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Questions 1 1. What is Full form Of TCP/IP 2. Which are the layers in TCP/IP Model ? 3. Task of Application Layer 4. Task Of Host – to – Network Layer 5. Task of Internet layer 6. Host to network is combination of which layers ? 7. task of transport layer 8. Protocol in Application layer 9. Protocol in transport layer 10. What is TCP ? 11. What is UDP ? 12. Which one is connection oriented & Connection Less? 13. Example of TCP , Example Of UDP 14. Protocol in internet layer? 15. Which are designing issues in Layers? 16. Difference Between TCP/IP & OSI Network Examples 2 The ARPANET 3 Developed By ARPA in 1968. Designed To service nuclear Attack. Before ARPANET only Telephone Networks were there. Before ARPANET the network works on circuit switching principle. It was vulnerable because failure in one switch will fail whole Conversion. ARPANET use concept of PACKET SWITCHING ,contains subnets and Hosts. Host will send Message to subnet and subnet will divide the message in packets and Forward it. Each Packet was stored Before it was forwarded. 4 The ARPANET (a) Structure of the telephone system. (b) Baran’s proposed distributed switching system. 5 The ARPANET (2) The original ARPANET design. IMP : interface Message Processor 6 The Internet Not A specific network but collection of networks. Not planned and controlled by anyone. Possible Because of TCP/IP Model. 7 Internet Services Traditional applications (1970 – 1990) • E-mail • News • Remote login • File transfer 8 Internet Internet address 9 To identify each computer on the net it requires a proper addressing scheme. For identification each system will have Name ( Domain Name) Address ( IP Address) 10 IP Address Each computer on the internet is identify by unique IP Address. It is made of four number each of 256 bits. Each will have value from 1 to 255 Example : 202.65.10.155 The numbers between . Are called OCTETS Leftmost octet represent Largest Network. Right most octet represent a particular machine. Questions 11 1. What is ARPANET ? 2. Two main parts in ARPANET ? 3. Task of host ? 4. Task of subnet ? 5. Which are two types of switching ? 6. What is circuit switching ? 7. What is packet switching ? 8. Define 9. Internet Services ? 10. IP address is Of how many bits ? 11. Name for the numbers in IP address ? 12. Range of OCTET ? 13. Left Most Octet Represent ? 14. Right Most Octet Represent ? Domain Name Addressing 12 A small Network Having many computers is called Domain. It may also represent the behaviour of the Network or the location of the network. Domain Name Description .com Company or Commercial .edu Educational .gov Government .mil Military site .net Internet service provide or network resource Domain Name Description .au Australia .in India .uk United kingdom .ca canada 13 Wireless LAN Uses wireless transmission media. Less popular because of high price , low data rate. The typical Coverage area is 300 to 1000 feet. Must provide security. The MAC(Medium Access Control) addressing should permit dynamic and addition,deletion,relocation of end system. automated 14 Application of wireless LAN LAN EXTENSION : WLAN saves the cost of installation of LAN cabling and eases the task of relocation and modification. Cross Building interconnect : To connect two LAN in different building , it may be wired or wireless. Ad hoc Networking : Is a peer to peer connection for temporarily purpose. 15 Wireless LANs (a) Wireless networking with a base station. (b) Ad hoc networking. 16 Types of WLAN It Depends Upon Transmission technique Used. Infrared(IR) LAN : Limited To Single Room Spread Spectrum LAN : Spread Spectrum Transmission. Narrow Band Frequency . Microwave : Microwave Types of WLAN 17 IEEE 802.11X 802.11 refers to a family of specification developed by IEEE(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802.11 : Provide 1 Mbps or 2 Mbps transmission in 2.4 GHz Band 802.11a : Provide 5 Mbps transmission in 5 GHz Band 802.11b (wifi) : Provide 11 Mbps transmission in 2.4 GHz Band 802.11g : Provide 20 Mbps transmission in 2.4 GHz Band Frame Relay 18 Frame Relay (FR) is a high-performance WAN protocol that operates at the physical and data link layers of the OSI reference model. FR originally was designed for use across Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN) interfaces. Today, it is used over a variety of other network interfaces as well. FR is an example of a packet-switched technology. Frame Relay Devices 19 Devices attached to a Frame Relay WAN fall into the following two general categories: Data terminal equipment (DTE) DTEs generally are considered to be terminating equipment for a specific network and typically are located on the premises of a customer. Example of DTE devices are terminals, personal computers, routers, and bridges. Data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE) DCEs are carrier-owned internetworking devices. The purpose of DCE equipment is to provide clocking and switching services in a network, which are the devices that actually transmit data through the WAN. Frame Relay Devices 20 Packet-Switching Networks 21 Basic technology the same as in the 1970s One of the few effective technologies for long distance data communications Advantages: Flexibility, resource sharing, robust, responsive Disadvantages: Time delays in distributed networks Need for routing and congestion control Definition of Packet Switching 22 Refers to protocols in which messages are divided into packets before they are sent. Each packet is then transmitted individually and can even follow different routes to its destination. Once all the packets forming a message arrive at the destination, they are recompiled into the original message. Most modern Wide Area Network (WAN) protocols, including TCP/IP, X.25, and Frame Relay, are based on packet-switching technologies. Circuit Switching 23 In contrast, normal telephone service is based on a circuitswitching technology, in which a dedicated line is allocated for transmission between two parties. Circuit-switching is ideal when data must be transmitted quickly and must arrive in the same order in which it's sent. This is the case with most real-time data, such as live audio and video. Packet switching is more efficient and robust for data that can withstand some delays in transmission, such as e-mail messages and Web pages. 24 The Use of Packets NDSL, Chang Gung University Packet Switching: Datagram Approach 25 26 Advantages with compared to Circuit-Switching Greater line efficiency (many packets can go over shared link) Non-blocking under heavy traffic (but increased delays). When traffic becomes heavy on a circuitswitching network, some calls are blocked. Priorities can be used. 27 Disadvantages relative to Circuit-Switching Packets Add additional delay with every node they pass through Jitter: variation in packet delay Data overhead in every packet for routing information, etc Processing overhead for every packet at every node traversed Simple Switching Network 28 NDSL, Chang Gung University Switching Technique 29 Large messages broken up into smaller packets Datagram Each packet sent independently of the others No call setup More reliable (can route around failed nodes or congestion) Virtual circuit Fixed route established before any packets sent No need for routing decision for each packet at each node Packet Switching: Virtual-Circuit Approach 30 NDSL, Chang Gung University