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NETWORK ARCHITECTURE INTERNET PROTOCOLS Professor Saad Haj Bakry, PhD, CEng, FIEE Network Architecture Internet Protocols CONTENTS THE INTERNET APPLICATION TCP TCP / IP SUITE LAYERS IP REFERENCES / STANDARDS Saad Haj Bakry NETWORKING Network Architecture Internet Protocols THE INTERNET: (1/3) DOD-ARPA DEPARTMENT OF DEFENCE ADVANCED RESEARCH PROJECT AGENCY: IAB: 1983 INTERNET ACTIVITIES Cold War, 1957 ARPA-NET: 1968 BOARD (ARCHITECTURE) SAGE: SEMI AUTOMATIC GROUND ENVIRONMENT: 1963 Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture Internet Protocols THE INTERNET: (2/3) ACADEMIC NETWORKS: NSFNET: Late 70(s) BITNET / EARN / NETNORTH: Early 80(s) GULFNET: Mid 80(s) Internet Society: 1992 Saad Haj Bakry TCP / IP: Started: 1974 NSFNET-ARPANET: Jan. 1983 Internetworking: Mid 80(s) Network Architecture Internet Protocols THE INTERNET: (3/3) WORLD WIDE WEB: Early 90(s) Wide Growth 1 million Users / Month Saad Haj Bakry 1999: 200 States 50m Computers 200 m Users 2ND GENERATION INTERNET: BISDN / (LEO/MEO) / PCS / MM Network Architecture Internet Protocols NETWORK NETWORKS H U Users OF H U I P H U NET 1 U H IP NET 2 NET 4 IP NET3 ACCESS U Saad Haj Bakry IP H Host / DTE Node / DCE H SERVICES U U Network Architecture Internet Protocols INTERNET LAYERS: (1/5) USER VIEW NETWORK SERVICES INTERNET APPLICATION LAYER Saad Haj Bakry APPLICATION PRESENTATION SESSION TCP / UDP NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE ISO-OSI IP TRANSPORT` INTERFACE NETWORK LINK DATA LINK PHYSICAL PHYSICAL Network Architecture Internet Protocols INTERNET LAYERS: (2/5) APPLICATIONS PEER LEVELS APPLICATIONS TCP / UDP COMMUNICATION SUBNETWORK TCP / UDP IP IP IP INTERFACE INTERFACE INTERFACE DATA LINK DATA LINK DATA LINK PHYSICAL PHYSICAL PHYSICAL Saad Haj Bakry COMMUNICATI ON MEDIUM COMMUNICATI ON MEDIUM Network Architecture Internet Protocols INTERNET LAYERS: (3/5) APPLICATIONS: Network Services TCP / UDP: IP: End to End Data Delivery Services Datagram Networking BACKBONE NETWORKING: INTERFACE: Accessing Heterogeneous Networks DATA LINK / PHYSICAL: Various LANs / WANs Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture Internet Protocols INTERNET LAYERS: (4/5) APPLICATION TCP / UDP DATA APPLICATION DATA A DATA A TCP / UDP ` T/U IP IP DATA A T/U IP NETWORKING NETWORKING DATA A T/U IP N COMMUNICATION MEDIUM Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture Internet Protocols INTERNET LAYERS: (5/5) USE TCP OBJECTIVE APPLICATION TRANSPORT RELIABILITY UDP SPEED stream message segment packet IP datagram NETWORKING frame Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture Internet Protocols NETWORKING LAYERS DIFFERENT HETEROGENEOUS PROTOCOLS INTERFACING ENCAPSULATION OF IP DATAGRAMS INTO FRAMES Saad Haj Bakry / DATA LINK / PHYSICAL MAPPING IP ADDRESSES TO PHYSICAL NETWORKING ADDRESSES Network Architecture Internet Protocols INTERNET PROTOCOL: IP BASIC FUNCTIONS FRAGMENTATION CONNECTIVITY ICMP VERSIONS DELIVERY ARP HEADER ROUTING Saad Haj Bakry RARP Network Architecture Internet Protocols IP: BASIC FUNCTIONS Basic Packet Delivery Service BASIC DEFINITIONS: DATAGRAM (basic transmission unit of the Interne) ADDRESSING SCHEME: Domain Name Service Saad Haj Bakry OPERATIONS: Routing / Fragmentation & Reassembly of Data-grams Moving Data Between Transport & Networking Network Architecture Internet Protocols IP: CONNECTIVITY CONNECTIONLESS PRINCIPLE: No handshaking for end to end connection before transmission DATAGRAMS: • Move Independently • Length: usually 1500 bytes. (maximum of 64 kbytes) • Header: 5-6 (32 bit) words NO ERROR DETECTION & RECOVERY: Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture Internet Protocols IP: ROUTING DESTINATION ADDRESS: 32 bits of the Datagram Header ROUTING SCHEMES Saad Haj Bakry ROUTING DECISION • At IP Routers / IP Level • For Each Datagram • Routes (Paths): Data-grams may travel through various routers in different networks Network Architecture Internet Protocols IP: FRAGMENTATION PROBLEM: Different networks differ in: Maximum Transmission Units (MTU) Beyond MTU, Data-grams need to be fragmented into smaller units Saad Haj Bakry OPERATION CONTROL: Fragmentation Information in Datagram Header Datagram Reassembly Network Architecture Internet Protocols IP: DELIVERY INTERMEDIATE ROUTER: Pass Datagram to Next Router DESTINATION ROUTER : Strip header and pass data to Transport Layer Protocol WHICH TRANSPORT PROTOCOL: Information given in header Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture Internet Protocols IP: ICMP INTERNET CONTROL MESSAGE PROTOCOL TASK: CONGESTION / FLOW CONTROL OPERATION: Redirecting Routes Time Out Checking Checking Remote Hosts Detecting Unreachable Destinations Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture Internet Protocols IP: ARP ADDRESS RESOLUTION PROTOCOL FUNCTION: PROBLEM: Hosts Have IP & Data Link Addresss Mapping IP Addresses against Data Link Addresses Example: IP - Ethernet Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture Internet Protocols IP: RARP REVERSE ADDRESS RESOLUTION PROTOCOL PROBLEM: IP Addresses Are Not Available Saad Haj Bakry FUNCTION: Assigning IP Addresses to Data Link Addresses During Booting Network Architecture Internet Protocols IP: VERSIONS IPv4: Currently USED IPX: Internet Packet eXchange: Novell Saad Haj Bakry IPng: Generic Name for Next Generation IP e.g. IPv6 IPv6: To Succeed IPv4 Network Architecture Internet Protocols IP: HEADER: (1/6) WORD (1): SIZE: FIXED PART: 5 (32bit) Words / 20 Bytes VARIABLE PART: Optional: 40 Bytes IP Version: 4 bits IHL (Header Length): 4 bits (Up to 15 Words) Type of Service: 8 bits e.g. Reliability / Speed Total Length (of Data-gram): 16 bits (Up to 64k Words) Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture Internet Protocols IP: HEADER: (2/6) WORD (2): Identification: 16 bits (of a Datagram Fragment) Saad Haj Bakry FLAGS: Unused Bit. DF: Don’t Fragment Bit. MF: More Fragments Bits (It is set, except the last one) Fragment Offset: 13 bits (Up to 8k Fragments) Network Architecture Internet Protocols IP: HEADER: (3/6) WORD (3): Time to Live: 8 bits Packet Life Time in Sec. (Up to 255) Saad Haj Bakry Protocol: 8 bits Which Protocol is Intended at Destination (TCP / UDP) Header Checksum: 16 bits Error Detecting Code for the Header Network Architecture Internet Protocols IP: HEADER: (4/6) WORD (4): WORD (5): Source Address Destination Address Network Address: Host Address: Address Class: (A): Few Networks / Many Hosts (B): Medium No. of Networks and Hosts (C): Many Networks / Few Hosts Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture Internet Protocols IP: HEADER: (5/6) (A) from: 1.0.0.0 to: 127.255.255.255 0 NA: 7 bits HA: 24 bits (B) from: 128.0.0.0 to: 191.255.255.255 10 NA: 14 bits HA: 16 bits (C) from: 192.0.0.0 to: 223.255.255.255 110 Saad Haj Bakry NA: 21 bits HA: 8 bits Network Architecture Internet Protocols IP: HEADER: (6/6) Options Field: MULTIPLE WORDS (UP TO 10) SECURITY: Datagram Security Level STRICT SOURCE ROUTING: Predetermined Path LOOSE SOURCE ROUTING: Routers to be passed RECORD ROUTE: Appending routers IP addresses TIMESTAMP: Appending routers addresses & timestamp Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture Internet Protocols TRANSPORT LAYER TCP: PRINCIPLES CONNECTION HANDSHAKE OPERATION HEADER Saad Haj Bakry COMPONENTS UDP: PRINCIPLES USE HEADER Network Architecture Internet Protocols TRANSPORT LAYER: COMPONENTS BETWEEN IP & APPLICATION LAYER TCP: UDP: Transmission Control Protocol provides reliable data delivery service with End-to-End error detection & correction User Data-gram Protocol provides low overhead connectionless data-gram delivery service Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture Internet Protocols TCP: PRINCIPLES CONNECTION-ORIENTED BYTE STREAM PROTOCOL / ENSURES ACCURACY & SEQUENCE PAR:Positive Acknowledgement with Retransmission PA: Received Undamaged TIME-OUT Retransmission Saad Haj Bakry CHECKSUM for Each TCP Segment Network Architecture Internet Protocols TCP: CONNECTION ESTABLISH END-TO-END LOGICAL CONNECTION BETWEEN SOURCE-SINK HOSTS DATA: Stream of Bytes / Not Independent Packets HANDSHAKE: Start Saad Haj Bakry HANDSHAKE: FIN Network Architecture Internet Protocols TCP: HANDSHAKE HOST: SYN: SYN: Seq (y) Ack(x+1) SYN: Seq (x+1) Ack(y+1) Data Saad Haj Bakry HOST: Seq (x) (A) Source TIME (B): Sink Network Architecture Internet Protocols TCP: OPERATION DATA STREAM SEQUENCE / BYTE CONTROL: SEQUENCE No. / ACK No. POSITIVE ACK. SEGMENT: Tells the Sender How Much Data Has Been Received Saad Haj Bakry WINDOW FIELD: Tells the Sender How Much More Data the Sink Can Accept Network Architecture Internet Protocols TCP: HEADER: (1/8) SIZE: FIXED PART: 5 (32bit) Words 20 Bytes VARIABLE PART: Optional: 0 or more Words Saad Haj Bakry WORD (1): SOURCE PORT: 16 bits DESTINATION PORT: 16 bits WORDS (2) / (3): SEQUENCE NO. 32 bits ACK. NO. 32 bits Network Architecture Internet Protocols TCP: HEADER: (2/8) PORT: TCP Name for a TSAP NSAP: Net SAP (IP Address) TSAP: Transport Service Access Point to Connect a Dialogue / Session / Service TSAP: 255 Port Addresses are Reserved for Standard Services. SOCKET ADDRESS: Saad Haj Bakry NSAP / IP (32) + TSAP (16) Network Architecture Internet Protocols TCP: HEADER: (3/8) Numbering Every Byte of a TCP Stream SEQUENCE NO. ACK NO. For the First Byte in the Segment / Or the First after a SYN Flag is Set For the Next Byte Expected to be received by a TCP Entity Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture Internet Protocols TCP: HEADER: (4/8) WORD (4): HEADER LENGTH: 4 bits (No. of Words) UNUSED FIELD: 6 bits Saad Haj Bakry SIX (1) BIT FLAGS: (Activate / Deactivate) WINDOW SIZE: 16 bits (Flow Control) Number of bytes to be sent after Ack; ZERO Window: Receiver Needs Reset / No More Data Network Architecture Internet Protocols TCP: HEADER: (5/8) SIX (1) BIT FLAGS: (Activate / Deactivate) URG: Urgent Pointer ACK: Acknowledgement PSH: No buffering to deliver to App. RST: Problem / Reset: Connection / Segment SYN: Connection Request / Accepted (Ack) FIN: No more data / Release Connection Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture Internet Protocols TCP: HEADER: (6/8) WORD (5): URGENT POINTER: 16 bits (For Urgent Data) Points to the last byte of urgent data sequence. CHECKSUM: 16 bits (For Reliability) One’s Compliment Modulo (216-1) of all 16 bit words (Header, Data, and Pseudoheader) PSEUDOHEADER: Source 32, Destination 32, Others 32 Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture Internet Protocols TCP: HEADER: (7/8) DATA / SEG. / ACK. SEQUENCE: Window 6000 DATA DATA RECEIVED 1 Ini. Seq. No. Saad Haj Bakry 1001 CURRENT DATA SEGMENT 2001 Ack. No. 3001 4001 Seq. No. 5001 6001 7001 Network Architecture Internet Protocols TCP: HEADER: (8/8) ADDITIONAL / OPTIONAL WORDS: To Add Extra Facilities AVAILABLE OPTION: TCP Segment Size / Maximum Segment Size that can be Accepted Larger Segments, Less Overheads Proportion Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture Internet Protocols UDP: PRINCIPLES GIVES APPLICATIONS DIRECT ACCESS TO DATAGRAM DELIVERY SERVICE / CONNECTIONLESS PROTOCOL LOW OVERHEADS LOW RELIABILITY APPLICATIONS HAVE RELIABLE DELIVERY Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture Internet Protocols UDP: USE SMALL MESSAGES QUERY-RESPONSE MESSAGES USED FOR NETWORK MANAGEMENT: Simple Network Management Protocol Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture Internet Protocols UDP: HEADER 0 16 32 SOURCE PORT DESTINATION PORT SEGMENT LENGTH CHECKSUM Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture Internet Protocols APPLICATION LAYER PRINCIPLES DNS / UAL SMTP / FTP / TELENET WEB Saad Haj Bakry SNMP Network Architecture Internet Protocols APPLICATION LAYER PRINCIPLES ALL PROCESSES THAT USE TRANSPORT LAYER TO DELIVER DATA Saad Haj Bakry SERVICES: SMTP FTP TELNET WEB GOPHER SUPPORT: DNS URL SNMP Network Architecture SMTP Internet Protocols / FTP / TELENET STMP: FTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol File Transfer Protocol To transfer e-mail from one computer to another across the Internet Saad Haj Bakry A protocol used to transfer a complete file from one computer to another. TELNET: Virtual Terminal Protocol To access a resource of a remote sever / host Network Architecture Internet Protocols WEB: PRINCIPLES OBJECTIVE: To Publish Material / Profile on the Internet (Intranet / Extranet) Saad Haj Bakry BROWSER: Fetches Required Page SEARCH ENGINE: Display It on the Screen Searches for Required Pages Using Keywords MOSAIC NETSCAPE EXPLORER YAHOO ALTA VESTA Network Architecture Internet Protocols WEB: HYPERS HYPER TEXT HYPER LINK HTTP: HYPER TEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL HYPER MEDIA HTML: HYPER TEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture Internet Protocols DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM DNS: The automated system used to translate computer names into equivalent IP addresses. A DNS server responds to queries by looking up names and returning addresses. GENERIC PART infology.com net int gov mil ieee.org cs.unv.edu Saad Haj Bakry COUNTRY ca loc.jp lb nl sa uk Network Architecture Internet Protocols UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR URL: A syntactic form used to identify a page of information on the World Wide Web. Saad Haj Bakry (3) PARTS: Protocol / Scheme Name DNS Name Page / File Name EXAMPLES: http://www.cs.ksu.sa/file.html/.. ftp://ftp.cs.ksu.sa/pub/grp/file/.. news:newsgroup (USENET) (OR) news:newsarticle@DNS gopher://gopher.address/lib/... NB. Go For U Minnesota Athletic Team Network Architecture Internet Protocols SIMPLE NETWORK MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL SNMP: MIB: The protocol that specifies how a network management station communicates with agent software in remote devices such as routers. Management Information Base: A set of names items that an SNMP agent understands It defines the format of messages and their meaning. It uses: MIB Saad Haj Bakry To monitor or control a remote computer, a manager must fetch or store values to MIB variables Network Architecture Internet Protocols REFERENCES: (1/3) D.E. Commer, Computer Networks and Internet, Prentice Hall, 1997 K. Washburn, and J. Evans, TCP/IP: Running a Successful Network, 2nd Ed., Addison Wesley, 1996 A. S. Tanenbaum, Computer Networks, 3rd Ed., Prentice Hall, 1996 J. S. Quarterman, and S. Carl-Mitchell, The Internet Connection, Addison- Wesley, 1994. Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture Internet Protocols REFERENCES: (2/3) W. Stallings, Data and Computer Communications, 5th Ed., Prentice Hall, 1997 W. Stallings, High Speed Networks: TCP/IP & ATM Desifg Principles, Prentice Hall, 1998 Saad Haj Bakry F. Halsall, Data Communications, Computer Networks, & Open Systems, 4th Ed., Addison Wesley, 1996 Network Architecture Internet Protocols REFERENCES: (3/3) W. Hioki, Telecommunications, 3rd Ed., Prentice Hall, 1998 T. Russel, Telecommunications Protocols, McGraw Hill, 1997 Saad Haj Bakry M van Steen, and H. Sips, Computer & Network Organization, Prentice Hall, 1995. A. Macpherson, International Telecommunication Standards Organizations, Artech House, 1990 Network Architecture Internet Protocols STANDARDS: ORGANIZATIONS IAB: INTERNET ARCHITECTURE BOARD IETF: INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE IESG: INTERNET ENGINEERING STEERING GROUP ISOC: INTERNET SOCIETY ([email protected]) Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture Internet Protocols STANDARDS: DOCUMENTATIONS RFC: REQUEST FOR COMMENTS STD: STANDARDS MIL-STD: STANDARDS APPROVED BY DOD Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture Internet Protocols STANDARDS: EXAMPLES TELNET: MIL-STD-1782 RFC854 SMTP: MIL-STD-1781 RFC821 FTP: MIL-STD-1780 RFC765 TCP: MIL-STD-1778 RFC793 IP: MIL-STD-1777 RFC791 Saad Haj Bakry Network Architecture Internet Protocols SUGGESTED WORK STUDY THE DETAILS OF THE INTERNET PROTOCOLS STANDARDS Saad Haj Bakry STUDY HOW TCP / IP OPERATES WITH DIFFERENT NETWORKS: LANs / WANs / ATM..