Download important points

IMPORTANT POINTS::
 U need to memorize some of the
important values..like:
 Serum ca,k,cl,na,hco3,phosphorus,magnesium..anion
gap,ph.
 ABGs(arterial blood gases):Po2,Pco2,O2 saturation.
 Gh,serum osmolarity,urine osmolarity.
 BUN,Uric
acid,creatinine,albumin,bilirubin(direct,idirect).
 Protein in urine.
 Alt,Ast,amylase.cholestrol,glucose.
 Esr,pt,apt,fibrinogen,platelet count.
 Mch,mchc,mcv.
 Hb,retic count,hct and erythrocyte count.
 CSF R/E
…………………………………….
Important topics:
-Opening in diaphragm.
-Respiratory capacities.
-celiac truk and branches
-type of hyaline cartilage
-cns recepters
-epithelium
-pharyngeal pouches,clefts
-epithelium derivatives
-skull foramina
-cytochrome inducers and inhibitors.
-heart blood supply
-page 600 azim shaikh
-dna and rna viruses
-bones of hand
-purines and pyrimidines
-ulcerative colitis and crohn’s
-tumor markers
-type of errors—biostat
-reflexes values
-age related type of meningitis
-cardiac enzymes
-carotid sheath content
-chemorecepter and baroreceptor
-hormones second messengers
-T and B cells’ CD numbers
-Amino acids derivatives
-Glycogen storage diseases
-joint classifications.
-cartilage
types(hyaline,fibrocartilage,elastic
---examples)
-bones classifications
-thirst is stimulated by:
1. increased ECF osmolarity.
2. decreaded volume of ECF.
3. Angiotensin III
-Median nerve:
>Descends on Lateral side of axillary and
brachial arteries.
>Enters palm Behind the flexor
retinaculum.
>supplies most of the flexors of the
forearm(arm flexors supplied by
musculocutaneous nerve)
>supracondylar fracture cause median
nerve injury---------apelike hand
deformity
-Ulnar nerve:
>Descends on Medial side of axillary
artery and brachial artery.
>passes behind Medial epicondyle of
humerous.
> enters palm anterior to the flexor
retinaculum.
>injury leads to claw deformity.
Radial nerve:
-Descends Infront of lateral epicondyle.
-supplies extensors of arm and forearm.
-lesion causes wrisr drop.
Axillary nerve:
-passes through Quadrangular space.
-lies against surgical neck of humerus.
-lesion wil cause paralyzed deltoid and
loss of cutaneous sensation over lower 1/3
of deltoid region.
-chlorpromazine can cause parkinsonism
-parkinsonism is aggrevated by
Haloperidol
-Digoxin toxicity can increase by
chlorothiazide
-centraly acting antihypertensive is
methyldopa
-Serotonin is secreted from carcinoid
tumor which is responsible for sign and
symptoms.
FOOT everters and inverters:
Inverters:
-tibialis anterior
-tibialis posterior
Everters:
-peroneus longus,brevis and tertius
-Granulation tissue in MI appears within
9-10 days and becomes prominent within
2-3 weeks.
Conducting system blood supply:
-SA node__RCA(sometimes LCA,but
mainly RCA)
-AV node__RCA
-AV bundle__RCA
-RBB__LCA
-LBB__RCA+LCA
ECG diagnosis of MI:
A.Anterior wall(LAD):v1-v4
1.anteroseptal__LAD (v1-v2)
2.anteriolateral__LAD or LCX(v4-v6)
B.Lateral wall(LCX)__I,aVL
C.Inferior wall(RCA)__II,III,aVF
-posterior interventricular artery
accompanies middle cardiac vein
-Anterior interventricular artery is
accompanied by great cardiac vein.
_heparin____monitor aptt
_warfarin___monitor pt
-on contraction of diaphragm the
intrathoracic pressure decreases.
_Lateral horn is present in T1-L2
_Dorsal colums present only above T5
_Large ventral horn is present in
(C5-T1+L2-S2)
-Eosinophilia present in:
hodgkin lymphoma and polyarteritis
nodosa.
-PGI2__by endothelial cells
-TXA2__by platelets
Blood transfusion induced electrolye
embalance is as follows:
-hypocalcemia
-hyperkalemia
-hypothermia
-metabolic acidosis
-left shift of oxy-hem curve
*common peroneal nerve injury__loss of
everion and dorsiflexion
*Tibial nerve injury__loss of inversion
and planteflexion.
-pelvic parietal peritoneum is supplied
mainly by Obturater nerve.
Lymph drainage:
*labia majora and glans penis---superior
inguinal L.N
*cervix—internal and external iliac L.N
*prostate__internal iliac L.N
*Urinary bladder__internal and external
iliac L.N
-allantois__Urachus__median umblical
ligament
-Somatotropic (acidophilic)
adenoma__gigantisim
-corticotropic (basophilic)
adenoma__cushing disease
-prolactinoma---acidophil(30%)
-GH adenoma—acidophil
-ACTH adenoma---basophil
-TSH adenoma—basophil(chromophobe)
*in axila—cords of brachial plexus
*base of neck----roots
*posterior triangle of neck---trunk and
division
*detoxification of drugs---ESR
-Boat shaped cyst—pneumocystis carnii
-Epidural __middle meningeal artery
-Subdural__superior cerebral vein
TYPHOID fever investigations:
-1st week____blood culture
-2nd week___antibody/widal
-3rd week___stool
-4th week___urine culture
-vit b12 absorbed from terminal ileum
-middle rectal artery remains in true
pelvis
-renal medullary rays—collecting ducts
-Anxiolytic effect by GABA
-lipid which does not contain glycerol is
sphingomyelin
-taste fibers from anterior 2/3 tongue
passes thru internal capsule
-for controlling tachycardia;;
Amiodarone>lidocaine>procainamide
-glucose transported mainly by facilitated
diffusion
-amino acids—Na cotransport
-sarcoma—hematogenous
-carcinoma—thru lympatic
-night terrors happens in NON-REM
-nightmares happens in REM
-glutamate for fast pain fibers
-substance p for slow fibres
-glutamate released by rods and cons
-blood brain barriers made by astrocytes
-fungiform—salty and sweet
-foliate---sour taste
-circumvillate—bitter taste
Stretch reflex:
-monosynaptic
-Ia fibers affected
- alpha motorneurons
Inverse muscle stretch reflex:
-Disynaptic
-Ib fibres
-gamma motorneurons
-Golgi tendon organs
-Horner’s syndrome happens if lesion
above T1
-in the cerebellum..granule cells is the
only excitatory neurons while all others
are inhibitory
-trouble going
downstairs==Trochlearnerve damage
-trigeminal neuralgia—v2+v3
-Glossopharyngeal nerve supplies carotid
body and parotid gland
-loss of accommodation causd by damage
to midbrain
-lesion to pretectum leads to loss of
reaction to liht but intact accommodation
-liquid dysphagia is due to neuromuscular
incordination
-study brain stem lesions very well..for
example medial medullary syndrome..etc
-nuclei which lies beneath the fourth
ventricular floor:
Vestibular,vagal,abducent,hypoglossal.
-spinal cord ends:
*in infants:L3
*in adults:lower border of L1
-Subarachinoid space ends at (S2-S3)
-internal capsule---projection fibres
-at the level of superior colliculus—
occulomotor nerve nucleus-midbrain—
red nucleus
-genu+anterior 2/3 of posterior limb----------------motor
-increased plasma osmolarity stimulates
osmorecepters in anterior
hypothalamaus.
-intestinal cells of kajal are the
pacemakers of GI smooth muscles.
-vommiting and swallowing centres is in
the medulla
-most colonic water absorption occur in
proximal colon
-in multiple myeloma,the alkaline
phosphatase is not increases.
-tight junction in colon
-leaky junction in small intestine and gall
bladder
-cryptsecretion
-villiabsorption
-ABO incompatability in infants:
*O motherA orB baby
*A motherB or AB baby
*B motherA or AB baby
-progesteron is reason behind increased
temperature during ovulation
-Fibroadenomanot precursor of
CAbelow 25 yr
-Fibrocystic changesprecursor fro
CA20-50 yr
-Granulosa cell tumorcall exner bodies
-Dysgerminomashriler duval bodies
--in renal failure:
*early stage—dilute urine
*late stage____concentrate urine
-fat absorption occur primarily in
jejunum
-oblique fissure extends from T3—6th
costal cartilage on both lungs
-groove for subclavian artery is at first
rib.
-azygos vein enters thorax inlet
-right middle lobe has 2
bronchopulmonary segment
-diaghragm is not attached to T 10
-Tendon of popletial muscle is
intracapsular
-DIFFICULTY in:
*flexing knee and thighsartorius
*flexing knee and extending
hipsemitendinous
*flexing hip and extending kneerectus
femoris
-Conus medullaris is pial extension to the
coccyx
-revise muscles of
laryns..narroeing,widening,tensing vocal
cord…etc
-absorption of short chain FFA happens
in colon
-osteosarcoma in metaphysis
-occulocardiac reflex mediated by
trigeminal
-thyroid derived from endoderm
-albumin has low molecular weight and
high concentration
-amoebic abcess occur in
Cecum>ascending colon>sigmoid
>rectum
-somites are present in paraxial
mesoderm
-strongest layer in small bowel in circular
layer
-embryonic primary vesicle is
mesencephalon
Lymph drainage of
-lateral handinfraclavicular
-medial handepitrochlear
-lateral ventricle roof formed by body of
corpus callosum
-dermatome of perineal region is S3S4
-CVAheart sounds in JVP
C wave first sound
V wave 2nd
A wave 4th
-in cell cycle:
Replicationinterphase
Divideprohase
Align 2 chromosomesmetaphase
-noradrenaline and serotonin metabolized
by MAO
-adrenaline by COMT
-liver makesfactors 1,2,7,9,10 but not
4(calcium)
-connections of cerebulum
*cerebellum to midbrain through
superior cerebellar peduncle<SCP>
*cerebellum to pons through
MCP<middle>
*cerebellum to medulla through
ICP<inferior>
-narcolepsydefect in hypothalamus
-U wave in papillary repplarization
Pt had ankle sprain:
-if pt can stand on toerupture of
plantaris tendon
-if cannot stand on toerupture of
achiles tendon
At the end:
Study plan totally depends on how much
you can study in one day,study with
concentration and make your basics clear
first..text books along with first aid and
mcqs books are must..u cannot leave any
of that..for mcqs books I highly
recommend asim and shoaib,chandkians
and rabia ali,although its very heavy book
and makes person depressed by how
difficult its mcqs although its very much
important..search for all the past papers
of fcps1.atleast last 3 years and solve
them..they can come handy..
U need to have refreshment daily..its not
good to only study study study..give ur
brain a break every once and
while..motivate yourself for studyng..like
if I finish this chapter I wil go do
something I like and so on..but not too
much break..
I advice to look at notes in beginning of
your study process and at the end as
revesion..as it hav helped me a lot at the
end.
If it contains some mistakes then forgive
me..i hope it can help u all..
At the end I wish all of you best of luck
and I hope you all clear this exam..
Regard:
DR.Zainab..