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SIP-based Mobility Management Scheme for Wireless Internet Presenter: Ashutosh Dutta Research Scientist,Telcordia Technologies, NJ [email protected] (Joint work with Toshiba America Research Inc., Toyota Info Technologies., Columbia University) Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 Motivation Mobility and wireless are rapidly becoming the rule rather than exception. SIP is gaining acceptance as the signaling protocol for multimedia conferences and Internet telephony. It is essential to support wireless mobile users in a SIP signaling and control environment. Current Wireless Standard efforts using SIP – IETF – 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) – MWIF (Mobile Wireless Internet Forum) – 3GPP2 Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 Outline –Objective –Mobility Management Requirement –Existing mobility solutions –SIP based mobility –Performance –Wireless Internet Testbed Implementation –Issues and Summary –SIP Mobility demo Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 Why is Mobility Management Difficult ? Goals of mobility support in Internet: –allow a mobile device to move between different subnets and domains –preserve an ongoing session between the mobile device and its counterpart alive while moving –Ability to provide same service irrespective of network attachment Several protocols and mechanisms have been developed Broadly divided into – Network Layer Mobility MIP, CIP, HAWAII, TeleMIP, MIP-LR, MIPV6 – Application Layer Mobility SIP based Mobility Management Scheme Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 Signaling Quality of Service (H.261. MPEG) MGCP SIP RTSP RSVP RTCP DNS LDAP Network TCP CIP MIP PPP RTP UDP MIP variant IPv4, IPv6, IP Multicast ICMP AAL3/4 AAL5 IGMP PPP Kernel H.323 Media Transport media encaps Application Daemon Multimedia Protocol Stack Physical CDMA SONET ATM 802.11 Ethernet V.34 Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 Service Profile for all IP wireless network user Services Requirements Delay Loss/error Bit rate (outdoor) Bit rate (indoor) Example applications Multimedia Voice Data Stringent Tolerant - Stringent Pedestrian 384 kb/s Vehicular 144 kb/s 2 Mb/s Video streaming, video conferencing Stringent Tolerant 64 kb/s Tolerant Stringent Pedestrian 384 kb/s Vehicular 144 kb/s 2Mb/s File Transfer (e.g., ftp) to mobile 64kb/s Mobile telephony Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 State of the Art: Related Work Cellular IP Hawaii Uses host based routing Uses Mobile IP for global mobility. For macro-mobility it uses rules similar to HAWAII as far as border router is concerned. It uses two parallel cache system , routing and paging, for location update. Handoff is initiated by the mobile host Proposes a 2-layer method for binding protocol. Uses Mobile IP for global mobility. For macro-mobility it assigns the mobile node an address associated with border router. When moving within the foreign domain, MH retains its care-of-address. Base stations are capable of decapsulating packets and forwarding it to the mobile host. Base station also determines whether to redirect the registration to special routers in the domain or to the HA. Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 State of the Art: Related Work Tele-MIP MIP-LR TeleMIP is an intra-domain mobility solution – It uses two layers of scoping within a domain Reduce the latency of intra-domain location updates Reduce the frequency of global update messages Reduce the requirement of public addresses (IPv4) HLR can be anywhere (geographically distributed) No tunneling If a VLR runs out of COAs temporarily, it issues its own IP address as COA tunnels packets temporarily Lazy caching, eager caching and tunneling from old foreign agent to the new one Direct update to CH Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 Related Work: Simple and scalable global mobility solution. Needs support for fast handoff control, real-time location tracking, authentication and distributed policy management. Its triangular routing may adversely affect performance of real-time services. Mobile IP Registration and configuration are tied with the mobility architecture. There are different proposals for using mobile IP in a SIP environment. - SIP based mobility for real-time services and mobile IP for TCP applications (Wedlund, Schulzrinne). - SIP for location service and Mobile IP for address binding (Calhoun, Kempf). Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 Qualitative comparison with Mobility approaches QUALITATIVE COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT APPROACHES MIP MIP-RO MIP-RR MIP-FF CIP HAWAII MIP-LR TeleMIP SIP Intra-domain encapsulation Inter-domain encapsulation Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Changes to endsystems No Yes No No No No Yes No No Triangle routing Infrastructure change Fast handoff Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 Objective To develop a mobility management scheme for wireless IP networks based on SIP signaling scheme –Support for all types of mobility –Support global roaming –Independent of underlying wireless technology –Support for real-time and non-real-time multimedia applications (both TCP and UDP/RTP based applications) –Inter-work with today’s 1G/2G telephony smoothly Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 Technical Issues for SIP Mobility Functions Requirements Hand-off Should support cell, subnet (intra-domain) and domain hand-off. Should utilize the soft hand-off feature of CDMA technology, or virtual hand-off Should be wireless “technology independent”. Registration Should be completed in less than a few seconds. Support Hierarchical Registration Configuration Should be done in fractions of a second for roaming users (e.g., IP address, DNS server.) Address Binding Should allow a user to maintain a universal identifier regardless of its point of attachment to the network. Location Management Should be up to date, accurate, and confidential. Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 SIP Mobility Advantages – Easier Interaction with associated standard IETF protocols DNS, HTTP, LDAP for location management SLP for service discovery AAA protocol (e.g.;Diameter) for inter-domain mobility DHCP/DRCP for IP address configuration tftp for firware upload SDP for providing session parameters (e.g., change mid-call parameters) RTP/UDP for transport, RTSP for stream control application (e.g., IP Telephony, voice mail, streaming) – Elimination of triangular routing and IP-IP encapsulation associated with other mobility approaches such as MIP Reduces delay Saves network overhead End hosts should be equipped with SIP-UA Suitable for real-time multimedia traffic such as voice over IP and/or video streaming – Can be used for RTP/UDP based application as is – SIP extensions for Non-real-time application Complements IPV6 mobility Can co-exist with MIP, Cellular IP and other Micro-mobility approaches Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 SIP Mobility Basics Supports end-to-end mobility by means of application layer signaling meant for multi-media/multi-party sessions SIP based mobility can also be termed as Application Layer mobility More than just hand-off – supports various types of mobility – provides flexible services Compensate for lack of Mobile IP deployment Less reliance on underlying transport network of the ISPs Supports application-layer equivalent of Mobile IP registration Fast-handoff Paging Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 Types of Mobility supported by SIP Terminal Mobility – Pre-session mobility (Micro/Macro/Domain) pre-session mobility by means of unique URI (ability for a user to be within reach under the same identifier while using different terminals) use of SIP proxy, redirect, registrar Hierarchical registration for faster registration update Mid-session mobility Move between cells, subnets, domains, supports handoffs Real-Time (RTP/UDP) – SIP Re-invite, RTP SSRC/IP address – Hierarchical proxy and RTP translator for fast hand-off within a domain – Duration limited multicast between subnet handoff – use of RTSP to control multi-media stream server Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 Mid-session mobility for TCP based application Mobility problem with TCP applications – TCP socket - bound to source and destination address – One of these addresses change => connection breaks TCP applications: ftp, telnet, web Application Layer restart and recovery capabilities – connection: close header into HTTP request – FTP variants (e.g., bullet-proof ftp) Multi-homing feature of SCTP (IETF) TCP-Migrate Option SIP-eye enabled in the end-hosts - keeps track of the TCP end-points of SIP SIP Mobility Proxy (Columbia U.) – an interceptor to forward data Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 Basics of SIP Mobility Personal Mobility – Use of one logical address to address a single user located at different termina One address to many potential terminals – Many addresses reaching one terminal – Use of forking Proxy, a user can be reached at any of the devices Service Mobility – Allows users to maintain access to their services while moving or changing devices and network service providers – Maintain speed dial list, address books, buddy lists, incoming call handling (e.g, CPL) – As part of registration message (on a routine basis or upon network change) it conveys current network address Properties of the device (media supported, call priority etc.) Other configuration elements Session Mobility – Allow a user to maintain an on going media session even while changing terminals – Use of MGCP/Megaco – Third-party Call control – Refer Mechanism Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 SIP Mobility - Mobile IP Home Network HA data 1. SIP INVITE 2. 302 client moved 3. SIP INVITE 4. SIP OK 5. Data SIP Server 1 Tunnelled data Home Network 2 CH FA CH data 3 MN 4 MN 5 SIP Pre-session Mobility Plain Mobile IP SIP Server SIP Server CH SIP Server Home Network Home Network 2 CH CH 3 Foreign Network 1. MN moves 4 2. MN re-invites 3. SIP OK 4. Data Foreign Network 1 moves MN moves MN MN MN SIP Mid-session mobility Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. When both move SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 Evaluation Model for SIP and Mobile IP Callee’s Home Network High-speed link Low-speed link HA N hops MH MIP Caller’s Network M hops SIP P hops CH Callee’s Foreign Network FA Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. MH SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 SIP-Mobile IP Transport Delay vs. Packet size SIP/MIP Latency vs. Packet size 100 90 Latency in msec 80 70 MIP-SD 60 SIP-SD 50 MIP-D 40 SIP-D 30 20 10 0 0 300 600 900 1200 1500 Packet Size in bytes Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 Bandwidth Efficiency Gain SIP/MIP bandwidth gain Bandwidth Efficiency Gain 0.6 0.5 0.4 SIP b/w efficiency gain 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Packet size in bytes Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 SIP-Based Mobility in Military Environment Stream Server LDAP DNS Domain 1 Stream Server LDAP DNS ACN 1 Domain 2 ACN 2 SIP Server SIP Server 5. INVITE Proxy message 4. Invite 1B Proxying Registration 1A 6. Proxy DNS Re-direct Server 2. Invite Server Mobile Node 3. Client moved 192.4.8.18 Correspondent Host On-going Media Session (RTP) SIP Server Server 1. Register Pre-session Move 192.6.10.18 Server CH moves DRCP MN MN 192.4.8.20 7. Re-invite 192.6.11.20 Mid-session Move Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 SIP mobility for Appliances SIP for Appliances Web phone Pocket PC LDAP Store WML http SIP http Jini Controller OSGi GW UPnP Controller SIP Web Browser & SIP UA Wide-area wireless v/d Short-range LAN I/f Location-sensitive services Personalized services Provisioning System Location Registries (User & Location) Web server SIP User Agent Mobile Service Logic SIP Proxy SIP Proxy SIP User Agent Watcher Talisman Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 SIP Mobility - Handoff - 3. Send Data to New Address 2. re-INVITE BS BS Correspondent Host (CH) By sending SIP re-INVITE message from new location, CH starts sending its voice packet to the new location and Communication continues seamlessly Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 SIP Mobility - Handoff Corresponding Host at IP0 SIP signaling Mobile Host at IP1 RTP Invite user@domain SIP UA IP2 RAT Contact user@IP2 Mobile Host -> IP2 SIP signaling RTP Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 SIP Personal Mobility Fixed Phone [email protected] Hotmail.com Server [email protected] Mobile Phone [email protected] Columbia.edu [email protected] Host Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 Session Mobility Bob@mobile Alice@wonderland RTP Bob@mobile 200 OK 1. REFER Bob@fixed Referred-By: B1 5 ACK SDP(4) INVITE from 2 3 4 200 2 6 ACK 1 INVITE with no SDP Alice@wonderland 2. INVITE Bob@fixed Referred-By: B1 Bob@fixed Session Mobility using Call transfer Bob@fixed Third party control Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 From:Alice@NY (1) Registration with local SIP Registrar Contact: 193.1.1.1 (3) CA Registrar From:Alice@NY From:Alice@NY (2) Contact: Alice%NY@CA NY Registrar (4) Contact: 193.1.2.3 Visited Network Registrar needs to map Alice’s URI to a canonical name Only first registration in CA needs to go all the way to NY All SIP messages to Alice need to go through SIP server/registrar for address translation. Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 Use of multicast for hierarchical SIP servers for paging TTL = 256 searches SIP server Forwards upstream Callee has moved here INVITE with TTL =256 SIP server INVITE Caller SIP server INVITE with wider scope TTL = 64 INVITE with multicast addr. TTL = 1 Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 The ITSUMO Network Architecture Control messages (i.e..., signaling) IDCA Visited Network Inter-Domain Control Agent DCA DCA Domain Control Agent MS Home Network Domain Control Agent ERC BS ERC Regional IP network Internet BS Regional IP network IP BS Radio Access Network (RAN) Wireline IP backbone network BS Radio Access Network (RAN) MS: Mobile Station BS: Base Station ERC: Edge Router & Controller Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 Network Signaling and Control Architecture Inter-Domain Registrar Signaling: IDR Home Network IDCA Visiting Network MAAAQ SIP Server Home Registrar Visiting Registrar HR VR DCA DCA SIP MAAAQ MAAAQ SIP Server 3G Access SIP SIP SIP Server 3G Access Regional IP network Internet Regional IP network SIP 3G Access MS 3G Access Wireline IP backbone network SIP UA in mobiles and hosts. Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 Internet Roaming (RTP Application) Visiting Registrar Visiting Network VR Home Network SLA/SA Home Registrar AAAQ MAAAQ RTP Translator HR SIP Server SIP Server SIP SIP DRCP Corresponding Host IPch DRCP ERC 1 ERC 3 Internet BS BSC 3 BSC 1 ERC 2 BS BSC 2 A 128.59.11.6 207.3.232.10 BS BS 207.3.240.10 D 128.59.10.6 207.3.232.10 B BS INVITE C • SIP UA in mobiles and hosts. Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 Supporting TCP Applications Visiting Registrar Visiting Network VR Mobility Proxy Home Network MAAAQ MAAAQ SIP Server SIP Server SIP SIP IPch1 Register HR DHCP Home Registrar Corresponding Host DHCP IPch INFO 128.59.11.6 ERC 1 ERC 3 Internet Ongoing TCP Connections BSC 1 ERC 2 BSC 3 BS BSC 2 A INFO 207.3.232.10 BS BS 207.3.240.10 D SIP_EYE 128.59.10.6 207.3.232.10 B BS INFO C • Equip MS with SIP_EYE. Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 ITSUMO test-bed Architecture tari.toshiba.com Research.telcordia.com Backbone Border Router Border Router 3600 3600 Media Server SIP Server/Call Agent Multicast Proxy R1 R2 AAA Server AAA Server BURP Local Ad Server HA/DRCP Server QOS VLAN Switch Micro DRCP Server BURP Local Server DRCP Server R3 SIP Server BURP Local Server DRCP Server Local Server QOS QOS QOS VLAN Switch VLAN Switch SIP UA/Mini_RGW Macro SIP Server/Call Agent External Omni Antenna VLAN Switch External Demo Domain Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 Wireless Internet Telephony Test-bed Protocols Functionality Protocols Details Signaling SIP Set up/tear-down multimedia call Configuration DRCP (Dynamic Registration Configuration Protocol) Local Authentication (Intra-domain) Inter-domain (AAA) BURP (Basic User Registration Protocol) Faster registration protocol for the wireless roaming users, variation of DHCP Takes care of movement within a domain. Location Management SIP based registration scheme QoS DSNP Dynamically allocates the QoS Binding SIP based mobility for realtime application MIP for TCP based application SIP Eye and Mobility Proxy Work in progress Supports audio/video/whiteboard application as part of mobility Diameter When mobile moves between the domains SIP-AAA interaction during domain handoff Re-registration upon subnet handoff Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 tari.toshiba.com Diameter Server Home AAA Home SIP Server Local SIP Server Research.telcordia.com Diameter Server, visited AAA Diameter Client D R C P Server 1 Backbone BURP Server D R C P Server Diameter Client BURP Server D R C P Server Diameter Client BURP Server 2 Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 NGN Application Server Environment Telcordia™ NGN Application Server Services SCE 3rd Party Application Servers SIP Service Execution Rapid creation of new services Web Server Softswitch Gateway API SIP Media Server IP PSTN phone SIP phone End-user devices Customer Self-Service 3rd Party SIP Application Servers Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 NGN Application Server Architecture Information Content Tier Web Portal Applications Application Tier Location & Presence Applications JAIN / Parlay / OSA APIs (CORBA, Java,XML) Middle Tier Enterprise Applications ISG APIs (Java, CORBA, XML) Open Services Gateway Internet Services Gateway External B/OSS and IT ISG APIs Backend Infrastructure Open IDL Interface (CORBA) SCE Service Enabling Tier Java Java Services Media Server SIP LDAP, DIAMETER,MGCP IP Service Network Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 Initial/Example SIP-Based Voice Services Call Distribution / TOD routing Unattended transfer Call forward unconditional Call forward on Busy Call forward on No Answer Single line extension Find-me Call screening Simultaneous ringing Secondary number – In/Out Do not disturb Call waiting Call Hold Consultation hold Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 Issues & Discussion SIP can partially replace or complement existing mobility solutions Survivability under dynamic network condition –When SIP server/proxy dies Registration with Local registrar vs. home registrar Both the end hosts moving SIP for Adhoc networking Fast handoff mechanism Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 Q/A Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 References www.research.telcordia.com/sip-mobile Application Layer Mobility Using SIP, MC2R Henning Schulzrinne, Elin Wedlund Application Layer Mobility Management Scheme for Wireless Internet, 3G Wireless Conference Dutta,Vakil, Baba, Chen,Tauil, Schulzrinne Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 SIP Mobility Demo for real-time audio Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 ITSUMO Outdoor Experiment Morristown, NJ, U.S.A. TARI & Telcordia Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 ITSUMO Outdoor Experiment Purpose: Under the quasi-real environment -Mobility Test -Total system feasibility check Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 ITSUMO Outdoor Experiment Base Station -Emulating cdma2000 by using WaveLAN -Mobility test by using the eight radio cells Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 ITSUMO Outdoor Experiment Driving route 300 m Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 ITSUMO Outdoor Experiment Driving Experiment -Evaluation of the IP mobility in terms of Micro, Macro and Global Mobility Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 Mobile IP Mechanism developed for the network layer to support mobility Originally intended for travelers with laptops over wired networks Later adopted by the wireless community Maintains active TCP connections and UDP port bindings A mobile host is associated with a fixed IP address (home IP address) When a mobile host connects to a different network other than the one its IP address belongs, the home network forwards packets to it A router (home agent) on the user’s home network delivers the packets to the mobile host Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 Mobile IP Foreign Network Mobile Host Correspondent Host Foreign Agent Home Agent Home Network Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 Optimizations and Extensions to Base Mobile IP Triangular routing causes additional delays and wastes bandwidth If the correspondent host knows where the mobile host is, it can send packets directly to the care-of address of the mobile host Route optimization: – binding updates sent from a home agent upon request, or – sent upon receiving a warning from a foreign agent if the mobile host changes location during a communication session Smooth handoff: – former foreign agent will keep forwarding packets to the new one until the correspondent host updates its mobility binding cache Theoretically triangular routing avoided, but correspondent host must be able to encapsulate packets - not possible without changing the operating system of the correspondent host Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 Optimizations and Extensions to Base Mobile IP (contd.) Firewalls reject to forward packets coming from topologically incorrect addresses (host’s IP address does not match the network Reverse tunneling: all packets from a mobile host go through the home agent – triangular routing again ! A mobile host registers with home agent each time it changes careof address signaling delay for long distances Regional registration: locally register within a visited domain – hierarchical structure of foreign agents – local foreign agents under a gateway foreign agent (GFA) – home agent registers the GFA’s address as the care-of address Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 Optimizations and Extensions to Base Mobile IP (contd.) Network Assisted, Mobile and Network Controlled (NAMONC) handoff: – Faster handoff for real-time applications – Network informs mobile host that a layer 2 handoff is anticipated – Uses simultaneous bindings (multiple registrations at a time), sends multiple copies of the traffic to potential movement locations Network Initiated, Mobile Terminated (NIMOT) handoff: – Foreign agents use layer 2 triggers to initiate a pre-registration prior to receiving a formal registration request from the mobile host Both methods assume considerable involvement of information from layer 2 Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 Limitations and Inefficiencies of Mobile IP Encapsulation of packets adds between 8 or 12 bytes and 20 bytes of overhead Although triangular routing is avoided with route optimization, with reverse tunneling it becomes a fact again With route optimization, changes are necessary in the operating systems of the correspondent hosts With regional registration, reliability an important issue (failure of a GFA will bring the whole hierarchy down) Processing time needed to encapsulate and decapsulate packets each time they traverse a home agent/foreign agent is not negligible especially for realtime sessions Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 Cellular IP (Columbia University, Ericsson) Home Agent Internet (with Mobile IP) Correspondent Host Gateway BS BS BS BS Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 Cellular IP Base stations snoop actual data packets from mobile hosts to gateway to cache the path taken by them To route packets from the gateway to the mobile host, base stations use the reverse of this path Hosts that have not transmitted packets for a while are removed from the routing cache of the base stations Idle hosts send infrequent paging-update packets to the gateway – coarsely maintaining the position of idle hosts (passive connectivity) Active hosts’ exact locations are known If an active mobile host moves to another base station during a call – it sends a route-update packet back to the gateway – new base station(s) record this path accordingly Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 HAWAII (Bell Labs) Domain 2 Internet Domain 1 Domain Root Router Domain Root Router R R R R R BS R BS R R R BS Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 HAWAII The path (route) between the mobile host and the domain root router is specific to that host – established (during power-up) and updated (during movement) for that mobile host in the domain root router and intermediate routers This information is refreshed periodically by the mobile host Different path setup schemes possible to re-establish path states during handoff – forward packets from the old base station to the new base station for a short period (until the relevant routers update their entries for the specific host) – do not forward packets; either bi-cast them to two base stations or unicast them for hosts that can simultaneously listen to two base stations. HAWAII requires all routers in a domain to be augmented with mobility support so that they are able to handle host-specific path setup messages Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 TeleMIP (Telcordia) TeleMIP is an intra-domain mobility solution – It uses two layers of scoping within a domain Reduce the latency of intra-domain location updates by specifying an intra-domain termination point (Mobility Agent or MA). – Intra-domain updates only up to the MA, which provides a globally valid COA to mobile host. Reduce the frequency of global update messages – Since the MA is located at a higher hierarchy than that of subnets, global updates (to HA, CHs etc.) only occur for interdomain mobility. Reduce the requirement of public addresses (IPv4) – By promoting a two-level addressing scheme, it promotes the use of private (locally-scoped) addresses for handling intradomain mobility. Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 TeleMIP’s Architecture Layout Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 Mobile IP with Location Registers (MIP-LR) (Telcordia, US Army) Home Network: a.b.c HLR 2: Query 3: COA Foreign Network: j.k.l CH 4: Binding cache (COA) 5:Un-Encapsulated data packets sent directly to COA VLR 1: Registration: COA=j.k.l.m Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. Mobile Host: a.b.c.d SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 MIP-LR HLR can be anywhere (geographically distributed) No tunneling After a mobile host moves: – if it was registered at some other foreign VLR, the new VLR deregisters it at the old VLR. If a VLR runs out of COAs temporarily, it issues its own IP address as COA tunnels packets temporarily After a mobile host moves: – correspondent host will have an outdated mobility binding – a mechanism is required to update the cache on the correspondent host: Lazy caching, eager caching and tunneling from old foreign agent to the new one Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 DHCP Enhancements for Mobile Wireless Requirement: – – – – – – – Rapid client configuration(milliseconds rather than seconds) Automatic client reconfiguration (independent of lease time) Efficient use of scarce wireless bandwidth Allowing clients to be routers Enhanced registration (e.g., user identification and security) Flexible proxies that can act both as relay/server Message exchange without broadcast How to achieve: – Shrink message size – Minimize messages in transactions – Minimize use of broadcast Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 DHCP DRCP Server Client DISCOVER Client Server DRCP ADVERTISEMENT(?) DRCPDISCOVER OFFER REQUEST DRCPOFFER ACK DRCPACCEPT ARP CHECK 15 Sec. ARP REPLY Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 DRCP Message Flow Server Client ADVERTISEMENT Client Server REQUEST/RELEASE DISCOVER ACK OFFER ACCEPT/DECLINE Time axis Client moves to a new Domain Extending the lease Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 Message Size (in bytes) DRCP vs DHCP Messages 250 200 150 100 50 0 DHCP DRCP DHCP - 236 bytes DRCP - 16 bytes 93.2 % improvement Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 QoS scheme for the Mobile Testbed CH(Correspondent Host) Packet shaping for Real-Time Traffic (with pre-reservation) QLN QGS QLN QLN 802.11b 802.11b 802.11b Initial SLS negotiation Handoff(1) Handoff(4) Handoff(3) Handoff(2) MS w/Mobile IP SLS change *ITSUMO: Internet Technologies Supporting Universal Mobile Operation Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 AAA Functional Model Local Domain AAAF Home Domain AAAH A C AAAH: Home AAA Server AAAF: Foreign AAA Server A: Attendant(MIP FA, SIP server, …) C: Client Pre-established SA Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 Re-registration (SIP) 03/10/2001 09:52:40:236188 03/10/2001 09:52:40:237866 Sent to: 207.3.232.90:5060 Sent to: 207.3.232.90:5060 REGISTER sip:research.telcordia.com SIP/2.0 REGISTER sip:research.telcordia.com SIP/2.0 Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 10.1.1.130:5060 Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 10.1.1.130:5060 CSeq: 1 REGISTER CSeq: 1 REGISTER Expires: 0 Expires: 3600 Contact: sip:[email protected]:5060; Contact: sip:[email protected]:5060;q=0.00 expires="Sat, 10 Mar 2001 15:41:48 GMT"; a From: sip:[email protected] ction=proxy; q=0.00 Authorization: Basic bWlyaWFtOkJvb3N0ZXJzAPAY From: sip:[email protected] Call-ID: [email protected] Authorization: Basic bWlyaWFtOkJvb3N0ZXJzAMDwDate: Sat, 10 Mar 2001 14:52:40 GMT Call-ID: [email protected] To: sip:[email protected] Date: Sat, 10 Mar 2001 14:52:40 GMT Content-Length: 0 To: sip:[email protected] Content-Length: 0 Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 Sample INVITE and Re-Invite INVITE sip:[email protected] SIP/2.0 Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 10.1.4.131:5060 CSeq: 1 INVITE Contact: sip:[email protected]:5060 Expires: 3600 From: sip:dutta@dutta-lt4 Call-ID: [email protected] Content-Type: application/sdp Priority: normal Date: Fri, 09 Mar 2001 02:25:39 GMT To: sip:[email protected] Content-Length: 121 v=0 o=dutta 482467205023 984104739 IN IP4 10.1.4.131 s=Untitled c=IN IP4 10.1.4.131 t=0 0 m=audio 10000 RTP/AVP 0 03/08/2001 21:27:56:924728 Sent to: 10.1.4.51:5060 INVITE sip:[email protected] SIP/2.0 Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 10.1.1.130:5060 Contact: sip:[email protected]:5060 CSeq: 2 INVITE From: sip:dutta@dutta-lt4 Content-Type: application/sdp Date: Fri, 09 Mar 2001 02:27:56 GMT Call-ID: [email protected] To: sip:[email protected]; tag=388643458667.10.1.4.51 Content-Length: 121 v=0 o=dutta 661157196696 984104876 IN IP4 10.1.1.130 s=Untitled c=IN IP4 10.1.1.130 t=0 0 m=audio 10000 RTP/AVP 0 Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001 Performance snapshot in 802.11 Environment INVITE - 455 bytes 100 msec processing time between msgs (OS dependent) Ringing - 223 bytes 5 msec for Invite to traverse OK - 381 bytes 70 msec for Re-Invite to traverse (mostly queuing delays) ACK - 261 bytes 150 msec for complete re-registration Bye - 150 bytes 100 msec for address acquisition De-Register - 370 bytes Re-Invite - 450 bytes Re-register - 425 bytes Telcordia Technologies Proprietary - Internal use only. See proprietary restrictions on title page. SIP-CONF-PULVER-2001