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Chapter 4 Rome: From Republic to Empire Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Prehistoric Italy Bronze Age, ca. 1500 B.C.E. Early invaders, ca. 1000, speak Italic languages Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. The Etruscans Most powerful external influence on early Romans Rose ca. 800 B.C.E. in Tuscany (west central coast) Military ruling class, used native Italian labor Religion: good & evil spirits, placated through rituals & priests Women had more active public role than in Greek polis Expanded territory, 7th & 6th centuries B.C.E., declined after 500 B.C.E. Driven out of northern Italy around 400 B.C.E. by Celtic peoples from Gaul Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Royal Rome Latium: region around Rome Imperium: power to issue commands and enforce them, granted to kings by Roman people Senate: second branch of early Roman government; about 300 for most of the Republic; theoretically advisory, actually quite powerful Curiate assembly: third branch of government; made up of all citizens, called by king Father had imperium over children. Women were under control of adult males. Clientage: social inferiors (clients) granted protection & assistance by wealthy patrons in exchange for labor, military service, political support; key institution Two social classes: Patricians: upper class, monopoly on power & influence; Senators Plebians: lower class of poor farmers, laborers, artisans; clients Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. The Republic Traditionally understood to have been created after noble revolt of 509 B.C.E. Constitution: unwritten laws & customs Consuls: two, with imperium, elected for one year; led army, performed religious duties, acted as judges; powers legally limited • • • • • • Quaestors Lictors Dictator Proconsul Praetor Censor Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. The Republic (cont.) Senate: only continuous deliberative body; made up of prominent patricians; gained control of finances & foreign policy Assembly: early Republic had centuriate assembly— army acting in a political capacity; basic unit was century, 100 fighting men Struggle of the Orders: two-century struggle of plebians for political recognition; resulted in creation of plebian tribunes to represent interests in government; attained right to be elected consul Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Conquest of Italy Etruscans defeated, 392 B.C.E. Gauls invade from across Alps, defeat Roman army & burn Rome, extract ransom, then go away 350 B.C.E., Romans rebound, fight off Gallic raids, subdue Latins Conquered peoples treated harshly if rebellious, but given opportunity for advancement, even to Roman citizenship— effective policy for successful Roman expansion Greek king Pyrrhus defeated in southern Italy By 265 B.C.E., Rome master of Italy to Po River by defeating Samnites Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Punic Wars Carthage: great naval power of western Mediterranean; started by Phoenicians in 9th c. B.C.E. near modern Tunis, North Africa 6th c.: Carthage rules N. Africa from Libya to Gibraltar, southern Spain, Sardinia, Corsica, western Sicily War between Rome & Carthage starts over Sicily First Punic War (264–241 B.C.E.): Carthage loses Sicily Second Punic War (218–202 B.C.E.): ends Carthage as great power; Rome gains control of western Mediterranean Third Punic War (149–146 B.C.E.): Carthage obliterated Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Conquest of the Hellenistic World Greece becomes effectively a Roman protectorate; Rome aids Greece against Macedonians & Seleucids Macedonian Wars end with Rome breaking Macedon up into four separate republics, 168 B.C.E. Barbarians of Iberian peninsula eventually pacified; Carthage destroyed Leaves Rome with six provinces: Sicily, SardiniaCorsica, Macedonia, Hither Spain, Further Spain Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Civilization of the Early Roman Republic Greek culture highly influential, despite Roman prejudice toward Greeks Roman gods identified with Greek equivalents Education: Greeks introduce humanitas: language, literature, philosophy; broad intellectual training vs. vocational training Slaves: derived commonly from POWs; used for domestic service, mining, trades; could have families, sometimes buy freedom Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Roman Imperialism: The Late Republic Aftermath of conquest: family farms, devastated by war, gradually replaced by large estates with tenant farmers or slaves; increasing gap between rich & poor The Gracchi Tiberius Gracchus: became tribune in 133 B.C.E. on program of land reform; threatened power of Senate by appeals to the assembly; eventually killed; politics hereafter have higher stakes Gaius Gracchus (brother): tribune, 123–122 B.C.E.; further reforms, appeals to broad range of groups (equestrians); tried & executed Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. The Late Republic (cont.) Marius: elected consul and sent to end Jugurthine War in Africa; political newcomer Sulla: subordinate of Marius who trapped Jugurtha, ending war; embittered when credit went to Marius Marius & Sulla struggle for power in Rome; civil war leaves Sulla as dictator Sulla uses power to massacre opponents Reforms government, neutering the office of tribune Improves courts & legal system Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Fall of the Republic Republic undermined by special appointments giving extralegal powers to certain people Pompey: enormously successful & popular general given wide powers in Spain, then Asia Crassus: given command of most of Italy to put down slave rebellion led by Spartacus Julius Caesar (100–44 B.C.E.): as young politician, allied with Crassus to build military command & following First Triumvirate: Pompey, Crassus, & Caesar, despite few commonalities, united in opposition to Senate Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Julius Caesar Elected consul, 59 B.C.E., enacting triumvirs’ programs: Caesar: 5-year governorship of Illyricum & Gaul Pompey: land bill settling up with his veterans Crassus: tax breaks for his equestrian allies Caesar conquers Gaul, Pompey seizes power in his absence 49 B.C.E.: Caesar told to give up his command, but “crosses the Rubicon” Ensuing civil war lasts until 45 B.C.E.; Caesar appointed “dictator for life” March 15, 44 B.C.E.: Caesar assassinated by senatorial conspiracy led by Cassius & Brutus 13 more years of civil war follow Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Octavian Caesar named grand-nephew Gaius Octavius (63–14 B.C.E.) his successor; comes to be called Octavian Second Triumvirate, 43 B.C.E.: Octavian, Mark Antony, and Aemilius Lepidus—took control of Rome and given near-dictatorial powers Octavian gets West: becomes associated with order, justice, virtue (lauded by poets Vergil & Horace) Antony gets East: joins with Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, in Alexandria Lepidus gets Africa: fades quickly Antony and Octavian fall out, conflict becomes Rome vs. Alexandria Battle of Actium, 31 B.C.E.: Octavian’s forces victorious, Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide; Octavian master of Mediterranean world Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.