Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
History Of Medicine & Pharmacy 1 Ancient Beliefs and Treatments Medicine has been practiced for thousands of years Supernatural Beliefs - severe illnesses caused by evil spirits Natural Beliefs - Remedies such as herbals have been used throughout history 2 Ancient Beliefs and Treatments (Continued) Many popular beliefs have disappeared, for example, trephining—a cut made into the skull to give disease a portal to leave through Tribal shamans (medicine men) had gift of being able to communicate with spirits Bloodletting 3 The Medical Staff Aesculapius: Greek God of medicine His symbol: a staff with a snake wrapped around it Treatments for illnesses were based on dreams and visions of the believers 4 Medicine in Its Infancy Plagues killed thousands of people Microbes not known to be responsible for many diseases that caused death Prayer: most common form of treatment still remains in many cultures 5 Medicine in Its Infancy (Continued) Hippocrates responsible for advancements in medicine Promoted diagnosing illness based on careful observations of their conditions, not supernatural or other external elements. First physician to record patient’s medical illnesses Promoted being kind to the patient, rest, and eating light foods 6 Medicine in Its Infancy (Continued) Corpus Hippocratum: documentation of Hippocrates’ writings Hippocratic oath: “Doctors act only for the good of their patients and keep confidential what they learn about their patients.” Hippocrates known as the Father of Medicine 7 Medicine in Its Infancy (Continued) Aristotle: Greek philosopher and scientist Studied and classified various organisms Described human anatomy from observations after dissecting animals 8 Ancient Herbal Remedies Chinese Emperor Shen Nung: one of the first known practitioners of “trial and error” drug testing. Began tasting plants and other natural materials to determine which were poisonous and which were beneficial. He is credited with establishing hundreds of herbal medicines. 9 Ancient Herbal Remedies Examples of prevalent treatments: Garlic for inflammation of bronchial tubes Liverwort plant for liver problems Wine and pepper for stomach ailments Onions for worms Tiger fat for joint pain 10 Medicine in America Early America: new immigrants brought diseases from other parts of the world Doctors: responsible for diagnosing conditions and preparing remedies to cure patients First druggists were doctors 11 The Use of Opium and Alcohol Most popular tonic for medicinal use; very addictive Given as a sedative to dull the sensation of pain During Civil War used to treat painful wounds Addiction found to be at an alarming rate Opioid: made in laboratory rather than being taken from a plant Opium and opioids: act on same receptor sites in nervous system and have same side effects 12 EYE OF HORUS Horus, represented as the falcon-headed god, was an important god in Egyptian legend. The symbol representing his eye was a powerful symbol used to protect from evil. The 'Rx' symbol which is used by pharmacies and in medicine has its origins in the Eye of Horus 13 Medicine in the 19th Century Religious leaders became very active in researching medicinal remedies to treat the sick Gregor Mendel, famous scientist and monk, found the basis of genetics and how genes are woven into heredity Known as the Father of Genetics 14 Medicine in the 20th Century Average life span in the U.S. increased. It went from from early 50’s in 1900 to 77 in the year 2000. A dramatic growth in pharmaceutical medicine contributed to the increased life span. Penicillin was discovered. In World War I, more soldiers died from infections than the wounds themselves. 15 Early Pharmacy Technicians First pharmacy technicians: those enlisted in the military Trained to fill prescriptions and to do job of pharmacist To this day military technicians have broader scope of training 16 TECHNICIANS OF THE 21ST CENTURY & BEYOND Pharmacists moving into a more highly clinical role not only counseling but also working with medical staff Technicians moving into transcribing orders, pulling medications, and filling prescriptions 17 EARLY PHARMACISTS First Pharmacy School: Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Sciences (1821) In 1800s pharmacists compounded nearly every drug ordered by physicians Cisterns: large ornate jars used to store various herbs and ingredients 18 EARLY PHARMACISTS (Continued) Show globes: interesting container associated with pharmacy Theory: placed in apothecary stores to let visitors know the status of health of the town Red = illness; green = healthy 19 The Soda Fountain/Pharmacy in America Early pharmacists played a minimal role in health care From 1800 to 1900 soda fountain became an extension of a town’s drugstore Pharmacists sold soda and ice cream, worked the lunch counter, and filled the day’s prescriptions 20 Trust in Pharmacist Pharmacists can be trusted to provide truthful information and be a confidant Clinical pharmacists work alongside doctors to prescribe medications and dosages Community pharmacy: required to counsel patients; technicians trusted to provide the best care by filling the correct medication 21 Pharmacy Settings Primary Environments are: Community Pharmacies: the area of greatest employment Hospitals: the next greatest area of employment Mail order operations: pharmacy businesses that provide drugs by mail to patients – a fast growing area Long-term care: residence facilities Home care: care given to patients in their home, often by a hospital or by a home care agency working with a home care pharmacy 22 Let’s Review….. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J7OtllScGt8 Copyright © 2007, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 23