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Period 2 Notes ORGANIZATION AND REORGANIZATION OF HUMAN SOCIETIES C. 600 B.C.E. TO C. 600 C.E. Overview Maps The World in c. 500 B.C.E. Empires and Common Cultures from 300 to 600 C.E. & the Spread of Universal Religions in AfroEurasia Question: What changes do you notice between the two maps? What continuities do you notice? Classical Civilizations Classical Civilization Location Persian Empires (Achaemenid, Parthian, Sassanid) Southwest Asia Qin & Han Dynasties East Asia Maurya & Gupta Empires South Asia Phoenicia & her colonies Mediterranean Classical Greece Mediterranean Hellenistic Empire Mediterranean & Southwest Asia Roman Empire Mediterranean Teotihuacan Mesoamerica Classical Mayans Mesoamerica Moche Andes Mountains Classical Civilizations Governments became larger and more complex, developing administrative institutions & strong militaries Centralized government Roman Empire Elaborate legal systems 12 Tables in Rome Ashoka’s Edicts in Mauryan Empire Bureaucracies Persia & China Classical Civilizations Leaders projected military strength through the following methods: Diplomacy Developing and protecting supply lines throughout empire Building of fortifications, defensive walls, road systems Drawing military officers and soldiers from conquered people Military protection & projects (i.e. roads) are what allowed trade to flourish Classical Civilizations Cities grew and served as centers of trade, religion, and political administration Persepolis, Chang’an, Pataliputra, Athens, Carthage, Rome, Alexandria, Constantinople, Teotihuacan Society was as strict hierarchy Governments relied on a range of methods to maintain food production and reward elites Corvee, slavery, tribute, rent Society was patriarchal in all classical civilizations Classical Civilizations Roman, Han, Persian & Mauryan empires created difficulties that they could not manage that led to their eventual decline, collapse and transformation Internal Problems External Problems Environmental damage Less loyal military Social inequality/upheaval Border fortifications weakened Corruption Outside invasion Succession problems Inflation & other economic problems Some rebounded successfully (China, India) due to the creation of a social cement (Confucianism, Caste System) World Religions Formed during Period 1 Formed during Period 2 Hinduism Buddhism Judaism Confucianism Jainism Daoism Zoroastrianism Christianity World Religions As states became more complex and formalized, so did their religions Religion bound people together by creating a common ethical code and reinforced political, economic, and occupational stratification (inequality) Religions affected gender roles, and often reinforced subjugation of women (even if it contradicted religion’s official teachings) Older, less codified beliefs did not disappear (shamanism, animism, ancestor veneration) World Religions Religions spread in a variety of different directions in a variety of different manners In some cases their spread was stifled by official government policies (i.e. Rome, Han China) Religion Spread to… Spread by… Buddhism East & SE Asia Ashoka, missionaries & merchants Confucianism East & SE Asia Merchants & gov’t officials Christianity Europe, Middle East, Africa Missionaries & merchants Judaism Europe & Middle East Diaspora World Religions Religion directly influenced most artistic endeavors and different regions developed distinct styles Literature Drama Epics (Iliad & Odyssey, Aenid) Greek tragedies and comedies Sculptures Architecture (see examples on next slides) Indian Stupa Greek Parthenon Roman Coliseum Mayan Temple Trade Routes Long-distance trade developed over land and sea between classical civilizations as demand for raw materials and luxury goods increased As a result, cultural diffusion increased (see qanat on next slide) New technology promoted trade Yokes, saddles, stirrups for use on horses, oxen, llamas, camels Lateen sails and dhow ships used on sea routes Trade Routes Qanat – system of irrigation developed in Persia & spread through trade routes Silk Roads Silk Roads stretched from China to Roman Empire starting during Han Dynasty Caravan cities emerged along route Trans-Saharan Caravan Routes Routes developed across Sahara Desert to connect Egypt & Mediterranean coast to West Africa Gold, salt, ivory, slaves became primary trade items Indian Ocean Sea Trade Routes Sailors started to master seasonal monsoon winds and trade connected Africa to East Asia Dominated by Indians, Malays, Arabs (later Europeans) Mediterranean Sea Trade Routes Controlled first Phoenicians, then Greeks, then Romans – connected Africa, Europe, Asia Period 2 Timeline c. 600 B.C.E. to c. 600 C.E. c. 1200 B.C.E. to 539 B.C.E Phoenicians c. 550 B.C.E. Persian Empires begins c. 500 B.C.E. Start of Buddhism 321 B.C.E. to 185 B.C.E. Mauryan Empire c. 250 – 900 C.E. Classical Mayan Empire c. 200 B.C.E. to c. 220 C.E. Han Dynasty c. 350 B.C.E. Alexander the Great creates Hellenistic Empire c. 100 C.E. to 800 C.E. Moche c.0 – 100: Height of Roman Empire & Start of Christianity c. 200 B.C.E. Silk Road trade starts to flourish c. 500: Fall of Classical Civilizations c. 600: Start of Islam 320 to 550 C.E. Gupta Empire Phoenicians, Classical Greek, Hellenistic Era & Roman Empires Mayan Citystates & Teotihuaca TransSaharan Caravan Route Silk Roads Persian Empire Qin & Han Dynasties Mauryan/ Gupta Empires Indian Ocean Trade Route Moche
