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Virgil’s Aeneid Brief Roman (Italian) History Spartacus: •former Roman soldier and gladiator •led slave revolts; defeated by Marcus Crassus •killed in battle •former followers escaping north killed by Pompey •6, 000 escaping south crucified by Crassus Brief Roman (Italian) History Marcus Crassus: •Supporter of Sulla, who led the first Roman civil war and reformed Rome •Rich from sale of land confiscated by Sulla •Competed against Pompey, whom he hated, for favor •Built political power •lent money to indebted senators Brief Roman (Italian) History Pompey: •Supporter of Sulla, who led the first Roman civil war and reformed Rome •Favored by Sulla •Married Sulla’s step daughter •Accrued many military victories Brief Roman (Italian) History The first Triumvirate •Between Crassus, Julius Caesar, and Pompey (married to Caesar’s daughter, Julia) •Crassus and Pompey elected consuls (governed the people) •Caesar gaining military victories abroad in Gaul (France) •Pompey gaining political favor in Rome because of his loyal army •Crassus killed in a military venture in Mesopotamia •Pompey and Caesar had a strained relationship when Julia died Brief Roman (Italian) History Julius Caesar •Refused to divorce his wife Cornelia, the daughter of a man who had been associated with those who opposed Sulla •Spent his time doing military service during Sulla’s reign •Became controversial for political moves like asking for something more merciful than death for conspirators and opponents and personal moves such as divorcing his wife because she put herself under suspicion by letting another man into their home during a female religious ceremony Brief Roman (Italian) History Pompey vs. Caesar •Caesar uses wealth from his time in Gaul to buy men who could oppose his enemies in the senate, which directed the consuls (magistrates) •Senate divides between Pompey and Caesar •War is declared •Caesar crosses the Rubicon and takes on Pompey’s forces Brief Roman (Italian) History Pompey vs. Caesar •Pompey suffers defeat at Pharsalus •Pompey separated from his fleet flees to his old friend Ptolemy of Egypt •Ptolemy did not want to incur the victorious Caesar’s wrath and invite an invasion •Ptolemy tricks Pompey, killing him Brief Roman (Italian) History Pompey vs. Caesar •Pompey suffers defeat at Pharsalus •Pompey separated from his fleet flees to his old friend Ptolemy of Egypt •Ptolemy did not want to incur the victorious Caesar’s wrath and invite an invasion •Ptolemy tricks Pompey, killing him •Ptolemy and his sister/wife Cleopatra, presented Caesar with Pompey’s head •Caesar and Cleopatra have an affair that produces his only son (rumored), who is not recognized by Caesar formally •Caesar returns to Rome, declaring himself Emperor Brief Roman (Italian) History •Caesar is killed on the Ides of March, stabbed more than 32 times by various senators •Octavius (Octavian) succeeded him (Augustus Caesar) The Golden Age of Rome Virgil • wanted an epic poem to emphasize the grandeur and legitimize the success of Rome in conquering much of the world e.g. (Greece, France, Belgium, Switzerland, Syria, Spain, Tunisia (Carthage) •Wrote the poem about Aeneas and the Trojan invaders of Italy who will build the city from which Rome will be founded •Wrote the poem post Julius Caesar during Octavius’s reign (Caesar Augustus) •Died of a fever before he could finish it to his satisfaction •Based it on and uses characters from Homer’s Illiad and Odyssey. Ch1: Safe Haven After a Storm Epic Poem: • dactylic hexameter •line of poetry has 6 (hex)feet (six sets of dactyls) •each foot is composed of a dactyl •Long, short, short (syllables) • ___ uu •Elevated material – dramatic •Catalogues (ships or the loot from war) •Narrative in structure •Setting is vast •Long formal speeches •Begin in medias res (in the middle of the action) •Begin with invocation of the muse and a statement of the subject •Uses epithets: descriptive names •Shows the intervention of the gods •Epic hero descends into the underworld •Iliad, Odyssey, The Aeneid Ch1: Safe Haven After a Storm Epic hero: •Achilles (Iliad); Odysseus (Odyssey); Aeneas (The Aeneid) •Goes on a quest •Embodies the values that are prized by that culture •Goes through a transformation by the end of the poem •Usually are strong, authoritative, attractive, intelligent and courageous Homer vs. Vergil Iliad/Odyssey • Odysseus forced to roam for 10 years because a god (Poseidon) was mad • Odysseus blown off course within sight of his home by Aeolus • Odysseus faces Scylla. • Odysseus faces the Cyclopes • Odysseus held by Calypso • Odysseus/Achilles fight in the Trojan War Aeneid • Aeneas forced to roam because a god (Juno) was angry • Aeneas battles bad weather from Aeolus • Aeneas mentions facing Scylla and the Cyclopes • Aeneas spends years with Dido • Aeneas fights in Trojan War Homer vs. Vergil Iliad/Odyssey • Odysseus washes up on the shore of Phoenecia and retells his story to the king and Queen Aeneid • Aeneas seeks refuge after the storm in Carthage with Queen Dido and retells the story of the Trojan War Gods and Goddesses • Juno (Gr. Hera) favors the Greeks (Argives, Argos)queen of the gods • Minerva (Gr. Athena) favors the Trojans • Jove/Jupiter (Gr. Zeus) brother/husband of Juno “the almighty Father” “king of men”; uses a thunderbolt/lightning bolt • Aeolus (Gr. same) king of the winds/storms • Deiopea- a nymph Juno promises in marriage to Aeolus if he unleashes storms against Aeneas • Neptune (Gr. Poseidon) god of the seas Gods and Goddesses • Venus (Gr. Aphrodite) goddess of love; mother of Aeneas; Trojan supporter • Mars (Gr. Ares) god of war; will make one of Aeneas’s descendents pregnant in the future with twin sons: Romulus and Remus. Romulus will go on to found Rome • Cupid (Gr. Eros ) god of love; son of Venus Mortals • Trojan Caesar (though not a god) = Julius Caesar • Ascanius is sometimes called IuIus = Aeneas’s son Minerva and Ajax • Ajax, a Greek, took one of Minerva’s priestesses, Cassandra, from her Trojan temple and raped her. • Minerva demanded that the Greeks kill Ajax, but they left instead. • Minerva used a lightning bolt to smash their fleet. • Ajax survived by clinging to a rock and bragged, so Poseidon split the rock and he drowned. Aeneid version: Minerva spears him with a lightening bolt through the chest. Chapter 1: Character Web Names Juno Aeolus The Trojan ships (Orontes, Illioneus, etc.) Neptune Aeneas Destiny/fate Venus Jupiter/Jove disguise Troy Pygmalion Dido Sychaeus Hesperia Ascanius Cupid Iulus Carthage Epic hero • • • • • Stags (I. 220) Scylla (I. 235) Cyclops (I. 235) Carthage exploration (I.370) Aeneas appears from the mist (I.700)