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Germanic Kingdoms Unite Under Charlemagne Ch. 13 sec. 1 pg. 317 The Middle Ages • There was a gradual decline of Roman Empire • This ushered in a new era in European history called the Middle Ages, or medieval period • Lasted from 500-1500 • New institutions slowly replaced those of the fallen Roman Empire Invasions Start Changes in Western Europe • By the end of the 400’s Germanic tribes overran the western half of Roman empire • Remember the empire was split in 2 Invaders • Remember Attila the Hun? He was the leader of one of the Germanic groups who terrorized the Western part of the Empire Constant warfare sparked: • Disruption of trade- businesses collapsed and breakdown of trade destroyed European cities, money became scarce • Downfall of cities- cities were abandoned • Population shifts- nobles retreated to rural areas, and Rome left with no strong government, others fleeing to countryside to grow own food Decline of Learning • Germanic invaders couldn’t read or write • Learning among Romans sank as well as more families move to rural areas • Only people like priests and church officials were literate • Traditional reading of Roman and Greek philosophy and science stopped Language • Germanic tribes had oral traditions of songs and legends, but no written language • As they mixed with the Roman population, Latin began to change • It wasn’t understood from region to region • New dialects, words and phrases began to develop • By 800s French, Spanish, and other Romance languages developed Germanic Kingdoms emerge • Borders and government change as Germanic kingdoms replace Roman provinces The role of the Church • Church was the only institution that survived • During time of political chaos, Church provided order and security Germanic Governing • Roman society believed in loyalty to the public government and respect written law • Germanic society believed in personal loyalty and family ties rather than citizenship in public state • Germanic people lived in small communities • They were governed by unwritten rules and traditions • Germanic chiefs led a band of warriors who pledged loyalty to their leader • Would fight to their death for leader • Was considered a disgrace to outlive their leader • Had no obligation to obey a king they didn’t know or pay taxes collected by a city official • Stress on personal ties made it impossible to establish an orderly government for large territories The Franks under Clovis • In the Roman province of Gaul (now France), Germanic people called the Franks held power • Their leader, Clovis, brings Christianity to this region Clovis • Clovis’ wife, Clothilde had begged him to convert • In battle, Clovis saw the possibility of death for himself and his soldiers, and prayed to the Christian God • Clovis and his men won the battle and were baptized • Church welcomed his conversion and supported his military against other Germanic people • United Franks under one kingdom and formed a special partnership with the church The Baptism of Clovis Germanic Peoples Adopt Christianity • Frankish rulers and missionaries spread Christianity • To adapt to rural conditions, Churches built monasteries , or religious communities • Christian men called monks gave up private possessions and became servants of God • Women became nuns and lived in convents • In 520, Benedict, a monk wrote a strict set of rules for monasteries • His twin sister, Scholastica headed a convent and adopted the same set of rules for women A Pope in Control • Gregory I, known as Gregory the Great, became pope in 590 • He took authority of political affairs as well as church affairs • Used church revenues to build an army, repair roads and feed the poor • The idea of a churchly kingdom , ruled by a pope would become a central theme in the Middle Ages Kingdoms • After Roman Empire dissolved, tiny kingdoms sprang up all over Europe • England had 7 tiny kingdoms • Some kingdoms were no larger than Connecticut • The area of the State covers 4845 square miles • It is the third smallest state in the U.S. • Texas is the second largest state and covers 268,580 square milesroughly fifty five times the size of Connecticut • Under Clovis, the Franks control the largest and strongest kingdom-former Roman province Gaul • By the time Clovis died in 511, he had extended rule over what is now France • He strengthened the Merovingian Dynasty, named after his ancestor Major Domo • By 700, official known as the major domo (mayor of the palace) had become most powerful person in kingdom • Officially, he had charge of royal and household estates • Unofficially, he commanded armies and made policies • You could say mayor of the palace ruled the kingdom Charles Martel • In 719, Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer) was named mayor of the palace, and had more power than the king • Extended Franks power to the north, south and east • Defeated Muslim raiding party from Spain at the Battle of Tours • Victory made him a Christian hero • A loss would have meant Europe could have become part of the Muslim Empire Pepin the Short • After Charles’ s death, he passed on power to son Pepin the Short • Pepin wanted to become king- but it was not in his blood line • With Pope’s permission he deposed the last Merovingian king • Pope declared him “king by the grace of God” after fighting on the Church’s behalf • This began the reign of Frankish rulers called the Carolingian Dynasty Carolingian Dynasty • Pepin the Short died and left a greatly strengthened kingdom to his two sons, Carloman and Charles (Charlemagne) • After Carloman’s death, Charles (Charlemagne) took control of the kingdom Charlemagne • He was 6’4” and an imposing figure • Built an empire larger as any since the Roman empire (this was before the Mongols expansion) • Every summer he would take his army to fight enemies surrounding his kingdom • Fought Muslims in Spain and other Germanic tribes • Spread Christianity while conquering new lands Roman Emperor • In 800, Charlemagne traveled to Rome to crush an unruly mob that attacked the Pope • Pope Leo was so grateful that he crowned Charlemagne emperor • The coronation was historic- a pope had claimed the right to award the title “Roman Emperor” to a European king • Event signaled the joining of Germanic power, the Church, and the heritage of the Roman Empire Pope Crowning Charlemagne Emperor Charlemagne’s Government • Strengthened royal power by limiting noble power • Sent out royal agents to make sure those ruling their counties did so justly • Charlemagne would visit every part of his kingdom regularly • He judged cases, settled disputes and rewarded faithful followers Importance of Learning • One of Charlemagne’s greatest accomplishments was his praise of learning • Surrounded himself with scholars of all languages • Opened a palace school for his children and others • Ordered monasteries to open schools and train future monks and priests • In 814 Charlemagne died after ruling for over 40 years • He had inflammation in the lungs and chest and tried to cure himself by only drinking liquids, but died 7 days later • Charlemagne video Louis the Pious • Charlemagne crowned his only son Louis the Pious emperor a year before his death • Louis would have been a better monk, and is ineffective as a ruler • Louis had 3 sons: Lothair, Charles the Bald, and Lewis the German • All 3 of Charlemagne’s grandsons fight each other for control of the empire • A civil war takes place and ends when the brothers signed the Treaty of Verdun, dividing the empire into 3 kingdoms A Divided Empire • After the treaty Carolingian kings lost power • Central authority breaks down • The lack of strong rulers leads to a new system of governing and land holding- feudalism • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S9AMpIU-JYw (9:00) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSYUgI28U2Q&f eature=related (5:00) Assignment: • Create a family tree of the Carolingian Dynasty starting with Charles Martel Pepin Carloman Charlemagne Louis the Pious Lothair Charles the Bald Lewis the German