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Pediatric Patients & Emergencies pediatrics Family Matters When a child is ill or injured, you may have several patients, not just one. Children mimic caregiver behavior Be calm, professional, and sensitive. pediatrics Anatomic Differences Less circulating blood Lose body heat more easily Bones are more flexible Less fat surrounding organs Could be much internal damage with little external visible trauma pediatrics Skeletal Differences Bones are prone to fracture with stress. Infants have two openings in the skull called fontanels. – close by 18 months. pediatrics Airway Differences – Larger tongue relative to the mouth – Less well-developed rings of cartilage in the trachea – Head tilt-chin lift may occlude the airway. pediatrics Breathing Differences Infants breathe faster than children or adults. Infants use the diaphragm when they breathe. Sustained, labored breathing may lead to respiratory failure. pediatrics Circulation Differences The heart rate increases for illness and injury Very effective vasoconstriction keeps vital organs nourished Pale, extremities, decreased cap refill are early signs of perfusion problems pediatrics Approach to Assessment level of activity, work of breathing, and skin color cap refill ALS backup or immediate transport? Pediatric patients crash harder than adults Transport to peds facilities when possible pediatrics Capillary Refill pediatrics Treatment Considerations Oxygen - treat same as adult – Use “blow-by” administration if needed Patient position - same as adult *Remember* airway and breathing are focus pediatrics Growth and Development Usually grouped into stages – – – – – pediatrics Infant Toddler Preschool School-age Adolescent Infant first year of life respond physical stimuli crying is main means of expression have caregiver hold pt pediatrics Toddler 1 to 3 years of age mobile may resist separation don’t like being restrained can be distracted pediatrics Preschool 3 to 6 years of age can understand directions can identify painful areas fearful of pain allow them to handle equipment explain what you are going to do pediatrics School-Age Child pediatrics 6 to 12 years of age begin to think like adults can be included when taking medical history should be familiar with physical exam allow them to make choices when possible The Adolescent pediatrics 12 to 18 years of age concerned about body image may have strong feelings about being observed respect their privacy they understand pain explain any procedure Notes never pediatrics lie to a child Vital Signs pediatrics Respirations Abnormal respirations are a common sign of illness or injury Less than 3, count rise and fall of abdomen Note effort of breathing/noises Note if they are crying pediatrics Respiration Notes Less than 12 breaths/min More than 60 breaths/min, ALOC and/or an inadequate tidal volume = ventilation with a BVM device pediatrics Pulse Infants -brachial or femoral Child- use carotid Count at least 1 minute Note strength pediatrics Blood Pressure pediatrics Use right size cuff Difficult scene? Don’t waste time Under 3? No BP Skin Signs important sign feel for temperature and moisture always check capillary refill pediatrics Pediatric Problems pediatrics Fever –Common Causes pediatrics Infections Neoplasm (cancer) Drug ingestion Collagen vascular disease High environmental temperatures Emergency Care for Fever Ensure BSI Begin passive cooling – Remove clothing/coverings – Damp towels No ice No alcohol No cold water baths pediatrics Febrile Seizures common in children 6 months to 6 years most caused by high fever hx of infection generalized grand mal seizure less than 15 minutes pediatrics Treatment ABC’s protect patient recovery position high flow oxygen suction prn passive cooling measures transport pediatrics Dehydration Dry lips and gums Fewer wet diapers Sunken eyes Poor skin turgor Sleepy or irritable Sunken fontanels pediatrics Care for Dehydration pediatrics Assess the ABCs Obtain baseline vital signs ALS backup may be needed for IV administration Airway Obstruction Croup – An infection of the airway below the level of the vocal cords, caused by a virus Epiglottitis – Infection of the soft tissue in the area above the vocal cords pediatrics Foreign body Aspiration Croup barking cough stridor wheezing rales accessory muscle use nasal flaring grunting pediatrics Epiglottitis severe dyspnea stridor inability to swallow - DROOLING fever tripod pediatrics position pediatrics pediatrics Foreign body aspiration Partial Blockage – coughing – accessory muscle use – nasal flaring – wheezing pediatrics Complete Blockage - - no sound no cry stridor cyanosis loss of consciousness treatment ABC’s high flow oxygen position of comfort do not attempt to visualize the throat! do not put anything into patient’s mouth. pediatrics Asthma dyspnea wheezing accessory muscle use nasal flaring respiratory rate - observe pediatrics Treatment ABC’s high flow oxygen position of comfort transport pediatrics What is the most frequent cause of cardiac arrest in pediatrics? pediatrics Respiratory arrest! pediatrics want to save a pediatric patient? aggressive ventilation & high flow oxygen pediatrics USC video! Pediatric respiratory distress pediatrics Meningitis Inflammation of meninges Bacterial or viral Permanent brain damage/death pediatrics Signs and Symptoms of Meningitis Fever ALOC Headache Seizure Stiff neck pediatrics Vomiting Photophobia Irritability Bulging fontanel Neisseria meningitidis rapid onset pinpoint cherry-red spots or larger purple/black rash sepsis, shock, and death all suspected cases considered contagious pediatrics Treatment BSI ABC’s protect patient high flow oxygen passive cooling for fever monitor for shock Transport Call ALS for backup if unstable pediatrics Submersion Injury Drowning or near drowning Second most common cause of unintentional death ABC’s May be in respiratory or cardiac arrest C-spine precautions? Be ready to suction Keep warm pediatrics Poisoning pediatrics Poisoning is common in children Ask specific questions of caregivers Focus on the ABCs Give oxygen Provide transport Child’s condition could change at any time Pediatric Resuscitation Tape Measure (Aka: Broslow tape) pediatrics Used to determine height, weight, and proper equipment. Interossius IV Used if traditional IV sites are difficult to assess Medication delivered into bone marrow Painful pediatrics Interossius pediatrics pediatrics Transporting Infants and Children pediatrics Children require padding under the torso Newborns should be in special incubators Do not hold child during the actual transport Drive with due care Do not allow your emotions to take control Sudden Infant Death Syndrome SIDS - “crib death” pediatrics SIDS Definition - unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant. 7500+ cases per year in U.S. Leading cause of death in infants <1 year old more cases in winter months pediatrics Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) Several known risk factors: – – – – – pediatrics Mother younger than 20 years old Mother smoked during pregnancy Low birth weight Putting babies to sleep on stomach Siblings of SIDS babies Tasks at Scene Assess and manage patient Communicate with and support the family Assess the scene pediatrics Assessment and Management pediatrics Diagnosis of exclusion Can be other causes of condition Regardless of cause, TX is same Infant may have signs of postmortem changes It is ok to work up an obviously dead baby If no postmortem changes, begin CPR immediately Communication and Support of Family pediatrics The death of child is very stressful for the family Parents guilt is overwhelming Provide support in whatever ways you can IT IS NOT YOUR PLACE TO JUDGE Use the infant’s name Allow family time with the infant Scene Assessment Inspect the environment, noting: – – – – pediatrics Signs of illness, including medications General condition of the house Family interaction Site where infant was discovered Support Groups Know your local phone numbers for referrals Arrange pediatrics for proper debriefing Child Abuse pediatrics Any improper or excessive action that injures or harms a child or infant physical, sexual, emotional abuse and neglect More than 2 million cases reported annually Be aware of signs of child abuse and report it to authorities Questions Regarding Signs of Abuse (1 of 4) pediatrics Is the injury typical? Is reported method of injury consistent with injuries? Is the caregiver behaving appropriately? Is there evidence of drinking or drug abuse? Questions Regarding Signs of Abuse (2 of 4) pediatrics Delay in seeking care? Good relationship between child and caregiver? Multiple injuries at various stages of healing? Any unusual marks or bruises? Questions Regarding Signs of Abuse (3 of 4) pediatrics Are there several types of injuries? Any burns on the hands or feet involving a glove distribution? Unexplained decreased level of consciousness? Questions Regarding Signs of Abuse (4 of 4) pediatrics Is the child clean and an appropriate weight? Any rectal or vaginal bleeding? What does the home look like? Other Indicators Withdrawn, fearful or hostile child Refusal to discuss MOI History of “accidents” Conflicting stories Caregiver lack of concern pediatrics pediatrics pediatrics pediatrics pediatrics pediatrics pediatrics pediatrics Emergency Medical Care pediatrics ABCs Transport if you suspect child abuse Do not make accusations EMT-Bs must report all suspected cases of child abuse Sexual Abuse pediatrics Children of any age or either gender can be victims Limit examination Do not allow child to wash, urinate, or defecate Document carefully Transport EMS Response to Pediatric Emergencies You may experience a wide range of emotions You may feel anxious Practice helps After difficult incidents, a debriefing may be helpful pediatrics stop questions? pediatrics