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The Mobile Multi-hop Solution in Ad hoc Networks Speaker : Yu-Che Lin Adviser : Prof. Jian-Jiun Ding National Taiwan University Institute of Communication Engineering May 2007 1 Outlines Preview of Development on Wireless Network Properties for Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) Access in MANET The Unfairness Conditions in typical CSMA Topology-Aware Fair Access (TAFA) Routing in MANET Broadcast – Efficiently Flooding Unicast – Routing Protocols Proactive Routing Reactive Routing (On-Demand) Conclusions & Future Works References 2 Preview of Development on Wireless Network (1) Wireless Wide Area Network & Wireless Local Area Network Large coverage Large power consume Complex distributed system Long bit address Personal Area Network Low coverage Low power consume TDMA or FH-SS Short bit address Ad hoc networks exist in those two modes 3 Preview of Development on Wireless Network (2) Ad hoc Wireless local area network (WLAN) PAN - Bluetooth Packet radio Infrastructure-free Cellular GSM WAP GPRS 3G Satellite Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) 4 Standards or Protocols Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) Protocols in MAC layer and IP layer (routing) WLAN - 802.11 Standards Protocols in physical layer and MAC layer PAN - 802.15 Standards Protocols in physical layer and MAC layer MANET Maintain the Physical and MAC Layers in 802.11 or 802.15 ! 5 Properties for Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) Dynamic Topologies Bandwidth-Constrained ; Variable Capacity Links Energy-Constrained Limited Physical Security Sparse Density 6 Access in MANET 7 The Unfairness Conditions in typical CSMA The Near-Far problem Square law under radio intensity Consequently collisions occurs Solutions Adaptively adjust the mobiles’ powers Adaptively configure the mobiles’ contention windows Original or Derivative Flows 8 Four Targets in TopologyAware Fair Access (TAFA) Exchange and Maintenance of Flow Information Adaptive Backoff Algorithm Switching Sender-Initiated and Receiver-Initiated Scheme as Appropriate Dealing with Two-Way Flows (TCP) 9 1.Exchange and Maintenance of Flow Information The Service Tag The measurement for channel resource on the flow Updated by the sender after receiving ACK The Direct Flag Directly listening to channel Indirectly listening to channel The position Flag Original flows (data streams) Derivative flows (ACKs) 2 a c 1 b d In d’s flow table : 1- Directly listening to b. 2- Indirectly known by the b’s advertisement. 10 2.Flow-Aware Adaptive backoff algorithm Among the Two Flags The service tag The direct flag 11 3. Switching Sender-Initiated (SI) and Receiver-Initiated (RI) Scheme The Hybrid Scheme Alternate in Two Modes Sender-initiated (SI) Typically RTS – CTS – data - ACK Receiver-initiated (RI) Consequently fail in RTS Sender invite the receiver to start next transmission CTS – data – ACK 12 Routing in MANET 13 Broadcast – Efficiently Flooding Distributed Heuristic Find a dominating set (DS) in a heuristic way Partial nodes in DS, partial nodes connect to DS Multiple Relaying 2-hop neighbors The neighbor of the neighbor Multipoint relays (MPRs) Nodes that rebroadcast datagram Decided by its 1-hop neighbors Contain all the 2-hop neighbors MPR selector MPR nodes 2-hop nodes s s MPR selector 14 Unicast – Routing Protocols Proactive Routing All nodes maintain the routing table and have the topology information before transmitting Reactive Routing (On-Demand) Discover the present route by transmitter querying instead maintain the huge information 15 Proactive Routing (1) Distance Vector Protocols (Local Algorithm) Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector (DSDV) Routing table Using destination sequence numbers Wireless Routing Protocol (WRP) Routing table Sequence numbers on next hop and next-to-last hop 16 Proactive Routing (2) Link State Protocols (Global Algorithm) Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) Routing table Using multipoint relays (MPRs) Routing table exists in links between MPRs and their MPR-selectors Suitable for large and dense networks Topology Broadcast Based on Reverse-Path Forwarding (TBRPF) Routing table RT Reject hop-by-hop routing along shortest paths forwarding Source Tree based on topology table Reported Tree (RT) Path of each node to its shortest neighbor(s) Nodes maintain only RTs 17 Reactive Routing (On-Demand) Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) Route request (RREQ) Route Reply (RREP) The intermediate nodes record a route through RREP (route cache) Path establish after RREP Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) Route request (RREQ) Route Reply (RREP) Using sequence numbers Maintain the latest sequence number Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) offer multipath 18 Conclusions & Future Works Demand-based routing offers quick adaptation to dynamic link conditions, low processing and memory overhead, low network utilization, and determines unicast routes to destinations within the ad hoc network . proactive routing is desirable in a few of situations that only the bandwidth and the energy resources permission. It seams that the bounded improvement are in the result without the physical handling. Future work about antenna diversity is put in the next discussion. 19 REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] Akyildiz. I.F., Xudong Wang, “A Survey on Wireless Mesh Networks,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 43, issue 9, pp. S23-S30, Sept. 2005. D. Cox, ”Wireless Personal Communications: What is it?,” IEEE Personal Communication Magazine, pp.20-35, April 1995. IETF Mobile Ad hoc Networks Working Group, http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/manet-charter.html. Presant Mohapatra, Srikanth Krishnamurthy, “Ad Hoc Networks: Technologies and Protocols,” Springer, New York, 2005. Pathmasuntharam J.S., Das A., Mohapatra P., “A Flow Control Framework for Improving Throughput and Energy Efficiency in CSMA/CA Based Wireless Multi-hop networks,” World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks, 2006. WoWMoM 2006, June 2006. 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