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Therapy
 Psychotherapy
an emotionally
charged, confiding
interaction between a
trained therapist and
someone who suffers
from psychological
difficulties
Eclectic Approach
an approach to
psychotherapy that,
depending on the
client’s problems, uses
techniques from
various forms of
therapy
Therapy- Psychoanalysis
 Psychoanalysis
 Freud
 patient’s free associations,
resistances, dreams, and
transferences – and the
therapist’s interpretations
of them – released
previously repressed
feelings, allowing the
patient to gain self-insight
 use has rapidly decreased
in recent years
 Resistance
 blocking from
consciousness of anxietyladen material
Therapy- Psychoanalysis
 Interpretation
the analyst’s noting
supposed dream
meanings, resistances,
and other significant
behaviors in order to
promote insight
 Transference
the patient’s transfer to
the analyst of emotions
linked with other
relationships
e.g. love or hatred for
a parent
Therapy- Psychoanalysis
 Malan: I get the feeling that you are the sort of
person who needs to keep active. If you don’t keep
active, something goes wrong. Is that true?
 Vader: Yes.
 Malan: I get a second feeling about you and that is
that you must, underneath all this, have an awful lot
of very strong and upsetting feelings. Somehow,
they’re all there, but you aren’t really quite in touch
with them. Isn’t that right? I feel you’ve been like
that as long as you can remember.
 Vader: For quite a few years, whenever I really sat
down and thought about I got depressed, so I tried
not to think about it.
 Malan: You see, you’ve established a pattern, haven’t
you? You’re even like that here with me, because in
spite of the fact you are in some trouble, and you feel
the bottom is falling out of your world, the way you’re
telling me this as if there wasn’t anything wrong.
Humanistic Therapy
 Client-Centered
Therapy
Also called
humanistic therapy Carl Rogers
a genuine,
accepting, empathic
environment to
facilitate clients’
growth
Active Listening
empathic listening in
which the listener
echoes, restates, and
clarifies
Humanistic Therapy
Rogers: Feeling that now, hm? That you’re just no
good to yourself, no good to anybody. Never will be any
good to anybody. Just that you’re completely worthless,
huh? – Those really are lousy feelings. Just feel you’re
no good at all, hm?
Jon Smith: Yeah. (muttering in low, discouraged voice)
That’s what this guy I went to [the store] with just the
other day told me.
Rogers: This guy you went to [the store] with really
told you that you were no good? Is that what you are
saying? Did I get that right?
Jon Smith: M-hm.
Rogers: I guess the meaning of that - if I get it right is that here’s somebody that meant something to you
and what does he think of you? Why, he’s told you that
he thinks you’re no good at all. And that just really
knocks the props out from under you. (Jon weeps
quietly.) It just brings the tears. (Silence 20 seconds)
Jon Smith : (rather defiantly) I don’t care though.
Rogers: You tell yourself you don’t care at all, but
somehow I guess some part of you cares because some
part of you weeps over it.
Biomedical Therapies
Psychopharmacology
study of the effects
of drugs on mind and
behavior
Lithium
• chemical that provides
an effective drug
therapy for the mood
swings of bipolar
(manic-depressive)
disorders
Biomedical Therapies
The emptying of U.S. mental hospitals
State and county
mental hospital 700
residents, in 600
thousands
500
Introduction of antipsychotic drugs
Rapid decline
in the mental
hospital
population
400
300
200
100
0
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
Year
Biomedical Therapies
Biomedical Therapies
 Electroconvulsive Therapy
(ECT)
therapy for severely
depressed patients in which a
brief electric current is sent
through the brain of an
anesthetized patient
 Psychosurgery
surgery that removes or
destroys brain tissue in an
effort to change behavior
lobotomy
now-rare psychosurgical
procedure once used to calm
uncontrollably emotional or
violent patients
Biomedical Therapies
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Behavior Therapy
Behavior Therapy
therapy that applies
learning principles to
the elimination of
unwanted behaviors
Counter-conditioning
procedure that
conditions new
responses to stimuli that
trigger unwanted
behaviors
based on classical
conditioning
Behavior Therapy –
Counter Conditioning
Systematic Desensitization
associates a pleasant, relaxed state with
gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli
commonly used to treat phobias
Behavior Therapy –
Counter Conditioning
Aversive Conditioning
type of counter
conditioning that
associates an
unpleasant state with
an unwanted behavior
Food poisoning leads
to not wanting that
food anymore.
Examples?
UCS
(drug)
UCR
(nausea)
CS
(alcohol)
UCS
(drug)
UCR
(nausea)
CS
(alcohol)
CR
(nausea)
Behavior Therapy –
Counter Conditioning
Token Economy
an operant
conditioning
procedure that
rewards desired
behavior
patient exchanges a
token of some sort,
earned for exhibiting
the desired
behavior, for various
privileges or treats
Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive Therapy
teaches people new,
more adaptive ways
of thinking and acting
based on the
assumption that
thoughts intervene
between events and
our emotional
reactions
Cognitive Therapy
The Cognitive Revolution
Can you title
this chart?
Cognitive Therapy
A cognitive perspective on psychological
disorders
Lost job
Internal beliefs:
I’m worthless.
It’s hopeless.
Depression
Lost job
Internal beliefs:
My boss is a jerk.
I deserve something better.
No
depression
Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive therapy for depression
Depression
scores
30
25
Waiting list
patients
20
15
10
Cognitive
training patients
Cognitive training
patients much
less depressed
5
0
Pre-therapy
test
Post-therapy
test
Cognitive Therapy
Creating
Optimism
Temporary,
not permanent.
Circumstantial,
not personal.
Localized, not
pervasive.
Cognitive Therapy
 Cognitive-Behavioral
Therapy
a popular
integrated therapy
that combines
cognitive therapy
(changing selfdefeating thinking)
with behavior
therapy (changing
behavior)
Group Therapies
 Family Therapy
treats the family as a
system
views an individual’s
unwanted behaviors as
influenced by or
directed at other family
members
attempts to guide
family members toward
positive relationships
and improved
communication
Who Does Therapy?
To whom do people turn for
psychological difficulties?
Who Does Therapy?
 Clinical psychologists
Most are
psychologists with a
Ph.D. and expertise in
research, assessment,
and therapy,
supplemented by a
supervised internship.
About half work in
agencies and
institutions, half in
private practice.
Who Does Therapy?
Clinical or Psychiatric
social worker
A two-year Master of
Social Work graduate
program plus
postgraduate
supervision prepares
some social workers
to offer
psychotherapy
It is mostly to people
with everyday personal
and family problems.
Who Does Therapy?
 Counselors
Marriage and family
counselors specialize in
problems arising from
family relations.
Pastoral counselors
provide counseling to
countless people.
Abuse counselors work
with substance abusers
and with spouse and
child abusers and their
victims.
Who Does Therapy?
 Psychiatrists
Physicians who specialize
in the treatment of
psychological disorders.
Not all psychiatrists have
had extensive training in
psychotherapy, but as
M.D.s they can prescribe
medications.
They tend to see those
with the most serious
problems.
Many have a private
practice.
Does Therapy Work?
Meta-analysis
procedure for
statistically
combining the
results of many
different research
studies