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ICE600 – Computer Networks Seamless QoS Guarantees with SARAH in Mobile Networks (Testbed Buildup and S/W Installation) Kyounghee Lee [email protected] Information and Communications University February 24, 2006 Contents 1. Introduction 2. Preliminaries 3. Proposed Approach 4. Implementation 5. Simulation Study 6. Application 7. Conclusions February 24, 2005 2 Introduction Preliminaries Research Concerns Motivation February 24, 2005 3 Preliminaries Need for QoS guarantees in mobile Internet To provide various realtime multimedia services to mobile users – Multimedia stream characteristics – Broadband – Error-sensitive Intolerant to transmission delay and jitter variance – Voice over IP, Video on Demand, Internet broadcasting, etc. Limitations on QoS guarantees in mobile Internet Poor communication characteristics in wireless links Service instability due to host mobility – Handoff latency – Traffic redirection overhead February 24, 2005 4 Preliminaries (Cont’d) Two popular QoS models in wired Internet Integrated Services (IntServ) architecture – Strict end-to-end QoS guarantees based on per-flow resource reservation – Resource reSerVation Protocol (RSVP) – Generally deployed at access networks Differentiated Services (DiffServ) architecture – Class of Service (CoS) concept – Less scalability concerns due to traffic aggregation – Appropriate for core networks How to adapt IntServ to properly support host mobility at access networks? February 24, 2005 5 Research Concerns Well-known issues with RSVP in Mobile IP networks Mobile IP tunneling issue – RSVP message invisibility problem – Triangle routing problem Reservation path invalidation issue Advance resource reservation scheme Widely used solution for both two mobility issues Proactively reserves resources at the locations where a MH may visit Limitations in current status – Indiscriminate/excessive advance reservations resource inefficiency and signaling overhead – Considerable modifications are required in current Internet to reduce excessive advance reservations February 24, 2005 6 Motivation Seamless QoS guarantees for mobile multimedia services Provides seamless end-to-end QoS to mobile users – – Service quality enhancements Accommodation of realtime multimedia applications RSVP adaptation to mobile access networks – To appropriately address both Mobile IP tunneling and reservation path invalidation problems – To reduce overhead for excessive advance reservations – To be a transparent approach to existing Internet environment (less modifications and additions) February 24, 2005 7 SARAH Approach Overview SARAH Procedures Features February 24, 2005 8 Overview Selective Advance Reservations and Resource-aware Handoff Direction (SARAH) Three major steps in SARAH 1. 2. 3. Pseudo Reservation Path (PRP) establishment – Movement prediction using link layer (L2) functionalities – Resource-aware handoff direction Extension of Reservation Path (ERP) process – PRP activation – Traffic forwarding Optimization for extended Reservation Path (ORP) process – – Adjustment of reservation path to shortest routing path (using unicast or multicast IP address) Termination of useless PRPs February 24, 2005 9 Overview (Cont’d) 1. PRP establishment 2. ERP after handoff CH 3. ORP CH CH (2) (1) BS_A BS_B BS_C BS_A (3) BS_B BS_C BS_A BS_B MH MH BS_C MH : Inactivated Pseudo Reservation Path (PRP) : Existing RSVP Session (1), Activated PRP (2), Optimized Reservation Path : Traffic forwarding February 24, 2005 10 SARAH Procedures PRP establishment (before a handoff) CH CH 3.PRP_inform PRP 4.RSVP path 5.RSVP resv BS_A BS_B 2.PRP_init BS_C BS_A BS_B BS_C PRP_init_ack 1.L2 beacon MH MH (a) Original RSVP session (b) Inactivated PRP February 24, 2005 SARAH & RSVP control flow 11 SARAH Procedures (Cont’d) ERP process (after a handoff) CH CH PRP Activated PRP 1.PRP_activate BS_A BS_B BS_C BS_A BS_B BS_C MH MH (a) (b) Original RSVP session & Activated PRP SARAH & RSVP control flow February 24, 2005 Inactivated PRP Traffic forwarding 12 SARAH Procedures (Cont’d) ORP process using unicast IP address – February 24, 2005 Establishes a new RSVP session and replaces the original one When the network does not support IP multicast When incoming MH already participates in unicast RSVP session 13 SARAH Procedures (Cont’d) ORP process using multicast IP address – February 24, 2005 Joins the existing multicast RSVP session Better network utilization Less reservation requirement 14 Features Pseudo reservation Advance reservation in SARAH Advantages – – – Established between two neighboring base stations (BSs) shortens the average length of advance reservation path Established and managed in the same way as a normal RSVP session no additional RSVP messages, transparent to intermediate routers Inactive resources can be shared with best-effort traffic by scheduling policy Traffic blocking at BSs enables pseudo reservations to be inactive PRP activation is performed by traffic forwarding at BSs Requires no modification at intermediate routers February 24, 2005 15 Features (Cont’d) Initial RSVP setup to escape Mobile IP tunneling CH HA HA CH 4.Path (2) & resv 3.resv 2.path 3.resv-err + BU (CoA = BS) BS BS 1.RSVP_init (Tspec) (a) MH is a sender 1.path (1) 2.RSVP_init (Tspec, Rspec) (b) MH is a receiver February 24, 2005 16 Features (Cont’d) Host movement detection scheme Detects L2 beacon frames from multiple reachable BSs (assuming underlying networks such as IEEE 802.11) Control messages – PRP_init: notification of movement – PRP_inform: initiation of PRP establishment Neighbor mapping table in each BS Reduces the number of pseudo reservation paths (PRPs) 3. PRP_inform cBS nBS cBS: Current BS nBS: New BS 2. PRP_init 1. L2 beacon MH February 24, 2005 17 Features (Cont’d) Neighbor mapping table Binding between neighboring BS’s MAC address and IP address Referred for host movement detection Example of a neighbor mapping table R: Support for RSVP S: Support for SARAH BS ID MAC Address (Wireless) Network ID IP Address (Wired) R S 1 00:20:A6:4C:99:BE 220.69.186.0/24 220.69.186.145 1 1 2 00:02:2D:0B:6F:E5 192.168.1.0/24 192.168.1.2 1 0 3 00:20:A6:4C:99:95 220.69.187.0/24 220.69.187.128 1 1 February 24, 2005 18 Features (Cont’d) Resource-aware handoff direction scheme MH chooses its next BS by BS_A Beacon_A signal strength of L2 beacon frames resource availability BS_B MH BS_A BS_B MH Beacon_B Move (2) BS_C (4) (1) BS_C (3) (1): CRP_init (BS_A, BS_B) (2), (3): CRP_inform, RSVP path, RSVP resv (4): CRP_init_ack (BS_A or BS_B) or CRP_init_rej * Beacon_A > Beacon_B February 24, 2005 19 Implementation System Architecture Testbed Configuration MPEG Video Streaming Service February 24, 2005 20 System Architecture Overall framework of SARAH CH Application SARAH Adaptation Module BS TCP/UDP TCP/UDP Neighbor BS RSVP Mobile IP adaptation SARAH BS Demon Mobile IP RSVP MH Application SARAH Adaptation Module Data flow Control flow TCP/UDP February 24, 2005 IEEE 802.11 Mobile IP 21 Testbed Configuration CH RSVP SAM HA : NIC (IEEE 802.3) : NIC (IEEE 802.11b) : Hub : RSVP session R Subnet B (wired) Subnet A (Wired) BS1 RSVP SBD Traffic scheduler Mobile IP Subnet C (Wireless) BS2 Subnet D (Wireless) MH SAM Mobile IP February 24, 2005 OS: Linux ker 2.2.12 & 2.2.14 Mobile IP: HUT Dynamics 0.8.1 [DynMIP] RSVP: ISI release 4.2a4 [ISIRSVP] Scheduling: ALTQ 3.0 [ALTQ] 22 MPEG Video Streaming Service Service Scenarios • On aforementioned testbed • Background traffic generation: MGEN tool [MGEN] • Maximum throughput of wired network: 9.3 Mbps • Wired subnet A: non-congested • Wired subnet B: congested • CH Video stream BS1 8.1 Mbps background traffic 1.6 Mbps video traffic (IP and UDP headers: 14%) R Background traffic BS2 move Subnet 1 Subnet 2 Movement of MH: Subnet 1 subnet 2 February 24, 2005 23 Testbed Buildup Outline ISI RSVP Installation Dynamics Mobile IP Installation SARAH Installation February 24, 2005 24 Outline Configuration of experimental testbed Build testbed frame – OS installation – Connection of PCs, H/W equipment Linux (RedHat recommended) Network configuration – IP subneting, IP masquerading – Wireless LAN devices February 24, 2005 25 Outline (Cont’d) RSVP installation ISI distribution – – http://www.isi.edu/div7/rsvp/rsvp.html Latest rel4.2a4-1 Patch for Linux OS Traffic scheduler setting (router) – Kernel recompile Test of RSVP operation (RTAP or RSVP demon debug mode) Traffic generation tool (MGEN) – http://pf.itd.nrl.navy.mil/mgen February 24, 2005 26 Outline (Cont’d) Mobile IP installation Dynamics Mobile IPv4 – http://dynamics.sourceforge.net Stable version 0.8.1 Test of Mobile IP operation (DynTool) – SARAH installation SARAH BS Demon (SBD): base station SARAH Test Application: mobile host, correspondent host February 24, 2005 27 Outline (Cont’d) MPEG streaming application Installation of video server Video client – MpegTV player – http://www.mpegtv.com MPEG streaming test – Network congestion – Host handoff February 24, 2005 28 ISI RSVP Installation Base station, correspondent host Source code patch for Linux OS Compile – Source code modification – Makefile configuration Router Linux kernel options: modules Traffic scheduler – Class-based Queue (CBQ) Iproute2 S/W installation (if needed) Patch for Linux OS Compile – Source code modification – Makefile configuration CBQ configuration – February 24, 2005 29 ISI RSVP Installation (Cont’d) Source code extraction & patch [root@LinuxServer /]# cd /usr/src/ [root@LinuxServer/usr/src]# cp rsvpd.rel4.2a4-1.tar.gz ./rsvp [root@LinuxServer/usr/src]# cp linux-tc.tar.gz ./rsvp [root@LinuxServer/usr/src]# cp rsvp.patch.txt ./rsvp [root@LinuxServer/usr/src]# cd ./rsvp [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/]# tar xvzf rsvpd.rel4.2a4-1.tar.gz [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/]# tar xvzf linux-tc.tar.gz [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/]# patch –p0 < rsvp.patch.txt [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/]# cd rel4.2a4/rsvpd Source code modification [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/rel4.2a4/rspvd]# vi rsvp_specs.c Line 1189: return (log(x)) return (2.303*log10(x)) February 24, 2005 30 ISI RSVP Installation (Cont’d) Makefile configuration # # XXX Changing defines is not visible to the dependency rules; do a # "make clean" if you change one! # DEFINES = -DDEBUG -DSCHEDULE -DRTAP -DSECURITY -DSTATS -DRSVP_DIAG \ -DAPI_USE_NET_BO -DISI_TEST \ -DISI_FLOW_LABEL -DNO_IPV6 # Select Traffic Control adaptation module object #Linux end host TCOBJS = tc_test.o rsvp_LLkern.o # Linux traffic control #TCOBJS = tc_cbq.o tc_filter.o tc_linux.o tc_qdisc.o rsvp_LLkern.o # ALTQ adaptation module(s) #TCOBJS = tc_cbq.o tc_cbqinit.o tc_cbqatm.o rsvp_LLkern.o February 24, 2005 31 RSVP Installation (Cont’d) Compilation [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/rel4.2a4/rspvd]# make depend [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/rel4.2a4/rspvd]# make CBQ configuration in Linux [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/]# cp cbqinit.eth2 ./rsvp/rel4.2a4/rsvpd/ [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/]# cd rsvp/rel4.2a4/rsvpd/ [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/rel4.2a4/rsvpd/]# vi cbqinit.eth2 [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/rel4.2a4/rsvpd/]# chmod +x cbqinit.eth2 [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/rel4.2a4/rsvpd/]# cbqinit.eth2 February 24, 2005 32 RSVP Installation (Cont’d) RSVP execution & test [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/rel4.2a4/rsvpd]# ./rsvpd –D T1> dest udp 192.168.1.2/6000 (S) T1> dest udp 192.168.1.2/6000 (D) T1> sender 102.168.0.3/5000 [t 600k 500k 1M 50 1500] (S) T1> reserve wf [cl 600k 500k 1M 50 1500] (D, controlled load) T1> close (both) T1> reserve wf [g 700k 0 600k 500k 1M 50 1500] (D, guaranteed service) *Rspeccl = {max packet arrival, token bucket size, token bucket rate, minimum policed unit, max packet size} *Rspecgs = {service rate, slack term, max packet arrival, token bucket size, token bucket rate, minimum policed unit, max packet size} February 24, 2005 33 RSVP Installation (Cont’d) Traffic generation [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/mgen]# vi sender.script (S) PORT 5000 00000 1 ON 203.253.50.100:6000 PERIODIC 500 1250 RSVP [t 7000000 10000 1250000 50 1500] 10000 2 ON 203.253.50.100:6001 PERIODIC 600 1250 20000 1 OFF 20000 2 OFF [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/mgen]# vi receiver.script (R) PORT 6000-6009 03000 RESV 203.253.50.100:6000 WF [gx 700000 0 700000 10000 1250000 50 1500] [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/mgen]# ./mgen input sender.script (S) [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/mgen]# ./drec input recievr.script output out.log (R) [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/mgen]# vi out.log (R) February 24, 2005 34 Dynamics MIPv4 Installation Binary distribution Source code distribution Home agent, foreign agent, mobile host demons Development libraries and header files Source code compilation – System configuration – Make Configuration file setting – dynhad.conf, dynfad.conf, dynmnd.conf Host mobility support test Mobility management: dynmn_tool – Provides useful information for mobile networks – Enables to force a handoff Handoff latency measurement February 24, 2005 35 Dynamics MIPv4 Installation (Cont’d) Source code extraction & compilation [root@LinuxServer /]# cd /usr/src/ [root@LinuxServer/usr/src]# cp dynamics-0.8.1.tar.gz ./ [root@LinuxServer/usr/src]# tar xvzf dynamics-0.8.1.tar.gz [root@LinuxServer/usr/src]# cd dynamics-0.8.1 [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1]# ./configure [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1]# make [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1]# make install Configuration file setting [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1/src/ha]# vi dynhad.conf HA [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1/src/fa]# vi dynfad.conf FA [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1/src/mn]# vi dynmnd.conf MH * Copy all configuration files into /etc directory before execution February 24, 2005 36 Dynamics MIPv4 Installation (Cont’d) Execution [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1/ha]# modprobe ipip; ./dynhad& HA [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1/fa]# modprobe ipip; ./dynfad& FA [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1/mn]# ./dynmnd& MN Handoff test [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1/mn]# ./dynmn_tool MN Command – status: shows the current link and network status – list: shows the list of reachable FAs – force [fa_addr]: forces a handoff to the designated FA – careof: shows the current acre-of-address of the MH * Please check the manual for more information February 24, 2005 37 SARAH Installation SARAH BS demon - source code extraction & compilation [root@LinuxServer /]# cd /usr/src/ [root@LinuxServer/usr/src]# cp sarah_v0.21.tar.gz ./ [root@LinuxServer/usr/src]# tar xvzf sarah_v0.21.tar.gz [root@LinuxServer/usr/src]# cd sarah_v0.21/sarahd [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/sarah_v0.21/sarahd]# vi sarahd.conf [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/sarah_v0.21/sarahd]# make * You will get “sarahd” execution file Configuration file setting “sarahd.conf” February 24, 2005 38 SARAH Installation (Cont’d) Test application - source code compilation [root@LinuxServer/usr/src]# cd sarah_v0.21/test [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/sarah_v0.21/test]# vi ch_test_server.c [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/sarah_v0.21/test]# vi ch_test_server.c [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/sarah_v0.21/test]# vi mh_test_cllient.c [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/sarah_v0.21/test]# vi mh_stream_client.c [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/sarah_v0.21/test]# vi mh_stream_client.c [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1]# make * You will get “ch_test_server”, “ch_test_client”, “mh_test_server”, “mh_test_client” and “mh_stream_lient” execution files Source file configuration “ch_test_server.c”, “ch_test_client.c” “mh_test_server.c”, “mh_test_client.c” “mh_stream_client.c” February 24, 2005 39 SARAH Installation Video client - MPEG TV (Cont’d) Latest version – http://www.mpegtv.com – Get full source codes or binary files SARAH execution Run “sarahd” at each BS File transmission test Run “mh_test_client” at MH – Run “ch_test_server” at CH MPEG streaming test – Open MPEG TV player at MH (with UDP streaming mode) – – Run “mh_stream_client” at MH – Run “ch_test_server” at CH February 24, 2005 40 References [ALTQ] “Alternate Queueing,” available at ftp://ftp.csl.sony.co.jp/pub/kjc/altq-3.1.tar.gz [Awduche97] D. 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Acharya, “MRSVP: a resource reservation protocol for an integrated service networks with mobile hosts”, ACM Wireless Networks, Vol.7, Issue 1, Jan. 2001. [Terzis99] A. Terzis, M. Srivastava, L. Zhang, “A Simple QoS Signaling Protocol for Mobile Hosts in the Integrated Service Internet,” in Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM 99, Vol. 3, Mar. 1999. [Terzis00] A. Terzis, J. Krawczyk, J. Wroclawski and L. Zhang, “RSVP operation over IP tunnels,” RFC 2746 on IETF, Jan. 2000. [Tseng03] C. Tseng, G. Lee, and R. Liu, “HMRSVP: A Hierarchical Mobile RSVP Protocol”, ACM Wireless Networks, Vol.9 Issue 2, Mar. 2003. [VAT] Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, “Visual Audio Tool,” available at http://www-nrg.ee.lbl.gov/vat. [Wang01] Z. Wang, Internet QoS – Architectures and Mechanisms for Quality of Service, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 2001. [Wang05] J. Wang, J. Yang and C. Tseng, "An Intelligent Agent-based Mobile Resource Reservation Scheme," in Proceedings of the 2005 11th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS'05), July 2005. [WaveLAN] “WaveLAN,” available at http://www.agere.com/client/wlan.html. [Wittmann00] R. Wittmann and M. Zitterbart, Multicast Communication – Protocols and Applications, Morgan Kaufmann Publisher, 2000. [WLMAC99] Wireless LAN Working Group, “Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications”, ISO/IEC 8802.11:1999(E), IEEE Standard 802.11 1999 Edition, Aug. 1999. [Zhang93] L. Zhang, S. Deering, D. Estrin, S. Shenker and D. Zappala, “RSVP: A new resource reservation protocol”, IEEE Network, Vol. 7, Issue 5, Sep. 1993. February 24, 2005 44 Appendix 1. Resource reSerVation Protocol (RSVP) R2 R5 resv Sender R1 resv path path Receiver2 R4 R3 Sender (port) Receiver (port) Tspec phop path resv Sender (port) Receiver (port) Flowspec phop Receiver1 Tspec: traffic spec requested by sender Flowspec: reservation requirements to routers phop: previous hop RFC 2205 on IETF Signaling protocol for resource reservation in IntServ networks Resources are reserved along a fixed path in the reverse direction that a path message has been delivered (receiver-initiated approach) February 24, 2005 45 Appendix 2. RSVP message invisibility IP RSVP Routing daemon – – RSVP daemon Router IP IP RSVP FA MH IP R CH IP RSVP IP IP RSVP R IP RSVP R IP IP RSVP R RSVP IP R HA IP IP + IP RSVP IP tunnel RSVP ? Routing daemon Protocol ID = 46 (RSVP) RSVP signal messages are encapsulated within an IP-in-IP tunnel Intermediate routers cannot reserve the requested resources RSVP daemon MH: mobile host HA: home agent FA: foreign agent Router February 24, 2005 46 Appendix 3. Triangle routing problem FA IP tunnel – 2.resv MH HA an optimal routing path 1.path CH February 24, 2005 RSVP resv messages should be directed to pass an IP tunnel Modifications required to RSVP Inefficiency in resource consumptions due to non-optimal routing path 47 Appendix 4. Reservation path invalidation CH CH cannot guarantee requested QoS! R R R BS MH R BS BS BS move Wireless cell A MH Wireless cell B Wireless cell A BS: February 24, 2005 Wireless cell B Traffic routing path Reserved path Base station 48 Appendix 5. Advance reservation-based approaches Proactively reserves resources at all neighbor locations MRSVP [Talukdar99,01], RSVP path extension [Mahadevan98,00], Dynamic resource sharing [Mahmoodian99], Multicast-based approach [Chen00], HMRSVP [Tseng03], IARSVP [Wang05] Excessive reservation requirements for advance reservations (several times higher than active reservation) February 24, 2005 49 Appendix 6. Cross-layer interaction SNR (dB) BS1 MH movement direction PRP establishment BS2 L2 roaming PRP activation L3 handoff CST Delta SNR active scan CSP CST: cell switching threshold CSP: cell searching point SNR: signal-to-noise ratio February 24, 2005 50 Appendix 7. General format of SARAH messages IP header 0 UDP header 8 SARAH common header SARAH message contents 16 24 A R S M Message type Sequence number 31 Reserved Message length Information object content (if any) A: acknowledgement R: result S: service type M: MH’s role (sender or receiver) Common header February 24, 2005 51 Appendix 8. Types of control messages Message type Src / Dst Step Description (containing information) RSVP_init MH / cBS RSVP setup initializes a RSVP setup process between CH and cBS (Tspec, Rspec, CH’s address and port) RSVP_init_ack cBS / MH RSVP setup replies to an RSVP_init message (on success: RSVP session flow ID) PRP_init MH / cBS ERP requests cBS to establish a PRP from/to nBS (MAC address of nBS) PRP_init_ack cBS / MH ERP replies to a PRP_init message on success (MAC and IP address of nBS that admits a PRP) PRP_init_rej cBS / MH ERP replies to the PRP_init message on failure (none) PRP_inform cBS / nBS ERP initializes a PRP setup process between cBS and nBS (Tspec, Rspec) PRP_inform_ack nBS / cBS ERP replies to a PRP_inform message (none) PRP_activate cBS / pBS ERP requests/notifies the activation of a PRP (MH’s home address and port) PRP_activate_ack pBS / cBS ERP replies to a PRP_activate message (none) PRP_opt pBS / cBS ORP requests cBS to start an ORP process (MH’s home address and port) PRP_opt_ack cBS / pBS ORP replies to a PRP_opt message (none) RSVP_switch cBS / CH ORP requests CH to make and use a new RSVP session instead of the original one (flow IDs of the original RSVP session and a new RSVP session) RSVP_switch_ack CH / cBS ORP Replies to a RSVP_switch message (none) PRP_release cBS / pBS ORP requests pBS to terminate the original reservation path (MH’s home address and port) PRP_release_ack pBS / cBS ORP replies to a PRP_release message (none) February 24, 2005 52 Appendix 9. Handoff latency in Mobile IP and SARAH Active scan & First L2 beacon Mobile IP registration request Need for new association Mobile IP Handoff completion Handoff latency in L2 and L3 (TH) Passing through overlapped area ( 0) Mobile IP solicitation & advertising ( 0) Mobile IP registration time ( 36) PRP activation & forwarding ( 11) Time (ms) 0 PRP establishment ( 22) L2 roaming ( 0, trivial) February 24, 2005 53 Appendix 10. Latency for ERP/ORP process (a) ERP latency L2 roaming & Mobile IP handoff ERP process completion New RSVP session establishment Time (ms) 0 112 123 141 ORP start ORP delay (9 ms) ERP data forwarding Total ORP processing time (b) ORP latency Time (ms) 307 316 0 February 24, 2005 54 Appendix 11. Average data transmission rates 250 kbytes (2 Mbps) reserved 250 data packets per sec, each packet 1024 bytes Link capacity: 9.3 (wired) vs. 4.7 (wireless) Mbps 9 Mbps background traffic February 24, 2005 55 Appendix 12. ERP performance with distance between CH and MH Comparison between SARAH and RSVP re-establishment February 24, 2005 56 Appendix 13. ORP performance with distance between CH and MH ORP delay: 9 ms (2 hops) 13 ms (7 hops) Negligible for multimedia streaming February 24, 2005 57 Appendix 14. MPEG streaming service framework Video Server (CH) Service Req/Ack MPEG-1 Stream Server MPEG-1 stream Control flow SARAH Adaptation Module BS UDP Neighbor BS UDP Route Optimization Emulator RSVP SARAH BS Demon Client (MH) Route Optimization Emulator Mobile IP MPEG-1 Player [MpegTV] RSVP Client Assistant SARAH Adaptation Module UDP Binding Update & Ack (emulation) Mobile IP Registration February 24, 2005 IEEE 802.11b Mobile IP 58 Appendix 15. Control message flow for MPEG streaming service Before a handoff Video Server BS1 BS2 Client service_req service_req_ack RSVP path (home addr) RSVP err + binding_update RSVP_init binding_update_ack RSVP path (CoA) RSVP resv MPEG-1 stream L2 beacon Movement detection PRP_init PRP_inform PRP_inform_ack RSVP path (PRP) RSVP resv (PRP) Client handoff Time February 24, 2005 59 Appendix 15. (Cont’d) Control message flow for MPEG streaming service (cont’d) After a handoff Video Server BS1 BS2 Client Client handoff PRP_activate PRP_activate_ack MPEG-1 stream PRP_opt RSVP_switch RSVP path RSVP resv RSVP_switch_ack MPEG-1 stream PRP_opt_ack Time RSVP_teardown PRP_release February 24, 2005 60 Appendix 16. MPEG video streaming rate variation Background traffic in Subnet D Handoff arises from Subnet C to Subnet D (congested) Data rate (Mbps) 9 8 7 6 5 Background traffic MPEG-1 stream 4 handoff 3 2 1 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Time (sec) February 24, 2005 61 Appendix 17. Comparison of video streaming rate variations Route optimization scheme is emulated for RSVP state restoration QoS disruption with RSVP: 12 sec (RSVP refresh interval: 30 sec) Data rate 2 (Mbps) 1.9 SARAH with RSVP RSVP with route optimization 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 handoff 1 0.9 0.8 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Time (sec) February 24, 2005 62 Appendix 18. Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) of MPEG stream Average PSNR variation after a handoff – SARAH with RSVP: 69.1 dB 68.6 dB – RSVP with route optimization: 69.6 dB 48.85 dB 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 PSNR (dB) PSNR (dB) 50 40 50 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 handoff 0 handoff 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 Frames 0 200 (a) SARAH with RSVP 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 Frames (b) RSVP with route optimization PSNR < 20.0 dB: video frame entirely lost PSNR = 78.13 dB: no quality loss in video frame February 24, 2005 63 Appendix 19. RSVP-DiffServ Translation Resource reservation Resource reservation Access network (IntServ region) ER/TR Backbone network (DiffServ region) Access network (IntServ region) ER/TR Receiver Sender Setting forwarding class ER/TR: Edge router/IntServ-DiffServ translator : Resource reservation setup : Data packets RFC 2998 on IETF Less scalability concerns in backbone network Per-flow end-to-end QoS for end hosts Host mobility should be supported in access networks February 24, 2005 64