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11.1 The Byzantine Empire After Rome split, the Eastern Empire, known as Byzantium, flourishes for a thousand years. A New Rome in a New Setting The Eastern Roman Empire • Roman Empire officially divides into East and West in 395. • Eastern Empire flourishes; becomes known as Byzantium • Justinian becomes emperor of Byzantium in 527. • His armies reconquer much of the former Roman territory. • Byzantine emperors head state and church, use brutal politics Life in the New Rome New Laws for the Empire • Justinian seeks to revise and update laws for governing the empire • Justinian Code—new set of laws consisting of four main parts • Code regulates much of Byzantine life; lasts for 900 years. Byzantine Empire (476-1453) Creating the Imperial Capital • Justinian launches a program to beautify the capital, Constantinople. • Constructs new buildings; builds magnificent church, Hagia Sophia. • Byzantines preserve Greco-Roman culture and learning. Hagia Sophia (Hay-ee-uh soh-FEE-uh) Constantine’s Hectic Pace • City becomes trading hub with major marketplace. • Giant Hippodrome offers chariot races and other entertainment. • Racing fans start riots in 532; the government restores order violently. • Empress Theodora is the powerful wife and adviser to Justinian. Constantinople Hippodrome The Empire Falls Years of Turmoil • Justinian dies in 565; the empire faces many crises after his death. Attacks from East and West • Byzantium faces attacks from many different groups. • Empire survives through bribery, diplomacy, and military power. • Constantinople falls in 1453; brings an end to the Byzantine Empire. Justinian Plague- 25 million killed 40% of Constantinople and ¼ of eastern Mediterranean The Church Divides A Religious Split • Christianity develops differently in Eastern and Western Roman Empires. • Two churches disagree over many issues, including the use of icons. • Icons are two-dimensional religious images used to aid in prayer. • Leading bishop of Eastern Christianity is known as a Patriarch. • In the West, the pope excommunicates the emperor, banishing him from the church over the iconoclast controversy. • Pope and patriarch excommunicate each other over religious doctrines and disputes over jurisdiction. • Eastern and Western churches officially split in 1054. • West—Roman Catholic Church • East—Orthodox Church Great Schism (1054) Icons Byzantine Missionaries Convert the Slavs • Eastern Orthodox missionaries seek to convert the northern peoples known as the Slavs. • Missionaries create the Cyrillic alphabet—the basis for many Slavic languages. • Alphabet enables many groups to read the Bible. Cyrillic Alaphbet