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Rome Its Rise and Fall The Birth of an Empire • The First Emperor – With the defeat of Antony, Octavian ruled Rome • Everyone feared Octavian • Everyone tired of fighting – Octavian was given the name Augustus, which means “Revered One.” – He was also given the title of imperator – He called himself the “First Citizen,” and not dictator Birth of an Empire • Augustus’ reforms – Gave power to the senate – Emperor had control of the Army – Emperor could pick his successor – Created the Praetorian Guard • 9,000 men who’s job it was to protect the emperor – Stabilized the Frontier – Conquered a lot of new land – The emperor was called Caesar Julio-Claudians • The direct descendants of Julius and Augustus Caesar – Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius and Nero – Tiberius • Lazy and did very little work. He delegated to his assistances • He stayed in power b/c Rome was not in a civil war, and Rome was getting richer Julio-Claudians – Caligula • Good ruler at first, but suffered from mental illness • Tried to make his horse a senator • Wanted to marry his sister • Killed by his own guards b/c he was so crazy – Claudius • • • • Caligula’s Uncle He was a good ruler He took over England and made it a province He was killed by his wife, Agrippina, so she could rule through her son Julio-Claudians – Nero • His mother killed his father so she could rule through him • He was 16 when he became emperor • In his mid-20’s he became tired of his mother controlling him, so he had her killed • Most known for killing the Christians b/c of the Great Fire • Killed Peter and Paul of the Bible • His army revolted against him, so he committed suicide by cutting his own throat • He was the last of the Julio-Claudians The Five Good Emperors • The year after Nero died, Rome had Four different emperor • For the next 20 years there was a lot more fighting and war over who controlled Rome • Five emperors that ruled during the Pax Romana, or “Roman Peace,” were known as the Five Good Emperors – Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Pius, and Marcus Aurelius The Five Good Emperors – Nerva • Was chosen to rule by the Senators • He only ruled for two years • Created the new way of choosing the next emperor –Pick whomever you thought would do the best job, then adopt them as son • Created land reform that favored the poor The Five Good Emperors – Trajan • Handpicked by Nerva to rule Rome • Conquered a lot of new land for Rome –Dacia (Romania) a lot of Gold Mines –Western Asia up to Babylon –Expanded Rome to its greatest size • Made Christianity legal in Rome The Five Good Emperors – Hadrian • Nephew of Trajan and picked to be the next ruler • Not very popular –Gave back most of the land that Trajan had taken b/c he felt that Rome could not control it and keep it • Built a giant wall to protect Roman territory in Britain. It is called Hadrian’s Wall • Codified the Roman Law Code The Five Good Emperors – Antonius Pius • Very religious man • Looked out for the poor and the orphans • Did not fight any wars The Five Good Emperors – Marcus Aurelius • Last of the Five Good Emperors • Did not have peaceful reign • Delegated power so that no one would overthrow him • The Parthians (those in the eastern portion of Rome) attacked the Romans to overthrow them • Rome won the war, but the army caught a disease from the Parthians (smallpox??) • Plague broke out all over the Empire. Tens of thousands died all over Rome. • Germanic people to the North thought they would take advantage of Rome during this weak time. • The rest of Aurelius’ reign was fighting the Germanic people • Rome eventually won