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Greece, Rome, & Byzantium Bellringer • On a piece of paper in your 3 pronged folder, draw a circle map to brainstorm what you know about Greece and another circle map for Rome Different types of Governments • • • • • Monarchy Aristocracy Oligarchy Tyrants Democracy Timeline of Democracy • Draco came to power in 621 B.C.E. – Draco’s code = all Athenians equal under the law. – Punishment for criminals = death – Upheld debt slavery • Solon came to power in 594 B.C.E. – Outlawed debt slavery – Four social classes based on wealth and the poor could not hold political office, but everyone could participate in assemblies • Cleisthenes created more reforms – Broke up the power of the nobility – Council of Five Hundred – members were chosen at random • Citizenship = free adult male property owners born in Athens Famous Philosophers • Socrates – Encouraged his students to examine their own beliefs • Plato – The Republic – Ideal society is not democracy, but rather the most intelligent person would be a philosopher-king • Aristotle – Developed rules of logic Fall of Greece • Peloponnesian War weakened the city states • Philip of Macedonia took over Greece • Alexander the Great follows in his father’s footsteps and takes over Persia Hellenistic Culture • Blending of Greek, Egyptian, Persian, and Indian culture – Ptolemy = the sun revolves around the Earth – Euclid = geometry – Archimedes = displacement theory, pi, law of the lever – Pythagoras = Pythagorean Theorem Roman Republic • Rome was founded by the twins Romulus and Remus to honor their mother a she wolf • Good place for trade (olive oil, wine, textiles, raw materials) • They were ruled by a king at first Roman Republic • Power rested with citizens who have the right to vote (free born male citizens) • Two social classes – Patricians – Plebians • 12 tables: Written laws – Patricians cannot manipulate laws to suit their needs Military • • • • All landowners had to serve Legions: 5000 foot soldiers Century: 80 men Fought in the Punic Wars against the Carthaginians – 23 years for control over Sicily • Rome proved their dominance The Roman Empire • Lead by a Triumvirate – Julius Caesar – Crassus – Pompey • Julius Caesar – Kicked the other two out of power – Became Roman Dictator for life – Reforms – Murdered on the Ides of March Second Triumvirate • • • • Octavian Mark Antony Lepidus Took over ruling Rome for 10 years. Octavian and Antony kicked Lepidus out of power and then Octavian defeated Antony • Octavian changed his name to Augustus Pax Romana (Roman Peace) • Lasted 207 years (27 BCE – 180 CE) • Government Stability – Jobs created – Civil Service – Common coinage throughout the empire – Christianity becomes a bigger deal The Fall of Rome • What factors do you think led to the fall of Rome? – Political – Economic – Social – Military • Immediate cause – Germanic Barbarians invade Constantine • Constantine gained control of the Western Empire (Rome) in 312 CE • What did he do in 313 CE? • In 324 CE, he gained control of the Eastern Empire (Byzantium) • He moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium (Constantinople) Legacy of the Roman Empire • Greco-Roman culture • Literature and Language – Epic – Latin • Language of the Church • Basis of Romance languages • Buildings and Architecture – Concrete, Roads, Aqueducts • System of Law – Citizens rights, equality under the law, basis of the modern justice system Byzantium • In 395 Rome had been divided. • The Eastern Emperors saw themselves as ruling all of Rome • Justinian – 527 he gained the throne after his uncle died. – 533 – his general, Belisarius, recovered North Africa from the barbarians – 535 – Belisarius reclaimed Rome from the Ostrogoths – Rome changed hands constantly, but Justinian’s armies took back most of Italy and parts of Spain Justinian Code • Single, uniform code created by a panel of legal experts. • Served the empire for 900 years • Consisted of four works – The Code: 5000 Roman laws – The Digest: Quoted and summarized the opinions of Rome’s greatest legal thinkers – The Institutes: textbook for law students – The Novellae: legislation passed after 534 Famous Buildings • Hagia Sophia – Holy Wisdom – Church that Justinian rebuilt • Hippodrome – Horse and racecourse – Chariot races and performance acts Theodora • Empress Theodora was Justinian’s wife • She was an actress • Justinian loved her and wanted to marry, but could not until he repealed a law that prohibited the emperor from marrying an actress • She was the most powerful women in the history of the Byzantine Empire Nika Rebellion • The people were angry with Justinian and the fact that a riot had been put down in the Hippodrome earlier. • Justinian was afraid and planned on fleeing Constantinople • Theodora, however, urged him to stay and this saved Justinian’s rule Fall of Byzantine Empire • In the late years of Justinian’s rule, the plague hit Constantinople and thousands of people died. This destroyed a huge percentage of the population • The Empire itself fell to different groups of people by 1350 • However, the city of Constantinople held out until 1453 when it fell to the Ottomans The Great Schism of 1054 • Roman Catholics follow the Pope and the Eastern church follow the Patriarch • Disagreements about wealth and the Church and the use of icons led to tensions between the West and East • In 1054, tensions became very high and the Pope and the Patriarch excommunicated each other. • Why is this schism so important?