
200 m Users
2ND GENERATION INTERNET:
BISDN / (LEO/MEO) / PCS / MM
Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
NETWORK
NETWORKS
H
U
Users
OF
H
U
I
P
H
U
NET 1
U
H
IP
NET 2
NET 4
IP
NET3
ACCESS
U
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IP
H
Host / DTE
Node / DCE
H
SERVICES
U
U
Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
INTERNET LAYERS: (1/5)
USER VIEW
NETWORK
SERVICES
INTERNET
APPLICATION
LAYER
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APPLICATION
PRESENTATION
SESSION
TCP / UDP
NETWORK
INFRASTRUCTURE
ISO-OSI
IP
TRANSPORT`
INTERFACE
NETWORK
LINK
DATA LINK
PHYSICAL
PHYSICAL
Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
INTERNET LAYERS: (2/5)
APPLICATIONS
PEER LEVELS
APPLICATIONS
TCP / UDP
COMMUNICATION SUBNETWORK
TCP / UDP
IP
IP
IP
INTERFACE
INTERFACE
INTERFACE
DATA LINK
DATA LINK
DATA LINK
PHYSICAL
PHYSICAL
PHYSICAL
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COMMUNICATI
ON MEDIUM
COMMUNICATI
ON MEDIUM
Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
INTERNET LAYERS: (3/5)
APPLICATIONS:
Network Services
TCP / UDP:
IP:
End to End Data
Delivery Services
Datagram
Networking
BACKBONE NETWORKING:
INTERFACE: Accessing Heterogeneous Networks
DATA LINK / PHYSICAL: Various LANs / WANs
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Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
INTERNET LAYERS: (4/5)
APPLICATION
TCP / UDP
DATA
APPLICATION
DATA
A
DATA
A
TCP / UDP
`
T/U
IP
IP
DATA
A
T/U
IP
NETWORKING
NETWORKING
DATA
A
T/U
IP
N
COMMUNICATION MEDIUM
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Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
INTERNET LAYERS: (5/5)
USE
TCP
OBJECTIVE
APPLICATION
TRANSPORT
RELIABILITY
UDP
SPEED
stream
message
segment
packet
IP
datagram
NETWORKING
frame
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Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
NETWORKING LAYERS
DIFFERENT HETEROGENEOUS PROTOCOLS
INTERFACING
ENCAPSULATION
OF IP
DATAGRAMS
INTO FRAMES
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/
DATA LINK
/
PHYSICAL
MAPPING IP ADDRESSES
TO PHYSICAL
NETWORKING ADDRESSES
Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
INTERNET PROTOCOL: IP
BASIC FUNCTIONS
FRAGMENTATION
CONNECTIVITY
ICMP
VERSIONS
DELIVERY
ARP
HEADER
ROUTING
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RARP
Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
IP: BASIC FUNCTIONS
Basic Packet Delivery Service
BASIC DEFINITIONS:
DATAGRAM
(basic transmission
unit of the Interne)
ADDRESSING SCHEME:
Domain Name Service
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OPERATIONS:
Routing /
Fragmentation &
Reassembly
of Data-grams
Moving Data Between
Transport & Networking
Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
IP: CONNECTIVITY
CONNECTIONLESS
PRINCIPLE:
No handshaking for
end to end
connection before
transmission
DATAGRAMS:
• Move Independently
• Length: usually 1500 bytes.
(maximum of 64 kbytes)
• Header: 5-6 (32 bit) words
NO ERROR DETECTION & RECOVERY:
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Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
IP: ROUTING
DESTINATION
ADDRESS:
32 bits of the
Datagram Header
ROUTING
SCHEMES
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ROUTING DECISION
• At IP Routers / IP Level
• For Each Datagram
• Routes (Paths):
Data-grams may travel
through various routers
in different networks
Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
IP: FRAGMENTATION
PROBLEM:
Different networks differ
in: Maximum Transmission
Units (MTU)
Beyond MTU, Data-grams
need to be fragmented into
smaller units
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OPERATION
CONTROL:
Fragmentation
Information in
Datagram Header
Datagram
Reassembly
Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
IP: DELIVERY
INTERMEDIATE
ROUTER:
Pass Datagram to
Next Router
DESTINATION
ROUTER :
Strip header and
pass data to
Transport Layer
Protocol
WHICH TRANSPORT PROTOCOL:
Information given in header
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Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
IP: ICMP
INTERNET CONTROL MESSAGE PROTOCOL
TASK:
CONGESTION
/ FLOW
CONTROL
OPERATION:
Redirecting Routes
Time Out Checking
Checking Remote Hosts
Detecting Unreachable
Destinations
Saad Haj Bakry
Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
IP: ARP
ADDRESS RESOLUTION PROTOCOL
FUNCTION:
PROBLEM:
Hosts Have
IP & Data Link
Addresss
Mapping IP
Addresses against
Data Link Addresses
Example: IP - Ethernet
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Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
IP: RARP
REVERSE ADDRESS RESOLUTION PROTOCOL
PROBLEM:
IP
Addresses
Are Not
Available
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FUNCTION:
Assigning IP
Addresses to Data
Link Addresses
During Booting
Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
IP: VERSIONS
IPv4:
Currently USED
IPX:
Internet Packet
eXchange: Novell
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IPng:
Generic Name for
Next Generation IP
e.g. IPv6
IPv6:
To
Succeed IPv4
Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
IP: HEADER: (1/6)
WORD (1):
SIZE:
FIXED PART:
5 (32bit) Words / 20 Bytes
VARIABLE PART:
Optional: 40 Bytes
IP Version: 4 bits
IHL (Header Length):
4 bits (Up to 15 Words)
Type of Service: 8 bits
e.g. Reliability / Speed
Total Length (of Data-gram):
16 bits (Up to 64k Words)
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Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
IP: HEADER: (2/6)
WORD (2):
Identification:
16 bits
(of a
Datagram
Fragment)
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FLAGS:
Unused Bit.
DF: Don’t Fragment
Bit.
MF: More Fragments
Bits (It is set, except
the last one)
Fragment
Offset:
13 bits
(Up to 8k
Fragments)
Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
IP: HEADER: (3/6)
WORD (3):
Time to Live:
8 bits Packet
Life Time in
Sec. (Up to
255)
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Protocol:
8 bits
Which Protocol is
Intended at
Destination
(TCP / UDP)
Header
Checksum:
16 bits
Error Detecting
Code for the
Header
Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
IP: HEADER: (4/6)
WORD (4):
WORD (5):
Source Address
Destination Address
Network Address:
Host Address:
Address Class:
(A): Few Networks / Many Hosts
(B): Medium No. of Networks and Hosts
(C): Many Networks / Few Hosts
Saad Haj Bakry
Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
IP: HEADER: (5/6)
(A) from: 1.0.0.0 to: 127.255.255.255
0 NA: 7 bits HA: 24 bits
(B) from: 128.0.0.0 to: 191.255.255.255
10 NA: 14 bits
HA: 16 bits
(C) from: 192.0.0.0 to: 223.255.255.255
110
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NA: 21 bits
HA: 8 bits
Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
IP: HEADER: (6/6)
Options Field: MULTIPLE WORDS
(UP TO 10)
SECURITY: Datagram Security Level
STRICT SOURCE ROUTING: Predetermined Path
LOOSE SOURCE ROUTING: Routers to be passed
RECORD ROUTE: Appending routers IP addresses
TIMESTAMP: Appending routers addresses & timestamp
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Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
TRANSPORT LAYER
TCP:
PRINCIPLES
CONNECTION
HANDSHAKE
OPERATION
HEADER
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COMPONENTS
UDP:
PRINCIPLES
USE
HEADER
Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
TRANSPORT LAYER: COMPONENTS
BETWEEN IP
&
APPLICATION LAYER
TCP:
UDP:
Transmission Control
Protocol
provides reliable data
delivery service with
End-to-End error
detection & correction
User Data-gram
Protocol
provides low overhead
connectionless
data-gram delivery
service
Saad Haj Bakry
Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
TCP: PRINCIPLES
CONNECTION-ORIENTED BYTE STREAM
PROTOCOL / ENSURES ACCURACY & SEQUENCE
PAR:Positive Acknowledgement with Retransmission
PA: Received Undamaged
TIME-OUT Retransmission
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CHECKSUM
for Each
TCP Segment
Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
TCP: CONNECTION
ESTABLISH END-TO-END LOGICAL CONNECTION
BETWEEN SOURCE-SINK HOSTS
DATA: Stream of Bytes / Not Independent Packets
HANDSHAKE: Start
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HANDSHAKE: FIN
Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
TCP: HANDSHAKE
HOST:
SYN:
SYN:
Seq (y)
Ack(x+1)
SYN:
Seq (x+1)
Ack(y+1)
Data
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HOST:
Seq (x)
(A)
Source
TIME
(B):
Sink
Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
TCP: OPERATION
DATA STREAM SEQUENCE / BYTE CONTROL:
SEQUENCE No. / ACK No.
POSITIVE ACK.
SEGMENT:
Tells the Sender
How Much Data
Has Been Received
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WINDOW FIELD:
Tells the Sender How
Much More Data the
Sink Can Accept
Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
TCP: HEADER: (1/8)
SIZE:
FIXED PART:
5 (32bit) Words
20 Bytes
VARIABLE PART:
Optional:
0
or more Words
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WORD (1):
SOURCE PORT: 16 bits
DESTINATION PORT: 16 bits
WORDS (2) / (3):
SEQUENCE NO. 32 bits
ACK. NO. 32 bits
Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
TCP: HEADER: (2/8)
PORT:
TCP Name for a
TSAP
NSAP:
Net SAP
(IP Address)
TSAP:
Transport Service
Access Point to Connect a
Dialogue / Session / Service
TSAP:
255 Port Addresses are
Reserved for Standard Services.
SOCKET ADDRESS:
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NSAP / IP (32) + TSAP (16)
Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
TCP: HEADER: (3/8)
Numbering Every Byte of a TCP Stream
SEQUENCE NO.
ACK NO.
For the First Byte in
the Segment / Or the
First after a SYN
Flag is Set
For the Next Byte
Expected to be
received by a TCP
Entity
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Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
TCP: HEADER: (4/8)
WORD (4):
HEADER LENGTH:
4 bits (No. of Words)
UNUSED FIELD: 6 bits
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SIX
(1) BIT FLAGS:
(Activate / Deactivate)
WINDOW SIZE:
16 bits
(Flow Control)
Number of bytes to be
sent after Ack;
ZERO Window:
Receiver Needs Reset /
No More Data
Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
TCP: HEADER: (5/8)
SIX
(1)
BIT FLAGS:
(Activate / Deactivate)
URG: Urgent Pointer
ACK: Acknowledgement
PSH: No buffering to deliver to App.
RST: Problem / Reset: Connection / Segment
SYN: Connection Request / Accepted (Ack)
FIN: No more data / Release Connection
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Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
TCP: HEADER: (6/8)
WORD (5):
URGENT POINTER: 16 bits
(For Urgent Data)
Points to the last byte of urgent data sequence.
CHECKSUM: 16 bits (For Reliability)
One’s Compliment Modulo (216-1) of all 16 bit words
(Header, Data, and Pseudoheader)
PSEUDOHEADER: Source 32, Destination 32, Others 32
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Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
TCP: HEADER: (7/8)
DATA / SEG.
/
ACK. SEQUENCE:
Window 6000
DATA
DATA
RECEIVED
1
Ini. Seq.
No.
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1001
CURRENT
DATA
SEGMENT
2001
Ack.
No.
3001
4001
Seq.
No.
5001
6001
7001
Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
TCP: HEADER: (8/8)
ADDITIONAL / OPTIONAL WORDS: To
Add Extra Facilities
AVAILABLE OPTION:
TCP Segment Size /
Maximum Segment Size that can be Accepted
Larger Segments, Less Overheads Proportion
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Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
UDP: PRINCIPLES
GIVES APPLICATIONS DIRECT ACCESS
TO DATAGRAM DELIVERY SERVICE /
CONNECTIONLESS PROTOCOL
LOW OVERHEADS
LOW RELIABILITY
APPLICATIONS HAVE RELIABLE DELIVERY
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Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
UDP: USE
SMALL MESSAGES
QUERY-RESPONSE MESSAGES
USED
FOR
NETWORK MANAGEMENT:
Simple Network Management Protocol
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Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
UDP: HEADER
0
16
32
SOURCE PORT
DESTINATION PORT
SEGMENT LENGTH
CHECKSUM
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Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
APPLICATION LAYER
PRINCIPLES
DNS / UAL
SMTP / FTP / TELENET
WEB
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SNMP
Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
APPLICATION LAYER PRINCIPLES
ALL
PROCESSES
THAT USE
TRANSPORT
LAYER TO
DELIVER DATA
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SERVICES:
SMTP
FTP
TELNET
WEB
GOPHER
SUPPORT:
DNS
URL
SNMP
Network Architecture
SMTP
Internet Protocols
/
FTP
/
TELENET
STMP:
FTP:
Simple Mail
Transfer
Protocol
File Transfer
Protocol
To transfer
e-mail from one
computer to
another across
the Internet
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A protocol
used to transfer
a complete file
from one
computer to
another.
TELNET:
Virtual
Terminal
Protocol
To access a
resource of a
remote sever /
host
Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
WEB: PRINCIPLES
OBJECTIVE:
To Publish
Material /
Profile
on the Internet
(Intranet /
Extranet)
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BROWSER:
Fetches
Required Page
SEARCH
ENGINE:
Display It on
the Screen
Searches for
Required Pages
Using Keywords
MOSAIC
NETSCAPE
EXPLORER
YAHOO
ALTA
VESTA
Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
WEB: HYPERS
HYPER TEXT
HYPER LINK
HTTP: HYPER TEXT
TRANSFER PROTOCOL
HYPER MEDIA
HTML: HYPER TEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE
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Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM
DNS:
The automated system
used to translate
computer names into
equivalent IP
addresses. A DNS
server responds to
queries by looking up
names and returning
addresses.
GENERIC
PART
infology.com
net
int
gov
mil
ieee.org
cs.unv.edu
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COUNTRY
ca
loc.jp
lb
nl
sa
uk
Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR
URL:
A syntactic
form used
to identify a
page of
information
on the
World Wide
Web.
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(3) PARTS:
Protocol /
Scheme
Name
DNS Name
Page / File
Name
EXAMPLES:
http://www.cs.ksu.sa/file.html/..
ftp://ftp.cs.ksu.sa/pub/grp/file/..
news:newsgroup (USENET)
(OR) news:newsarticle@DNS
gopher://gopher.address/lib/...
NB. Go For U Minnesota
Athletic Team
Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
SIMPLE NETWORK MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL
SNMP:
MIB:
The protocol that specifies
how a network management
station communicates with
agent software in remote
devices such as routers.
Management Information
Base: A set of names
items that an SNMP
agent understands
It defines the format of
messages and their meaning.
It uses: MIB
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To monitor or control a
remote computer, a
manager must fetch or
store values to MIB
variables
Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
REFERENCES: (1/3)
D.E. Commer,
Computer Networks
and Internet, Prentice
Hall, 1997
K. Washburn, and J. Evans,
TCP/IP: Running a
Successful Network, 2nd
Ed., Addison Wesley, 1996
A. S. Tanenbaum,
Computer Networks,
3rd Ed.,
Prentice Hall, 1996
J. S. Quarterman, and
S. Carl-Mitchell,
The Internet Connection,
Addison- Wesley, 1994.
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Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
REFERENCES: (2/3)
W. Stallings, Data and
Computer Communications,
5th Ed., Prentice Hall, 1997
W. Stallings, High Speed
Networks: TCP/IP & ATM
Desifg Principles, Prentice
Hall, 1998
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F. Halsall, Data
Communications,
Computer
Networks, & Open
Systems, 4th Ed.,
Addison Wesley,
1996
Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
REFERENCES: (3/3)
W. Hioki,
Telecommunications,
3rd Ed., Prentice Hall,
1998
T. Russel,
Telecommunications
Protocols, McGraw
Hill, 1997
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M van Steen, and H. Sips,
Computer & Network
Organization,
Prentice Hall, 1995.
A. Macpherson,
International
Telecommunication
Standards Organizations,
Artech House, 1990
Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
STANDARDS: ORGANIZATIONS
IAB: INTERNET ARCHITECTURE BOARD
IETF: INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE
IESG: INTERNET ENGINEERING STEERING GROUP
ISOC: INTERNET SOCIETY ([email protected])
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Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
STANDARDS: DOCUMENTATIONS
RFC: REQUEST FOR COMMENTS
STD: STANDARDS
MIL-STD: STANDARDS
APPROVED BY DOD
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Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
STANDARDS: EXAMPLES
TELNET: MIL-STD-1782 RFC854
SMTP: MIL-STD-1781 RFC821
FTP: MIL-STD-1780 RFC765
TCP: MIL-STD-1778 RFC793
IP: MIL-STD-1777 RFC791
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Network Architecture
Internet Protocols
SUGGESTED WORK
STUDY THE
DETAILS OF
THE INTERNET
PROTOCOLS
STANDARDS
Saad Haj Bakry
STUDY HOW
TCP / IP OPERATES
WITH DIFFERENT
NETWORKS:
LANs / WANs / ATM..