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Transcript
9.1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES • COMPARE TYPES OF NETWORKS & NETWORK SERVICES * 9.2 LEARNING OBJECTIVES • DESCRIBE CONNECTIVITY NETWORK STANDARDS • IDENTIFY APPLICATIONS FOR SUPPORTING ELECTRONIC COMMERCE, BUSINESS • ANALYZE MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS OF NETWORKING 9.3 * MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES • TELECOMMUNICATIONS REVOLUTION • COMPONENTS, FUNCTIONS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM • COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS • ELECTRONIC COMMERCE, ELECTRONIC BUSINESS TECHNOLOGIES • MANAGEMENT ISSUES, DECISIONS * 9.4 PROTOCOL RULES & PROCEDURES TO GOVERN TRANSMISSION BETWEEN COMPONENTS IN A NETWORK * 9.8 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES USER USER STAR 9.19 HOST USER USER NETWORK TOPOLOGIES BUS 9.20 USER USER USER USER USER USER NETWORK TOPOLOGIES USER USER RING 9.21 USER USER LOCAL NETWORKS • PRIVATE BRANCH EXCHANGE (PBX): firm’s central switching system • LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN): dedicated channels; limited distance (less than 2000 foot radius); higher capacity than PBX. Can share expensive hardware & software * 9.22 LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN) • SERVER: stores programs, data; determines access to network • GATEWAY: connection to other networks • NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM (NOS): manages file server; routes communications on network • PEER - TO - PEER: in some small networks all computers have equal power * 9.23 WIDE - AREA NETWORK (WAN) NETWORK SPANS LARGE GEOGRAPHIC DISTANCES CAN INCLUDE CABLE, SATELLITE, MICROWAVE • SWITCHED LINES: Route Determined by Current Traffic • DEDICATED LINES: Constantly Available for High-Volume Traffic * 9.24 VALUE-ADDED NETWORK (VAN) • • • • 9.25 PRIVATE; MULTIPATH; DATA ONLY 3rd PARTY MANAGED USED BY SEVERAL ORGANIZATIONS SUBSCRIPTION BASIS * NETWORK SERVICES • • • • PACKET SWITCHING FRAME RELAY ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE (ATM) INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK • DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE • CABLE MODEM • T1 LINE * 9.26 PACKET SWITCHING (X.25): • FORM OF Value Added Network • BREAKS DATA BLOCKS INTO SMALL PACKETS (e.g.: 128 Bytes) • PACKETS ROUTED BY MOST ECONOMICAL MEANS • REASSEMBLED AT DESTINATION * 9.27 ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE (ATM): • CELL: 53 Groups of 8 Bytes Each • USES FIBER OPTICS CABLE • INDEPENDENT OF VENDOR HARDWARE SPEEDS • CAN TIE LAN TO WAN * 9.28 INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN): INTERNATIONAL STANDARD FOR TRANSMITTING VOICE, VIDEO, DATA OVER PUBLIC TELEPHONE LINES * 9.29 OTHER SERVICES: • DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (DSL): enhancing capacity over copper telephone lines • CABLE MODEM: modem for cable TV for high-speed access to Internet • T1 LINE: dedicated telephone connection, 24 channels @ 1.544 megabits per second 9.30 * ENTERPRISE NETWORK • HARDWARE; SOFTWARE; TELECOMMUNICATIONS, DATA RESOURCES • MORE COMPUTING POWER ON THE DESKTOP • NETWORK LINKING SMALLER NETWORKS * 9.31 INTERNETWORKING LINK NETWORKS EACH RETAINS IDENTITY INTO INTERCONNECTED NETWORK * NETWORK C NETWORK A NETWORK B 9.32 CONNECTIVITY MEASURE OF ABILITY OF COMPUTING DEVICES TO PASS & SHARE INFORMATION WITHOUT HUMAN INTERVENTION OPEN SYSTEMS: Software Able to Function on Different Computer Platforms. Nonproprietary Operating Systems, Applications, Protocols * 9.33 TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL / INTERNET PROTOCOL (TCP / IP) REFERENCE MODEL DEVELOPED BY DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE IN 1972 1. APPLICATION: Provides Screen Presentations 2. TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL (TCP): Breaks Data into Datagrams 3. INTERNET PROTOCOL (IP): Breaks, Sends Datagrams as Smaller IP Packets; Can Repeat Transmission to Increase Reliability 9.34 * TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL / INTERNET PROTOCOL (TCP / IP) 4. NETWORK INTERFACE: Handles Addressing and Interface Between Computer & Network 5. PHYSICAL NET: Defines Electrical Transmission Characteristics for Sending Signal Along Networks to Destination * 9.35 OPEN SYSTEM INTERCONNECT (OSI) INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE MODEL FOR LINKING DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMPUTERS & NETWORKS * 9.36 FACILITATING APPLICATIONS • • • • • • • 9.37 ELECTRONIC MAIL (e-mail) VOICE MAIL FACSIMILE MACHINES (fax) TELECONFERENCING DATACONFERENCING VIDEOCONFERENCING GROUPWARE * ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE (EDI) COMPUTER - TO - COMPUTER EXCHANGE BETWEEN TWO ORGANIZATIONS OF STANDARD BUSINESS TRANSACTION DOCUMENTS SELLER CUSTOMER * ORDERS, PAYMENTS COMPUTER SHIPPING NOTICES, PRICE UPDATES, INVOICES 9.39 COMPUTER PROBLEMS POSED BY ENTERPRISE NETWORKING • CONNECTIVITY • LOSS OF MANAGEMENT CONTROL • ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE REQUIREMENTS • HIDDEN COSTS OF CLIENT/SERVER COMPUTING • RELIABILITY & SECURITY * 9.40 COSTS OF CLIENT/SERVER SYSTEMS • OPERATIONS & SUPPORT • APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT • HARDWARE, SOFTWARE, INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE • EDUCATION & TRAINING * 9.41 TELECOMMUNICATIONS PLAN: • KNOW LONG-RANGE PLANS • AUDIT EXISTING CAPABILITIES • IDENTIFY, PRIORITIZE CRITICAL IMPROVEMENTS • ENHANCE FIRM’S STRATEGIC POSITION IMPLEMENT PLAN * 9.42 IMPLEMENTATION FACTORS • • • • • • • • 9.43 DISTANCE RANGE OF SERVICES SECURITY MULTIPLE ACCESS UTILIZATION COST INSTALLATION CONNECTIVITY *