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WiMAX技術發展趨勢:
過去、現在與未來
長庚大學資訊工程學系 陳仁暉 副教授
Tel: (03) 211-8800 Ext: 5990
Email: [email protected]
URL: http://www.csie.cgu.edu.tw/~jhchen
December 16, 2008
Copyright © NDSL, Chang Gung University. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Outline
•
•
•
•
Background
IEEE 802.16 Standardization and WiMAX Forum
WiMAX Systems & Protocols Overview
Introduction to IEEE 8021.6j & IEEE 802.16m
–
–
–
–
Usage models
Work plane and documents
Requirements & evaluation methodology
Network architecture & reference model
• Advanced features & challenges of IEEE 802.16m
• Next Wave Technologies in WiMAX
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Wireless Standards
• 4 main usage segments are specified
– Range, Power, …
WII
Source：拓墣產業研究所，2004.02
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Relative Level
WiMAX on the Path of Fixed/Mobile Convergence
Fixed
Mobile
Speed
Price
Ubiquity
Convenience
Localization
Key Value Offerings
4
Will Convergence
3G
WLAN
WiMAX
wired
Wi-Fi
WCDMA
802.16 (WiMAX)
Spectrum
2.4G, 5.8GHz
(Unlicensed)
Around 2GHz (Licensed)
2~11, 10~66 GHz
(Licensed, Unlicensed)
Channel Access
Contention-based
Scheduled
Scheduled
Bit Rate
Up to 54Mbps
Up to 2Mbps
Up to 75 Mbps
Mobility
Fixed, Portable
Mobile
Fixed, Portable, Mobile
Modulation
Scheme
CDMA, OFDM
CDMA
OFDM, OFDMA
Typical
Communication
Range
100s meters
10s kilo-meters
10s kilo-meters
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Deployment of WiMAX Service
• Backhaul Feeding
– Point-to-point link for fixed
infrastructure
• Fixed Wireless Access
– Wireless local loop for hot-spot
feeding
• Nomadic Access
– CPEs in hot-zone access the
service directly
• Portable/Mobile Access
– Handover function enabling
mobile data feeding
Source: WiMAX Forum/Siemens
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Why WiMAX?
Even having Sprint win, WiMAX is still a mid-term to
long-term technology
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Outline
•
•
•
•
Background
IEEE 802.16 Standardization and WiMAX Forum
WiMAX Systems & Protocols Overview
Introduction to IEEE 802.16j & IEEE 802.16m
–
–
–
–
Usage models
Work plane and documents
Requirements & evaluation methodology
Network architecture & reference model
• Advanced features & challenges of IEEE 802.16m
• Next Wave Technologies in WiMAX
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Background of IEEE 802.16
• 1998: IEEE 802 SG on “Broadband Wireless Access”
(BWA) (Prof. Roger B. Mark, Chair, IEEE 802.16 WG,
Jan. 2001)
• 1999: 1st IEEE 802.16 Project
– Scope: PHY and MAC layer of the air interface of
interoperable fixed point-to-multipoint broadband wireless
access systems. The specification enables transport of data,
video, and voice services. It applies to systems operating in
the vicinity of 30 GHz but is broadly applicable to systems
operating between 10 and 66 GHz.
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IEEE 802.16 Standards
802.16
MAC +
10-66GHz PHY
802.16a
2-11GHz PHY
Air Interface
802.16-2004
Revision
802.16c
Conformance
802.16e
Mobility
9
802.16Rev2
Consolidate
802.16j
Multi-hop Relay
802.16m
Next Generation
WiMAX2
802.16e-2005
Revision
: finalized and published
802.16/Cor1
Maintenance
Management
802.16h-2009
License Exempt
: under development
Coexistence
Conformance
802.16f
MIB (fixed)
802.16g
Management
802.16.2-2001
Coexistence
802.16/Conf01
>10GHz PICS
802.16/Conf02
>10GHz
TSS & TP
802.16i
MIB (mobile)
802.16k
Bridging
802.16.2-2004
Revision
802.16/Conf03
>10GHz RCT
802.16/Conf04
<11Ghz PICS
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WiMAX Forum
http://www.wimaxforum.org/
• WiMAX Forum
– WiMAX: Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
– Formed in Apr 2001, by Intel, Proxim, Airspan, Fujitsu, etc.
– 500+ members including Intel, R&S, Alvarion, Wavesat, PicoChip, Sony, Samsung, Nokia, TI,
ADI, III, ITRI, etc.
• Major Missions
– To promote deployment of BWA by using a global standard and certifying interoperability of
products and technologies.
– Develop baseline test specs, to facilitate the global interoperability of products and
technologies
– Support IEEE 802.16 standards
WiMAX Forum
• WiMAX Product Certification
– 802.16-2004 CPE: Wavesat, Airspan,
Siemens, …
– 802.16-2004 BS: Aperto, Redline, Sequans,
Airspan, Siemens, …
– Preparing for 802.16e compliance
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TWG
CWG
NWG
Technical
Certification
Network
SPWG
RWG
AWG
Service Provider
Regulatory
Application
EWG
GRWG
MWG
Evolutionary
Global roaming
Marketing
WiMAX Forum Certification
•
•
•
WiMAX equipments are certified by WiMAX Forum after passing the certification tests
of WFDCL (WiMAX Forum Designated Certification Laboratory)
Certification process includes Radio Conformance Test (RCT), Protocol Conformance
Test (PCT), and Interoperability Test (IOT)
46 CPEs and 35 BSs have been certified by WiMAX Forum (due Dec. 2008)
WFDCL
全球市場
CPE
BS
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Plugfest
• WiMAX論壇所舉辦之插拔大會(Plugfest)是讓WiMAX設備供應廠
商將其所開發之產品，在進行正式互通性測試之前，彼此間先進
行互通互連預先測試的活動，以驗證是否符合標準的要求，並對
產品作必要的修正以增進產品的互通功能。參與插拔大會的廠商
在取得產品的基本互通功能驗證後，WiMAX論壇即會頒予參與測
試的設備供應廠商通過互通驗證的活動標章，廠商可將其列於行
銷文宣中進行宣傳。
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IEEE 802.16 vs. WiMAX Forum
WiMAX MAC
WiMAX PHY
Data/Control Plane
MAC
Management
Entity
PHY
Management
Entity
ASN Control
&
Transport
Functions
Connectivity
Service
Network
(CSN)
Management Plane
• IEEE 802.16 Standards
– 802.16 d/e define data and control plane functions in wireless PHY/MAC
– 802.16 f/g/i define management plane functions (NETMAN)
• WiMAX NWG
– ASN (Access Service Network) part of WiMAX network is defined by WiMAX
Forum NWG
• WiMAX CWG/TWG
– Technical Incorporation with IEEE 802.16
– Product Certification and Product Interoperability
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Outline
•
•
•
•
Background
IEEE 802.16 Standardization and WiMAX Forum
WiMAX Systems & Protocols Overview
Introduction to IEEE 802.16j & IEEE 802.16m
–
–
–
–
Usage models
Work plane and documents
Requirements & evaluation methodology
Network architecture & reference model
• Advanced features & challenges of IEEE 802.16m
• Next Wave Technologies in WiMAX
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WiMAX Network Reference Model
ASN: Access Service Network
CSN: Connectivity Service Network
NAP: Network Access Providers
ASP: Application Service Provider
ASN
Source: WiMAX Forum
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WiMAX Network Architecture
Inter-ASN Mobility: R3, R4
Intra-ASN Mobility: R6, R8
R3
ASN GW
R3
ASN GW
R4
R6 R6
R6
R8
R8
WiMAX
BS
R1
R1
MS: Mobile Station
WiMAX MS
SS: Stationary Station
Rx: Reference point x
ASN GW: Access Service Network Gateway
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R6
R1
R1
WiMAX MS
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R1
WiMAX
BS
WiMAX SS
Source: WiMAX Forum
WiMAX CPE, BS and ASN GW (16d)
WiMAX ASN Gateway
WiMAX BS
WiMAX CPE
CLI / SNMP
Agent
CPE
Application
CLI
WiMAX Network Management
SFM/RRA
SFA/RRC
UDP/TCP/IP
RRM
& Handover
DP Fn
DP Fn
802.16 MAC
IP and
GRE Services
IP and
GRE Tunnel
802.16 MAC
Air Link Security
Air Link Security
802.16 PHY
802.16 PHY
Ethernet
BS
BSRadio
RadioAccess
AccessPlane
Plane BS Backbone Plane
: Existed Tech
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Gateway
&
Router
Service
Intra ASN Mobility
NCMS
RRM
support
Part
NCMS
RRM
support
PartNCMS Generic Part
: Developed in 2006
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: Chipset provider
WiMAX CPE, BS and ASN GW (16e)
WiMAX CPE
CLI / SNMP
Agent (802.16i)
Transport
Protocol
Auth Relay
Transport
Protocol
Auth Relay
DP Ctrl
DP Ctrl
SFM
SFA
RRA
RRM
Paging Agent
Paging Control
Handover Fn
Intra ASN Mobility
Context Fn
Context Fn
PKMv1 PKMv2
GRE/IP Tunnel
GRE/IP Tunnel
802.16 PHY
Ethernet
EAP Method
EAP
R2
RRM
& Handover
802.16e MAC
802.16e MAC
PKMv2
802.16 PHY
WiMAX ASN Gateway
and Authenticator
WiMAX BS
R1
BS
BSRadio
RadioAccess
AccessPlane
Plane BS Backbone Plane
: Existed Tech
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AAA Server
EAP Method
CLI
R6
EAP
RADIUS
RADIUS
Gateway
&
Router
Service
Ethernet
IP
R3
Ethernet
NCMS
RRM
support
Part
NCMS
RRM
support
PartNCMS Generic Part
: Developed in 2007
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: Chipset provider
Outline
•
•
•
•
Background
IEEE 802.16 Standardization and WiMAX Forum
WiMAX Systems & Protocols Overview
Introduction to IEEE 8021.6j & IEEE 802.16m
–
–
–
–
Usage models
Work plane and documents
Requirements & evaluation methodology
Network architecture & reference model
• Advanced features & challenges of IEEE 802.16m
• Next Wave Technologies in WiMAX
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Future Technologies in WiMAX
• 802.16j Multi-hop Relay
– Aiming at developing relay based on IEEE802.16e, to gain:
• Coverage extension, and
• Throughput enhancement
– Scope
• To specify OFDMA PHY and MAC enhancement to IEEE Std. 802.16 for
licensed bands to enable the operation of relay stations
• Subscriber station specifications are not changed
• P802.16m Next Generation WiMAX2
– Advanced Air Interface for BWA in the future
• Moving towards 4G
– Scope:
• To amend the IEEE 802.16 WirelessMAN-OFDMA to provide an advanced air
interface for operation in licensed bands
• To meet the cellular layer requirements of IMT-Advanced next generation
mobile networks
• To provide continuing support for legacy WirelessMAN-OFDMA equipment
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IEEE 802.16j Multihop Relay
Copyright © NDSL, Chang Gung University. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Benefits of Using Relay
Decreased Mobile Station power per bit
transmitted and received: increases MS
battery life!
RS
Flexible cell site placement: speeds
deployment, reduces site
acquisition and backhaul costs!
RS

RS
L
RS
RS
RS
RS
RS
RS
BS
RS
Spectrally efficient architectures:
reduces costly antenna structures!
Load sharing and multi-path
redundancy: reduces
infrastructure costs!
But, issues to be resolved
– Latency and overhead increase with each hop
– Infrastructure complexity
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– Interference
still limits
performance
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Copyright@2008
Source: Intel, 2006
Cost of Mobile Systems
Note: cost = PV(CAPEX) + PV(OPEX)
• cost(total)  Nuser*cost( ) + cost(system)
• cost(system)  NBS *(cost( ) + cost(
+ other( )
 Aservice N userWuser 

NBS  max  2 ,


R
W
system 
 max
to BS))
Keys to lower the
infrastructure cost
Wuser = average user capacity to produce service
Wsystem = maximum capacity per base station
Rmax = maximum base station cell radius
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Topics and Categories in 16j
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Frame Structure
Network Entry
Security
BW request
Mobility Management
Routing, Path, Connection and Service Flow
Managements
7. Construction & transmission of MAC PDUs
8. HARQ
9. Measurement & reporting
10. RRM, Scheduling & Interference control
11. PHY
12. Other MAC
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IEEE 802.16m
Copyright © NDSL, Chang Gung University. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Overview of IEEE 802.16m Program
• Since January 2007, the IEEE 802.16 Working Group has
embarked on development of a new amendment of the IEEE
802.16 standard (i.e., IEEE 802.16m) in order to meet the
requirements of ITU-R/IMT-Advanced (System Beyond IMT-2000,
fixed 1Gbps, mobile 100Mbps) for 4G systems while maintaining
full backward compatibility with the existing mobile WiMAX
systems.
• The standardization of IEEE 802.16m and release 2.0 of mobile
WiMAX profile are expected to complete by the end of 2010.
• IEEE 802.16m utilizes OFDMA as the preferred multiple access
method in the downlink and uplink to provide the state-of-the-art
broadband wireless access in the next decade.
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16m Documentation
• Usage Models/Deployment Scenarios & System
Requirements
– A set of possible deployment scenarios and applications of the
P802.16m standard
• Evaluation Methodology
– A complete set of parameters, models, and methodologies for the linklevel and system-level simulations that allow fair
evaluation/comparison of various technical proposals.
– Channels Models: A set of spatial channel model parameters are
specified to characterize particular features of MIMO radio channels to
be used for simulating technical proposals for the future P802.16m
standard
• System description document (SDD)
• P802.16m amendment
• 802.16 IMT-Advanced Proposal
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Development Schedule of 16m
Q2
IEEE 802.16
System
Requirements
IEEE 802.16m
Evaluation
Methodology
System
Description
IMT
Advanced
Proposal
802.16m
AmendmentŦ
ITU-R IMT Advanced
IMT.TECH
Circular
Letter
IMT.EVAL
2007
Q3
Q4
Q1
2008
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
2010
Q2
Q3
Q1
Q4
Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Sep ’07*
Call for SDD details
issued in Jul ’08
Jan’08*
Nov ’07
Nov 08*
ITU based Updates
First Call for
Proposals for SDD
issued in Sept ‘07
First Call for Proposals
for 802.16m Text
issued in Jul ’08
Jan ’09
Initial P.
Nov ’08
Sept ’09*
Refinements
Final Proposal
Mar ’09
Working Doc
Sep ’09
Letter Ballot
Mar ’10
Sponsor Ballot
Jun ’08
Finalized
Jun ’08
ITU based Updates
Oct ’08
Jan’09
Oct ’09
Proposal Submission
Jun ’10
IMT.RADIO
Proposal Evaluation & Consensus Building
Develop Recommendation
ITU-R WP5D
Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
*System Requirements and Evaluation Methodology, System Description, IMT-Advanced Proposal
Documents may be further updated based on ITU output (shown by dotted lines).
Ŧ 802.16m amendment is dependent on the 802.16Rev2 Project completion
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System Requirements of 16m (1)
IEEE 802.16m functional and performance requirements are more comprehensive
Source: IEEE 802.16m
and more stringent than IMT-Advanced requirements
29
Additional Requirements
IMT-Advanced
IEEE 802.16m
Peak data rate
(b/s/Hz/sector)
DL: 15 (4x4)
UL: 6.75 (2x4)
DL: 8.0/15.0 (2x2/4x4)
UL: 2.8/6.75 (1x2/2x4)
Cell spectral efficiency
(b/s/Hz/sector)
DL (4x2) = 2.2
UL (2x4) = 1.4
(Base coverage urban)
DL (2x2) = 2.6
UL (1x2) = 1.3
(Mixed Mobility)
Cell edge user spectral efficiency
(b/s/Hz)
DL (4x2) = 0.06
UL (2x4) = 0.03
(Base coverage urban)
DL (2x2) = 0.09
UL (1x2) = 0.05
(Mixed Mobility)
Latency
C-plane: 100 ms (idle to active)
U-plane: 10 ms
C-plane: 100 ms (idle to active)
U-plane: 10 ms
Mobility
b/s/Hz at km/h
0.55 at 120 km/h
0.25 at 350 km/h
Optimal performance up to 10 km/h
“Graceful degradation” up to 120 km/h
“Connectivity” up to 350 km/h
Up to 500 km/h depending on operating frequency
Handover interruption time (ms)
Intra frequency: 27.5
Inter frequency: 40 (in a band)
60 (between bands)
Intra frequency: 27.5
Inter frequency: 40 (in a band)
60 (between bands)
VoIP capacity
(Active users/sector/MHz)
40 (4x2 and 2x4)
(Base coverage urban)
30 (DL 2x2 and UL 1x2)
NDSLab Copyright@2008
System Requirements of 16m (2)
IEEE 802.16m is suitable for a large set of usage models, applications, and services
Additional Requirements
IMT-Advanced
IEEE 802.16m
Antenna Configuration
Not specified
DL: 2x2 (baseline), 2x4, 4x2, 4x4, 8x8
UL: 1x2 (baseline), 1x4, 2x4, 4x4
Cell Range and Coverage
Not specified
Up to 100 km with optimal performance up to 5 km
Multicast and Broadcast Service (MBS)
Not specified
4 bps/Hz for ISD 0.5 km and 2 bps/Hz for ISD 1.5 km
MBS channel reselection interruption time
Not specified
1.0 s (intra-frequency) 1.5 s (inter-frequency)
Location based services (LBS)
Not specified
Location determination latency < 30 s
MS-based position determination accuracy < 50 m
Network-based position determination accuracy < 100 m
Operating bandwidth
Up to 40 MHz (with aggregation)
5 to 20 MHz (up to 100 MHz through band aggregation)
Duplex scheme
Not specified
TDD, FDD (support for H-FDD terminals)
Operating frequencies
IMT bands
IMT bands (below 6 GHz)
Source: IEEE 802.16m
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Evaluation Methodology
• The objective of IEEE 802.16m evaluation methodology is to
define link-level and system-level simulation models and
associated parameters that shall be used in the evaluation and
comparison of technology proposals for IEEE 802.16m
Link Level
Model
System Level
Model
Propagation and
Channel Model
Traffic
Model
Antenna
Pattern
Modeling Requirements
Simulation
Framework
Simulation
Methodology
Simulation
Procedure
Performanc
Fairness
e Metrics
Criterion
Evaluation Criteria
Simulation Results and Evaluation Report
Source: IEEE 802.16m
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Overall 16m Network Architecture
• Similar to 16e network architecture defined by WiMAX Forum
NWG
Source: IEEE 802.16m
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Connections in 16m
• In addition to BS and MS, RS (Relay Station) is also included
in 16m
Source: IEEE 802.16m
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System Reference Model of 16m
CS SAP
Radio
Resource
Convergence
Control
Sub-Layer
and
Managem
ent
Functions
MAC SAP
Medium Access
Control Functions
Security Sub-Layer
Management Entity
Service Specific
Convergence Sub-Layer
Management Layer
Common Part
Sub-Layer
Security Sub-Layer
PHY SAP
Physical Layer
(PHY)
MAC Common-Part Sub-Layer
34
RAN
Control
and
Transport
Functions
External
Networks
WiMAX NWG
RAN
Architecture
Management Entity
Physical Layer
IEEE 802.16f/g NetMAN
Management Plane
NDSLab Copyright@2008
Outside IEEE 802.16m Scope
Outline
•
•
•
•
Background
IEEE 802.16 Standardization and WiMAX Forum
WiMAX Systems & Protocols Overview
Introduction to IEEE 8021.6j & IEEE 802.16m
–
–
–
–
Usage models
Work plane and documents
Requirements & evaluation methodology
Network architecture & reference model
• Advanced features & challenges of IEEE 802.16m
• Next Wave Technologies in WiMAX
35
NDSLab Copyright@2008
Advanced Features & Challenges of 16m (1)
• Unified single-user/multi-user MIMO Architecture
– support various advanced multi-antenna processing techniques including
open-loop and closed single-user/multi-user MIMO schemes (single
stream and multi-stream)
– Support multi-cell MIMO techniques
• Multi-carrier support
– The RF carriers may be of different bandwidths and can be non-contiguous or
belong to different frequency bands
– The channels may be of different duplexing modes, e.g. FDD, TDD
– Support wider band (up to 100MHz) by BW aggregation across contiguous or noncontiguous channels
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Advanced Features & Challenges of 16m (2)
• Multi-hop relay-enabled architecture
– Improve the SINR in the cell for coverage extension and throughput
enhancement
• Support of femto-cells and self-organization
– Femto-cells are low power BS at homes achieving FMC
– Self-configuration by allowing real plug and play installation of network
nodes and cells
– Self-optimization by allowing automated or autonomous optimization of
network performance with respect to service availability, QoS, network
efficiency and throughput
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Advanced Features & Challenges of 16m (3)
• Enhanced multicast and broadcast service
– Multi-carriers with dedicated broadcast only carriers
– Single/multi-BS MBS
• Multi-RAT operation and handover
– Support interworking with IEEE 802.11, GSM/EDGE, 3GPP, 3GPP2,
CDMA2000etc.
• Multi-radio coexistence
– MS reports its co-located radio activities to BS
– Accordingly, BS can operates properly via scheduling to support multiradio coexistence
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Advanced Features & Challenges 16m (4)
• Advanced interference mitigation
– Interference-aware BS coordination to minimize inter-cell interference
– Fractional frequency reuse and Tx beamforming to improve cell edge
capacity
– Interference-aware scheduling via CQI metrics
– Power control for per subframe and per subscriber
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Outline
•
•
•
•
Background
IEEE 802.16 Standardization and WiMAX Forum
WiMAX Systems & Protocols Overview
Introduction to IEEE 8021.6j & IEEE 802.16m
–
–
–
–
Usage models
Work plane and documents
Requirements & evaluation methodology
Network architecture & reference model
• Advanced features & challenges of IEEE 802.16m
• Next Wave Technologies in WiMAX
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Driving Force of 4G
•
Total daily traffic in 2012 will be double up to 250 TB, and will be 5750 TB in 2020
(i.e. Total traffic/subscriber/day of 495 Mbytes) in Western Europe
Source: MAGIC MOBILE FUTURE 2010-2020, UMTS Forum, 2005
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Vision of 4G
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Migration Paths Toward 4G
•
Global Evolution Trends
–
–
–
–
Mobility
Path 1
Path 2
Path 3
Path 4
3G Evolution
802.11n, Gigabit WLAN
Broadband wireless Access
4G standard body
New Life Style
4
1995
2000
4G
Standard
2010
2005
1
High
(250 Km/h~)
Multimedia
3G Ev.
OFDMA/LTE
3G
2G
Medium
(Vehicular)
CDMA
GSM
1G
3G++
W-CDMA/HSDPA
CDMA2000/Ev-DV/DO
Wireless Transmission
100 Mbps (high mobility)
1Gbps(Fixed, Nomadic)
High Spectrum efficiency
( 5~10 bps/Hz ~)
Ubiquitous communication
Heterogeneous IW
Cost-effective
High capacity
Larger coverage
802.16e
802.16m
IMTAdvanced ITU WP5D
4G
3
WiBro
AMPS
Low
(Nomadic)
Voice
2
802.16 a/d
WLAN
802.11n
WLAN
802.11a/b
14.4 Kbps
144 Kbps
384 Kbps
~ 50 Mbps
Source: “Korea 4G R&D and Standardization”, LGE, 2006
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~100 Mbps ~
Data Rate
Expected 4G Features
• In addition to the development of a total new system, 4G
network should integrate the existing system
• From users’ viewpoint
– High usability
• Anytime, anywhere with any technologies
– Support multimedia services at low cost
• In addition to telecomm and datacomm
– Personalization
• Users in different location, occupation, and economic classes
– Integrated services
• Multiple services from multiple providers
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Questions
Thank You for Your Attention
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